Locke, natural law and God - again

History of Political Thought

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 624-651

  Oakley, Francis ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031373009     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (273)

1. John Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. W. Von Leyden (Oxford, 1954); cf. the more recent translation of these essays in John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. Robert Horowitz, Jenny Strauss Clay and Diskin Clay (Ithaca and London, 1990). The conflicting interpretations are those of David E. Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise', History of Political Thought, VIII (1987), pp. 63-81; and W. Randall Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', History of Political Thought, XVI (1995), pp. 208-18.
2. John Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. W. Von Leyden (Oxford, 1954); cf. the more recent translation of these essays in John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. Robert Horowitz, Jenny Strauss Clay and Diskin Clay (Ithaca and London, 1990). The conflicting interpretations are those of David E. Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise', History of Political Thought, VIII (1987), pp. 63-81; and W. Randall Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', History of Political Thought, XVI (1995), pp. 208-18.
3. John Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. W. Von Leyden (Oxford, 1954); cf. the more recent translation of these essays in John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. Robert Horowitz, Jenny Strauss Clay and Diskin Clay (Ithaca and London, 1990). The conflicting interpretations are those of David E. Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise', History of Political Thought, VIII (1987), pp. 63-81; and W. Randall Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', History of Political Thought, XVI (1995), pp. 208-18.
4. John Locke, Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. W. Von Leyden (Oxford, 1954); cf. the more recent translation of these essays in John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. and trans. Robert Horowitz, Jenny Strauss Clay and Diskin Clay (Ithaca and London, 1990). The conflicting interpretations are those of David E. Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise', History of Political Thought, VIII (1987), pp. 63-81; and W. Randall Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', History of Political Thought, XVI (1995), pp. 208-18.
5. Sterling P. Lamprecht, The Moral and Political Philosophy of John Locke (New York, 1918). The only previous monograph on Locke's ethics was that of Mattoon Monroe Curtis, An Outline of Locke's Ethical Philosophy (Leipzig, 1890).
6. Sterling P. Lamprecht, The Moral and Political Philosophy of John Locke (New York, 1918). The only previous monograph on Locke's ethics was that of Mattoon Monroe Curtis, An Outline of Locke's Ethical Philosophy (Leipzig, 1890).
7. Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago, 1953), pp. 202-51, at p. 220; Leo Strauss 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', in L. Strauss, What is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies (Glencoe, IL, 1959), pp. 197-220 (esp. pp. 204, 206, 214-15).
8. Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago, 1953), pp. 202-51, at p. 220; Leo Strauss 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', in L. Strauss, What is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies (Glencoe, IL, 1959), pp. 197-220 (esp. pp. 204, 206, 214-15).
9. Richard H. Cox, Locke on War and Peace (Oxford, 1960), pp. 45-105 at pp 88-9; John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Philip Abrams (Cambridge, 1967), Introduction, p. 108 n. 12.
10. Richard H. Cox, Locke on War and Peace (Oxford, 1960), pp. 45-105 at pp 88-9; John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Philip Abrams (Cambridge, 1967), Introduction, p. 108 n. 12.
11. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
12. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
13. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
14. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
15. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
16. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
17. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
18. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
19. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
20. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
21. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
22. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
23. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
24. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979,
25. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
26. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
27. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
28. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
29. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
30. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
31. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
32. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
33. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
34. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
35. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
36. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
37. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
38. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989),
39. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
40. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
41. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
42. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
43. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
44. C.B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford, 1962). The body of scholarly literature addressing the natural-law issue in Locke has now become quite extensive. In addition to the works already cited, see J.W. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1950, 1956) Ch 1; John T. Noonan, Jr., 'The Protestant Philosophy of John Locke', in Philosophical Studies in Honor of . . . Ignatius Smith, O.P., ed. J.K. Ryan (Westminster, MD, 1952), pp. 92-126; John Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (Chicago, 1953), pp. 127-32; W. von Leyden, 'John Locke and Natural Law', Philosophy, XXXI (1956), pp. 23-35; John W. Yolton, 'Locke on the Law of Nature', The Philosophical Review, LXVII (1958), pp. 477-98; Charles H. Monson, 'Locke and his Interpreters', Political Studies, VI (1958), pp. 120-6; A.P. Brogan, 'John Locke and Utilitarianism', Ethics, LXIX (1959), pp. 90-1; Raymond Polin, La politique morale de John Locke (Paris, 1960), pp. 95-128; Raghuveer Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', Political Studies, IX (1961), pp. 105-18; Martin Seliger, 'Locke's Natural Law and the Foundation of Politics', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIV (1963), pp. 337-54; Michael Bertram Crowe, 'Intellect and Will in John Locke's Conception of the Natural Law', in Atti del XII Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia, Venezia, 12-18 Settembre 1958 (Florence, 1961), pp. 129-34; James W. Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', Catholic Lawyer, X (1964), pp. 55-63; Francis Oakley and Elliot W. Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', Natural Law Forum, XI (1966), pp. 92-109; John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 187-99; John Dunn, Locke (Oxford, 1984), esp. pp. 30-1, 58-62; Hans Aarsleff, 'The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 99-136; A.W. Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology: Locke's Politics and his Doctrine of Creation', Canadian Journal of Philosophy, III (1973), pp. 263-73; James O. Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', Political Theory, IV (1976), pp. 439-55; Merwyn S. Johnson, Locke on Freedom (Austin, 1978), pp. 26-41; S.B. Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', Dialogue, XIX (1980), pp. 531-45; James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 34-50; James Tully, 'Governing Conduct: Locke on the Reform of Thought and Behavior', first published in 1988 and reprinted in James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy, Locke in Contexts (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 179-241; G.A.J. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Reinhardt Brandt (Berlin and New York, 1981), pp. 146-62; John Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1983); David Wootton, 'John Locke: Socinian or Natural Law Theorist', in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought from Thomas Hobbes to J.S. Mill, ed. James E. Crimmins (London and New York, 1989), pp. 39-67; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. Horowitz et al., pp. 1-28, 45-62; Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991 ), pp. 125-90; Michael Ayers, Locke (2 vols., London and New York, 1991), Vol. II, Part 2, 'God, Nature, and the Law of Nature', pp. 129-62; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 129-225; Ian Harris, The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 78-106; Stephen Darwell, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought': 1660-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 23-52, 149-75. The quickening since the 1950s in Locke scholarship in general is dramatically evident in Roland Hall and Roger Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship: A Bibliographical Guide (Edinburgh, 1983), which takes the story up to 1981. For a helpful collection of many of the crucial journal articles, see John Locke: Critical Assessments, ed. Richard Ashcraft (4 vols., London and New York, 1991). In the second volume, pp. 1-129, he reprints the articles of Von Leyden, Yolton, Seliger, Byrne, Oakley and Urdang, Sparkes and Drury listed above.
45. Thomas Burnet, [First] Remarks Upon an Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in a Letter Addressed to the Author (London, 1697), p. 6, where he needles Locke by asking him to clarify his position on the issue: 'You seem to resolve all into the Will and Power of the Law-Maker: But has the Will of the Law-Maker no Rule to go by? And is not that which is a Rule to his Will, a Rule also to Ours, and indeed the Original Rule?'; Lamprecht, Moral and Political Philosophy of John Locke, pp. 105-8.
46. Thomas Burnet, [First] Remarks Upon an Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in a Letter Addressed to the Author (London, 1697), p. 6, where he needles Locke by asking him to clarify his position on the issue: 'You seem to resolve all into the Will and Power of the Law-Maker: But has the Will of the Law-Maker no Rule to go by? And is not that which is a Rule to his Will, a Rule also to Ours, and indeed the Original Rule?'; Lamprecht, Moral and Political Philosophy of John Locke, pp. 105-8.
47. e.g. Richard I. Aaron, John Locke (Oxford, 2nd edn., 1955), p. 257; Von Leyden, introduction to his edition of the Essays on the Law of Nature, pp. 71-3; Mabbott, John Locke, pp. 112-28.
48. e.g. Richard I. Aaron, John Locke (Oxford, 2nd edn., 1955), p. 257; Von Leyden, introduction to his edition of the Essays on the Law of Nature, pp. 71-3; Mabbott, John Locke, pp. 112-28.
49. e.g. Richard I. Aaron, John Locke (Oxford, 2nd edn., 1955), p. 257; Von Leyden, introduction to his edition of the Essays on the Law of Nature, pp. 71-3; Mabbott, John Locke, pp. 112-28.
50. See especially his note on Voluntas (1693), Ms. Locke c. 28, fol. 114v, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leydn , pp. 22-3.
51. See especially his note on Voluntas (1693), Ms. Locke c. 28, fol. 114v, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leydn , pp. 22-3.
52. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
53. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
54. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
55. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
56. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
57. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
58. Thus Hans Aarsleff, The State of Nature and the Nature of Man in Locke', and Hans Aarsleff, 'Some observations on recent Locke scholarship', both in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Yolton, pp. 99-136, 262-71, at pp. 127, 262-3; Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 43; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 201-8; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, esp. pp. 68-9, 235-6; Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property, pp. 129-30, 146; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', pp. 213-16.
59. Thus, for example, in 1976 Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', could still speak of 'the Traditional conception of the Law of Nature' (pp. 441, 447-8, italics mine) as if that tradition was a unified one, and in 1995 Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke', could write as if the voluntarism involved in the debate in question was limited to the matter of the binding force of the natural law and did not extend to its content.
60. Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God'.
61. Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp. 202-57; Strauss, 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', pp. 197-220; Cox, Locke on War and Peace, pp. 88-9; Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law, pp. 127-32; Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', esp. pp. 58-60. Note that even Colman, in his most impressive John Locke's Moral Philosophy, can speak of 'the classical natural law tradition' and 'the classical natural law conception' (pp. 238 and 240) and can say that Locke 'could not be considered a natural law theorist if he maintained that the content of morality was . . . imposed by God upon man' (p. 240).
62. Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp. 202-57; Strauss, 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', pp. 197-220; Cox, Locke on War and Peace, pp. 88-9; Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law, pp. 127-32; Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', esp. pp. 58-60. Note that even Colman, in his most impressive John Locke's Moral Philosophy, can speak of 'the classical natural law tradition' and 'the classical natural law conception' (pp. 238 and 240) and can say that Locke 'could not be considered a natural law theorist if he maintained that the content of morality was . . . imposed by God upon man' (p. 240).
63. Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp. 202-57; Strauss, 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', pp. 197-220; Cox, Locke on War and Peace, pp. 88-9; Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law, pp. 127-32; Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', esp. pp. 58-60. Note that even Colman, in his most impressive John Locke's Moral Philosophy, can speak of 'the classical natural law tradition' and 'the classical natural law conception' (pp. 238 and 240) and can say that Locke 'could not be considered a natural law theorist if he maintained that the content of morality was . . . imposed by God upon man' (p. 240).
64. Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp. 202-57; Strauss, 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', pp. 197-220; Cox, Locke on War and Peace, pp. 88-9; Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law, pp. 127-32; Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', esp. pp. 58-60. Note that even Colman, in his most impressive John Locke's Moral Philosophy, can speak of 'the classical natural law tradition' and 'the classical natural law conception' (pp. 238 and 240) and can say that Locke 'could not be considered a natural law theorist if he maintained that the content of morality was . . . imposed by God upon man' (p. 240).
65. Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp. 202-57; Strauss, 'Locke's Doctrine of Natural Law', pp. 197-220; Cox, Locke on War and Peace, pp. 88-9; Wild, Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law, pp. 127-32; Byrne, 'The Basis of Natural Law in Locke's Philosophy', esp. pp. 58-60. Note that even Colman, in his most impressive John Locke's Moral Philosophy, can speak of 'the classical natural law tradition' and 'the classical natural law conception' (pp. 238 and 240) and can say that Locke 'could not be considered a natural law theorist if he maintained that the content of morality was . . . imposed by God upon man' (p. 240).
66. Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', esp. pp. 111-12 . Or, earlier on, Curtis, An Outline of Locke's Ethical Philosophy, p. 61: 'we may suppose that Locke's views on natural law were in general accord with those of Tully [i.e. Cicero]. And this we find to be the case . . .'. Or, later, Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', pp. 447-8.
67. Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', esp. pp. 111-12 . Or, earlier on, Curtis, An Outline of Locke's Ethical Philosophy, p. 61: 'we may suppose that Locke's views on natural law were in general accord with those of Tully [i.e. Cicero]. And this we find to be the case . . .'. Or, later, Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', pp. 447-8.
68. Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', esp. pp. 111-12 . Or, earlier on, Curtis, An Outline of Locke's Ethical Philosophy, p. 61: 'we may suppose that Locke's views on natural law were in general accord with those of Tully [i.e. Cicero]. And this we find to be the case . . .'. Or, later, Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature', pp. 447-8.
69. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy, p. 4; John Locke, Essays, trans. Leyden, pp. 51-60; Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', pp. 110-12.
70. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy, p. 4; John Locke, Essays, trans. Leyden, pp. 51-60; Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', pp. 110-12.
71. Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy, p. 4; John Locke, Essays, trans. Leyden, pp. 51-60; Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', pp. 110-12.
72. See Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', p. 542; Tully, A Discourse on Property, pp. 40-1; and Tully, 'Governing Conduct', pp. 201-6; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 240; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-4.
73. See Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', p. 542; Tully, A Discourse on Property, pp. 40-1; and Tully, 'Governing Conduct', pp. 201-6; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 240; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-4.
74. See Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', p. 542; Tully, A Discourse on Property, pp. 40-1; and Tully, 'Governing Conduct', pp. 201-6; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 240; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-4.
75. See Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', p. 542; Tully, A Discourse on Property, pp. 40-1; and Tully, 'Governing Conduct', pp. 201-6; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 240; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-4.
76. See Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas', p. 542; Tully, A Discourse on Property, pp. 40-1; and Tully, 'Governing Conduct', pp. 201-6; Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 240; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-4.
77. See Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, ed. and trans. F.W. Maitland (Cambridge, 1900), pp. 172-3, n. 256, where he explains, helpfully enough: 'The older [scholastic] view, which is more especially that of the Realists, explained the Lex Naturalis as an intellectual act independent of Will - as a mere lex indicativa in which God was not lawgiver but a teacher working by means of Reason - in short, as the dictate of Reason as to what is right, grounded in the Being of God but unalterable even by him . . . The opposite position, proceeding from pure Nominalism, saw in the Law of Nature a mere divine Command, which was right and binding because God was the Lawgiver.'
78. Compare Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, pp. 172-3, n. 256, with Francisco Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore (Coimbra, 1612), Lib. II, c. 6, reproduced in The Classics of International Law: Selection from Three Works of Francisco Suarez, S.J., ed. James Scott Brown (2 vols., Oxford, 1944) Vol. I, pp. 119-29 (English translation at Vol. II, pp. 187-208) . Cf. Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 99-100.
79. Compare Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, pp. 172-3, n. 256, with Francisco Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore (Coimbra, 1612), Lib. II, c. 6, reproduced in The Classics of International Law: Selection from Three Works of Francisco Suarez, S.J., ed. James Scott Brown (2 vols., Oxford, 1944) Vol. I, pp. 119-29 (English translation at Vol. II, pp. 187-208) . Cf. Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 99-100.
80. Compare Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, pp. 172-3, n. 256, with Francisco Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore (Coimbra, 1612), Lib. II, c. 6, reproduced in The Classics of International Law: Selection from Three Works of Francisco Suarez, S.J., ed. James Scott Brown (2 vols., Oxford, 1944) Vol. I, pp. 119-29 (English translation at Vol. II, pp. 187-208) . Cf. Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 99-100.
81. Compare Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, pp. 172-3, n. 256, with Francisco Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore (Coimbra, 1612), Lib. II, c. 6, reproduced in The Classics of International Law: Selection from Three Works of Francisco Suarez, S.J., ed. James Scott Brown (2 vols., Oxford, 1944) Vol. I, pp. 119-29 (English translation at Vol. II, pp. 187-208) . Cf. Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 99-100.
82. Compare Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, pp. 172-3, n. 256, with Francisco Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore (Coimbra, 1612), Lib. II, c. 6, reproduced in The Classics of International Law: Selection from Three Works of Francisco Suarez, S.J., ed. James Scott Brown (2 vols., Oxford, 1944) Vol. I, pp. 119-29 (English translation at Vol. II, pp. 187-208) . Cf. Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 99-100.
83. Our article appears to have attracted no attention at all until 1983, when it was listed in Hall and Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship. Even then, it appears to have had no impact on the continuing discussion of the relationship between the intellectualistic and voluntaristic strands in Locke's natural law teaching until 1988, when James Tully, citing it and the earlier works of mine on which it built, concluded that it had 'put past doubt' the fact that Locke considered 'both the obligation and the content of natural law' to be 'derived from god's will' - see Tully, 'Governing Conduct', p. 206, n. 104, and pp. 202-3, nn. 93 and 95. Cf James Tully, 'Locke', in The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450-1700, ed. J.H. Burns and Mark Goldie (Cambridge, 1991), p. 625. In 1991 Ashcraft reprinted the Oakley-Urdang article in his John Locke: Critical Assessments, Vol. II, pp. 63-83.
84. Our article appears to have attracted no attention at all until 1983, when it was listed in Hall and Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship. Even then, it appears to have had no impact on the continuing discussion of the relationship between the intellectualistic and voluntaristic strands in Locke's natural law teaching until 1988, when James Tully, citing it and the earlier works of mine on which it built, concluded that it had 'put past doubt' the fact that Locke considered 'both the obligation and the content of natural law' to be 'derived from god's will' - see Tully, 'Governing Conduct', p. 206, n. 104, and pp. 202-3, nn. 93 and 95. Cf James Tully, 'Locke', in The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450-1700, ed. J.H. Burns and Mark Goldie (Cambridge, 1991), p. 625. In 1991 Ashcraft reprinted the Oakley-Urdang article in his John Locke: Critical Assessments, Vol. II, pp. 63-83.
85. Our article appears to have attracted no attention at all until 1983, when it was listed in Hall and Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship. Even then, it appears to have had no impact on the continuing discussion of the relationship between the intellectualistic and voluntaristic strands in Locke's natural law teaching until 1988, when James Tully, citing it and the earlier works of mine on which it built, concluded that it had 'put past doubt' the fact that Locke considered 'both the obligation and the content of natural law' to be 'derived from god's will' - see Tully, 'Governing Conduct', p. 206, n. 104, and pp. 202-3, nn. 93 and 95. Cf James Tully, 'Locke', in The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450-1700, ed. J.H. Burns and Mark Goldie (Cambridge, 1991), p. 625. In 1991 Ashcraft reprinted the Oakley-Urdang article in his John Locke: Critical Assessments, Vol. II, pp. 63-83.
86. Our article appears to have attracted no attention at all until 1983, when it was listed in Hall and Woolhouse, 80 Years of Locke Scholarship. Even then, it appears to have had no impact on the continuing discussion of the relationship between the intellectualistic and voluntaristic strands in Locke's natural law teaching until 1988, when James Tully, citing it and the earlier works of mine on which it built, concluded that it had 'put past doubt' the fact that Locke considered 'both the obligation and the content of natural law' to be 'derived from god's will' - see Tully, 'Governing Conduct', p. 206, n. 104, and pp. 202-3, nn. 93 and 95. Cf James Tully, 'Locke', in The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450-1700, ed. J.H. Burns and Mark Goldie (Cambridge, 1991), p. 625. In 1991 Ashcraft reprinted the Oakley-Urdang article in his John Locke: Critical Assessments, Vol. II, pp. 63-83.
87. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
88. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
89. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
90. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
91. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
92. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
93. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
94. Thus, for example, John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 80-1, where he too relies (as did Colman later) on what he calls 'Gierke's famous analysis of medieval theories of law' (i.e. the footnote); cf. Colman, John Locke's Moral Philosophy, p. 269, n. 6. See also Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Dunn, Locke; Hancey, 'John Locke and the Law of Nature'; Sparkes, 'Trust and Teleology'; Drury, 'John Locke, Natural Law and Innate Ideas'; Darwall, The British Moralist and the Internal 'Ought': 1640-1740.
95. Thus Parry, John Locke; Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise'; Harris, The Mind of John Locke; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke'; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Cancering the Law of Nature, ed. Horwitz et al., esp. pp. 10-28.
96. Thus Parry, John Locke; Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise'; Harris, The Mind of John Locke; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke'; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Cancering the Law of Nature, ed. Horwitz et al., esp. pp. 10-28.
97. Thus Parry, John Locke; Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise'; Harris, The Mind of John Locke; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke'; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Cancering the Law of Nature, ed. Horwitz et al., esp. pp. 10-28.
98. Thus Parry, John Locke; Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise'; Harris, The Mind of John Locke; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke'; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Cancering the Law of Nature, ed. Horwitz et al., esp. pp. 10-28.
99. Thus Parry, John Locke; Soles, 'Intellectualism and Natural Law in Locke's Second Treatise'; Harris, The Mind of John Locke; Ward, 'Divine Will, Natural Law and the Voluntarism/Intellectualism Debate in Locke'; Horowitz, 'Introduction' to John Locke, Questions Cancering the Law of Nature, ed. Horwitz et al., esp. pp. 10-28.
100. That is in some measure true even of the fine analysis of Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 41, where he incorrectly asserts that the Ockhamists believed 'natural laws' to be 'imperatives accepted on faith' (italics mine), and of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 190 and 196, where running together the orders of creation and redemption, and perhaps unconscious of the fact that the late-medieval preoccupation with the implications of the divine omnipotence had found expression in more than one particular theology of justification, he appears incorrectly to assume that what he calls a 'strong, seriously meant voluntarism' must necessarily go hand-in-glove with a staunchly Calvinistic doctrine of election. In any case, theories of natural law pertain to the realm not of revealed or dogmatic theology, but to that of natural theology. On all of which, see the brief discussion in Francis Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages (Ithaca and London, 1979), pp. 133-48.
101. That is in some measure true even of the fine analysis of Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 41, where he incorrectly asserts that the Ockhamists believed 'natural laws' to be 'imperatives accepted on faith' (italics mine), and of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 190 and 196, where running together the orders of creation and redemption, and perhaps unconscious of the fact that the late-medieval preoccupation with the implications of the divine omnipotence had found expression in more than one particular theology of justification, he appears incorrectly to assume that what he calls a 'strong, seriously meant voluntarism' must necessarily go hand-in-glove with a staunchly Calvinistic doctrine of election. In any case, theories of natural law pertain to the realm not of revealed or dogmatic theology, but to that of natural theology. On all of which, see the brief discussion in Francis Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages (Ithaca and London, 1979), pp. 133-48.
102. That is in some measure true even of the fine analysis of Tully, A Discourse on Property, p. 41, where he incorrectly asserts that the Ockhamists believed 'natural laws' to be 'imperatives accepted on faith' (italics mine), and of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 190 and 196, where running together the orders of creation and redemption, and perhaps unconscious of the fact that the late-medieval preoccupation with the implications of the divine omnipotence had found expression in more than one particular theology of justification, he appears incorrectly to assume that what he calls a 'strong, seriously meant voluntarism' must necessarily go hand-in-glove with a staunchly Calvinistic doctrine of election. In any case, theories of natural law pertain to the realm not of revealed or dogmatic theology, but to that of natural theology. On all of which, see the brief discussion in Francis Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages (Ithaca and London, 1979), pp. 133-48.
103. John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 220-2; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, esp. Essays I, IV and VI, pp. 111-13, 151, 185-7; First Treatise of Government, §§86 and 166, Second Treatise of Government, §135, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 205, 261-2, 358; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), I, ii, §§6, 12 and 18, II, xxviii, §§5 and 8, pp. 351-2; Of Ethics in General, printed in Lord King, The Life of John Locke (2 vols., London, new edn., 1830), Vol. II, pp. 130-1, 133; The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke (10 vols., London, 10th edn., 1801), Vol. VII, p. 144.
104. John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 220-2; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, esp. Essays I, IV and VI, pp. 111-13, 151, 185-7; First Treatise of Government, §§86 and 166, Second Treatise of Government, §135, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 205, 261-2, 358; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), I, ii, §§6, 12 and 18, II, xxviii, §§5 and 8, pp. 351-2; Of Ethics in General, printed in Lord King, The Life of John Locke (2 vols., London, new edn., 1830), Vol. II, pp. 130-1, 133; The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke (10 vols., London, 10th edn., 1801), Vol. VII, p. 144.
105. John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 220-2; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, esp. Essays I, IV and VI, pp. 111-13, 151, 185-7; First Treatise of Government, §§86 and 166, Second Treatise of Government, §135, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 205, 261-2, 358; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), I, ii, §§6, 12 and 18, II, xxviii, §§5 and 8, pp. 351-2; Of Ethics in General, printed in Lord King, The Life of John Locke (2 vols., London, new edn., 1830), Vol. II, pp. 130-1, 133; The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke (10 vols., London, 10th edn., 1801), Vol. VII, p. 144.
106. John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 220-2; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, esp. Essays I, IV and VI, pp. 111-13, 151, 185-7; First Treatise of Government, §§86 and 166, Second Treatise of Government, §135, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 205, 261-2, 358; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), I, ii, §§6, 12 and 18, II, xxviii, §§5 and 8, pp. 351-2; Of Ethics in General, printed in Lord King, The Life of John Locke (2 vols., London, new edn., 1830), Vol. II, pp. 130-1, 133; The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke (10 vols., London, 10th edn., 1801), Vol. VII, p. 144.
107. John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 220-2; Essays on
108. John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, pp. 220-2; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, esp. Essays I, IV and VI, pp. 111-13, 151, 185-7; First Treatise of Government, §§86 and 166, Second Treatise of Government, §135, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 205, 261-2, 358; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), I, ii, §§6, 12 and 18, II, xxviii, §§5 and 8, pp. 351-2; Of Ethics in General, printed in Lord King, The Life of John Locke (2 vols., London, new edn., 1830), Vol. II, pp. 130-1, 133; The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke (10 vols., London, 10th edn., 1801), Vol. VII, p. 144.
109. 'Second Tract on Government', in John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, p. 222; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay II, pp. 132-3; Essay VI, pp. 186-7.
110. 'Second Tract on Government', in John Locke: Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, p. 222; Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay II, pp. 132-3; Essay VI, pp. 186-7.
111. Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay VI, pp. 186-7; Essay I, pp. 110-13. Cf. Locke's Common-Place Book, in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. II, p. 94.
112. Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay VI, pp. 186-7; Essay I, pp. 110-13. Cf. Locke's Common-Place Book, in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. II, p. 94.
113. Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay VI, pp. 185-7.
114. Second Treatise of Government, ed. Laslett, §§6, 10-11, 56, pp. 271, 273-4, 305.
115. Essays on the Laws of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay I, pp. 110-11, where Locke has just defined natural law as 'the decree of the divine will discernible by the light of nature and indicating what is and what is not in conformity with rational nature, and for this very reason commanding or prohibiting'. Cf. ibid., Essay VII, pp. 198-9, where he speaks again of the conformity or harmony between natural law and man's rational nature.
116. Essays on the Laws of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay I, pp. 110-11, where Locke has just defined natural law as 'the decree of the divine will discernible by the light of nature and indicating what is and what is not in conformity with rational nature, and for this very reason commanding or prohibiting'. Cf. ibid., Essay VII, pp. 198-9, where he speaks again of the conformity or harmony between natural law and man's rational nature.
117. In contrast to the position we took in 1966 (see Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', p. 96), I would now judge that it is only when Locke addresses the divine side of the question and evokes (if only indirectly and by implications) the old question of the primacy of will or reason in God that such problems do emerge.
118. Burnet, [First] Remarks Upon an Essay Concerning Human Understanding, p. 6.
119. Second Treatise of Government, §195, ed. Laslett, pp. 395-6. Cf. First Treatise of Goverment, §6, ed. Laslett, p. 144, where he refers to 'Promises and Oaths, which tye the infinite deity'.
120. Second Treatise of Government, §195, ed. Laslett, pp. 395-6. Cf. First Treatise of Goverment, §6, ed. Laslett, p. 144, where he refers to 'Promises and Oaths, which tye the infinite deity'.
121. King, Life of John Locke, vol. I, p. 228 (entry under Sunday, August 7, 1681).
122. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II, xxi, §49, ed. Nidditch, p. 265.
123. The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke, VII, pp. 111-12.
124. Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay VII, pp. 198-9.
125. I am referring to Locke's Examination of Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing All Things in God and the related Remarks Upon Some of Mr. Norris's Books, works in which Locke is forced, of necessity, to direct some attention to Malebranche's discussion of the divine ideas. On which, see Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', pp. 107-9.
126. e.g. Confessiones, VII, 9, 20, 21.
127. For a discussion of this point and its implications, I venture to refer to the essays gathered together in Creation: The Impact of an Idea, ed. Daniel O'Connor and Francis Oakley (New York, 1969).
128. The way pursued by such influential Christian thinkers as the anonymous author whom we know as Pseudo-Dionysius and his ninth-century translator, John Eriugena, as also by such Jewish thinkers as Avicebron (d. ca.1058) and Maimonides (d.1204). In accordance with that approach to the knowledge of the divine, we cannot aspire to know what God is. The best we can hope to do is to struggle through to a knowledge of what he is not. There is a lucid account of the degree to which Aquinas edged beyond that position and of what his doctrine of analogy involved in Brian Davies, The Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Oxford, 1993), pp. 58-97.
129. Summa theologiae, Ia IIae, qu. 91, art. 1 and 2; qu. 93, art. 1.
130. For a detailed and carefully nuanced discussion of the issues embedded in this shift, see Marilyn McCord Adams, William Ockham (2 vols., Notre Dame, 1987), Vol. II, pp. 903-1010.
131. Though respect for the authority of St Augustine softened the impact of this challenge. Thus William of Ockham was careful to retain the language of the traditional doctrine even while emptying it of its traditional content. If we are to speak of the divine ideas we must remember that we are speaking, not of any universal ideas, but merely of the ideas which God has of actual or possible individual creatures. See William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), I, dist. 35, qu. 5, esp. art 3; ed. G.I. Etzkorn and F.E. Kelley (New York, 1979), pp. 485-507. The whole question is devoted to the matter.
132. For a fuller discussion of their views, see Francis Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, VI (1961), pp. 65-83; Arthur S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 173-96; Francis Oakley, The Political Thought of Pierre d'Ailly: The Voluntarist Tradition (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 163-97. D'Ailly's discussion in his Sentences of the nature and grounding of law and of its various modalities is extensive enough to constitute almost a 'treatise on law' in its own right. 43 Ralph Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1 and 3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, ed. Thomas Bird (2 vols., New York, 1838), Vol. II, esp. pp. 369-71. Interestingly enough, he links the remergence in his own day of ethical voluntarism with the revival of 'the physiological hypotheses of Democritus and Epicurus' (i.e. forms of atonism) and with their successful application 'to the solving of some of the phenomenon of the visible world' (i.e. contemporary scientific endeavour). Cf. Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Lib. II, c. 6 (in The Classics of International Law, ed. Brown, Vol. I, p. 121), where, along with Jean Gerson, he too lists Ockham, d'Ailly and Novocastro as the representative exponents of the voluntarist position.
133. For a fuller discussion of their views, see Francis Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, VI (1961), pp. 65-83; Arthur S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 173-96; Francis Oakley, The Political Thought of Pierre d'Ailly: The Voluntarist Tradition (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 163-97. D'Ailly's discussion in his Sentences of the nature and grounding of law and of its various modalities is extensive enough to constitute almost a 'treatise on law' in its own right. 43 Ralph Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1 and 3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, ed. Thomas Bird (2 vols., New York, 1838), Vol. II, esp. pp. 369-71. Interestingly enough, he links the remergence in his own day of ethical voluntarism with the revival of 'the physiological hypotheses of Democritus and Epicurus' (i.e. forms of atonism) and with their successful application 'to the solving of some of the phenomenon of the visible world' (i.e. contemporary scientific endeavour). Cf. Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Lib. II, c. 6 (in The Classics of International Law, ed. Brown, Vol. I, p. 121), where, along with Jean Gerson, he too lists Ockham, d'Ailly and Novocastro as the representative exponents of the voluntarist position.
134. For a fuller discussion of their views, see Francis Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, VI (1961), pp. 65-83; Arthur S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 173-96; Francis Oakley, The Political Thought of Pierre d'Ailly: The Voluntarist Tradition (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 163-97. D'Ailly's discussion in his Sentences of the nature and grounding of law and of its various modalities is extensive enough to constitute almost a 'treatise on law' in its own right. 43 Ralph Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1 and 3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, ed. Thomas Bird (2 vols., New York, 1838), Vol. II, esp. pp. 369-71. Interestingly enough, he links the remergence in his own day of ethical voluntarism with the revival of 'the physiological hypotheses of Democritus and Epicurus' (i.e. forms of atonism) and with their successful application 'to the solving of some of the phenomenon of the visible world' (i.e. contemporary scientific endeavour). Cf. Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Lib. II, c. 6 (in The Classics of International Law, ed. Brown, Vol. I, p. 121), where, along with Jean Gerson, he too lists Ockham, d'Ailly and Novocastro as the representative exponents of the voluntarist position.
135. For a fuller discussion of their views, see Francis Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, VI (1961), pp. 65-83; Arthur S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 173-96; Francis Oakley, The Political Thought of Pierre d'Ailly: The Voluntarist Tradition (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 163-97. D'Ailly's discussion in his Sentences of the nature and grounding of law and of its various modalities is extensive enough to constitute almost a 'treatise on law' in its own right. 43 Ralph Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1 and 3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, ed. Thomas Bird (2 vols., New York, 1838), Vol. II, esp. pp. 369-71. Interestingly enough, he links the remergence in his own day of ethical voluntarism with the revival of 'the physiological hypotheses of Democritus and Epicurus' (i.e. forms of atonism) and with their successful application 'to the solving of some of the phenomenon of the visible world' (i.e. contemporary scientific endeavour). Cf. Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Lib. II, c. 6 (in The Classics of International Law, ed. Brown, Vol. I, p. 121), where, along with Jean Gerson, he too lists Ockham, d'Ailly and Novocastro as the representative exponents of the voluntarist position.
136. For a fuller discussion of their views, see Francis Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, VI (1961), pp. 65-83; Arthur S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 173-96; Francis Oakley, The Political Thought of Pierre d'Ailly: The Voluntarist Tradition (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 163-97. D'Ailly's discussion in his Sentences of the nature and grounding of law and of its various modalities is extensive enough to constitute almost a 'treatise on law' in its own right. 43 Ralph Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1 and 3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, ed. Thomas Bird (2 vols., New York, 1838), Vol. II, esp. pp. 369-71. Interestingly enough, he links the remergence in his own day of ethical voluntarism with the revival of 'the physiological hypotheses of Democritus and Epicurus' (i.e. forms of atonism) and with their successful application 'to the solving of some of the phenomenon of the visible world' (i.e. contemporary scientific endeavour). Cf. Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Lib. II, c. 6 (in The Classics of International Law, ed. Brown, Vol. I, p. 121), where, along with Jean Gerson, he too lists Ockham, d'Ailly and Novocastro as the representative exponents of the voluntarist position.
137. For a fuller discussion of their views, see Francis Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, VI (1961), pp. 65-83; Arthur S. McGrade, The Political Thought of William of Ockham: Personal and Institutional Principles (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 173-96; Francis Oakley, The Political Thought of Pierre d'Ailly: The Voluntarist Tradition (New Haven and London, 1964), pp. 163-97. D'Ailly's discussion in his Sentences of the nature and grounding of law and of its various modalities is extensive enough to constitute almost a 'treatise on law' in its own right. 43 Ralph Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1 and 3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, ed. Thomas Bird (2 vols., New York, 1838), Vol. II, esp. pp. 369-71. Interestingly enough, he links the remergence in his own day of ethical voluntarism with the revival of 'the physiological hypotheses of Democritus and Epicurus' (i.e. forms of atonism) and with their successful application 'to the solving of some of the phenomenon of the visible world' (i.e. contemporary scientific endeavour). Cf. Suarez, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, Lib. II, c. 6 (in The Classics of International Law, ed. Brown, Vol. I, p. 121), where, along with Jean Gerson, he too lists Ockham, d'Ailly and Novocastro as the representative exponents of the voluntarist position.
138. Max A. Shepard, 'William of Occam and the Higher Law', American Political Science Review, XXVI (1932), pp. 1005-23, and ibid., XXVII (1933), pp. 24-38, where he adds that 'no really essential difference exists between Occam and Aquinas on this point, and that it is on the whole erroneous to extend the nominalistic-realistic schism to embrace their respective theories of natural law'. These articles and their findings are commended by Ewart Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas (2 vols., London, 1954), Vol. I, p. 334 n. 32, and George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory (New York, revised edn., 1958), p. 306.
139. Max A. Shepard, 'William of Occam and the Higher Law', American Political Science Review, XXVI (1932), pp. 1005-23, and ibid., XXVII (1933), pp. 24-38, where he adds that 'no really essential difference exists between Occam and Aquinas on this point, and that it is on the whole erroneous to extend the nominalistic-realistic schism to embrace their respective theories of natural law'. These articles and their findings are commended by Ewart Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas (2 vols., London, 1954), Vol. I, p. 334 n. 32, and George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory (New York, revised edn., 1958), p. 306.
140. Max A. Shepard, 'William of Occam and the Higher Law', American Political Science Review, XXVI (1932), pp. 1005-23, and ibid., XXVII (1933), pp. 24-38, where he adds that 'no really essential difference exists between Occam and Aquinas on this point, and that it is on the whole erroneous to extend the nominalistic-realistic schism to embrace their respective theories of natural law'. These articles and their findings are commended by Ewart Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas (2 vols., London, 1954), Vol. I, p. 334 n. 32, and George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory (New York, revised edn., 1958), p. 306.
141. Max A. Shepard, 'William of Occam and the Higher Law', American Political Science Review, XXVI (1932), pp. 1005-23, and ibid., XXVII (1933), pp. 24-38, where he adds that 'no really essential difference exists between Occam and Aquinas on this point, and that it is on the whole erroneous to extend the nominalistic-realistic schism to embrace their respective theories of natural law'. These articles and their findings are commended by Ewart Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas (2 vols., London, 1954), Vol. I, p. 334 n. 32, and George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory (New York, revised edn., 1958), p. 306.
142. Pierre d' Ailly, Questiones super I, III et IV Sententiarium (Lyons, 1500), I, qu. 2, art. 2, M, f. 62v: 'per recte agere moraliter nihil aliud intelligo nisi agere conformiter dictaminis rationis'. Ibid., Princ in I Sent., L, ff. 23v-24v: 'prima principia moralia solum per sinderim et lumen rationis habita'.
143. Pierre d' Ailly, Questiones super I, III et IV Sententiarium (Lyons, 1500), I, qu. 2, art. 2, M, f. 62v: 'per recte agere moraliter nihil aliud intelligo nisi agere conformiter dictaminis rationis'. Ibid., Princ in I Sent., L, ff. 23v-24v: 'prima principia moralia solum per sinderim et lumen rationis habita'.
144. Ocham, Super quatuor libros Sententiarium (Lyons, 1945), III, 12 CCC: 'nullum actus est perfecte virtuosus nisi voluntas per illum actum velit dictatum a recta ratione propter hoc quod est dictatus a recta ratione'.
145. Ockham, Dialogue, I, vi, cap. 100; printed in Monarchia S. Romani Imperii, ed. Melchior Goldast (3 vols., Frankfurt, 1611-14), Vol. II, p. 629, 1. 45: 'utens naturali dictamine rationis, hoc est utens jure naturali'. Cf. Dialogus, III, ii, I, cap. 10 (ibid., Vol . II, p. 878, 11. 27-31, and III, ii, III, cap. 6 (ibid., p. 932, 1. 65): 'quia jure naturale est immutabile primo modo et invariabile et indispensable'.
146. Ockham, Dialogue, I, vi, cap. 100; printed in Monarchia S. Romani Imperii, ed. Melchior Goldast (3 vols., Frankfurt, 1611-14), Vol. II, p. 629, 1. 45: 'utens naturali dictamine rationis, hoc est utens jure naturali'. Cf. Dialogus, III, ii, I, cap. 10 (ibid., Vol . II, p. 878, 11. 27-31, and III, ii, III, cap. 6 (ibid., p. 932, 1. 65): 'quia jure naturale est immutabile primo modo et invariabile et indispensable'.
147. Ockham, Dialogue, I, vi, cap. 100; printed in Monarchia S. Romani Imperii, ed. Melchior Goldast (3 vols., Frankfurt, 1611-14), Vol. II, p. 629, 1. 45: 'utens naturali dictamine rationis, hoc est utens jure naturali'. Cf. Dialogus, III, ii, I, cap. 10 (ibid., Vol . II, p. 878, 11. 27-31, and III, ii, III, cap. 6 (ibid., p. 932, 1. 65): 'quia jure naturale est immutabile primo modo et invariabile et indispensable'.
148. Ockham, Dialogue, I, vi, cap. 100; printed in Monarchia S. Romani Imperii, ed. Melchior Goldast (3 vols., Frankfurt, 1611-14), Vol. II, p. 629, 1. 45: 'utens naturali dictamine rationis, hoc est utens jure naturali'. Cf. Dialogus, III, ii, I, cap. 10 (ibid., Vol . II, p. 878, 11. 27-31, and III, ii, III, cap. 6 (ibid., p. 932, 1. 65): 'quia jure naturale est immutabile primo modo et invariabile et indispensable'.
149. Ockham, Dialogue, I, vi, cap. 100; printed in Monarchia S. Romani Imperii, ed. Melchior Goldast (3 vols., Frankfurt, 1611-14), Vol. II, p. 629, 1. 45: 'utens naturali dictamine rationis, hoc est utens jure naturali'. Cf. Dialogus, III, ii, I, cap. 10 (ibid., Vol . II, p. 878, 11. 27-31, and III, ii, III, cap. 6 (ibid., p. 932, 1. 65): 'quia jure naturale est immutabile primo modo et invariabile et indispensable'.
150. Thus William of Ockham, Quodlibeta septem, Quodl. VI, qu. 1, art.1, ed. Joseph C. Wey (New York, 1980), p. 586; William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), Prol., qu. 7, ed. Gedeon Gál and Stephen Brown (New York, 1967), pp. 187, 197, 202, 205; Pierre D'Ailly, De libertate creaturae rationalis, in Jean Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (6 vols., Antwerp, 1706), Vol. I, p. 632; P. D'Ailly, De Trinitate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 619; P. D'Ailly, Sent. I, art. 2 JJ, f. 96r; and P. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art 2 J, f. 188v.
151. Thus William of Ockham, Quodlibeta septem, Quodl. VI, qu. 1, art.1, ed. Joseph C. Wey (New York, 1980), p. 586; William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), Prol., qu. 7, ed. Gedeon Gál and Stephen Brown (New York, 1967), pp. 187, 197, 202, 205; Pierre D'Ailly, De libertate creaturae rationalis, in Jean Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (6 vols., Antwerp, 1706), Vol. I, p. 632; P. D'Ailly, De Trinitate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 619; P. D'Ailly, Sent. I, art. 2 JJ, f. 96r; and P. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art 2 J, f. 188v.
152. Thus William of Ockham, Quodlibeta septem, Quodl. VI, qu. 1, art.1, ed. Joseph C. Wey (New York, 1980), p. 586; William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), Prol., qu. 7, ed. Gedeon Gál and Stephen Brown (New York, 1967), pp. 187, 197, 202, 205; Pierre D'Ailly, De libertate creaturae rationalis, in Jean Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (6 vols., Antwerp, 1706), Vol. I, p. 632; P. D'Ailly, De Trinitate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 619; P. D'Ailly, Sent. I, art. 2 JJ, f. 96r; and P. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art 2 J, f. 188v.
153. Thus William of Ockham, Quodlibeta septem, Quodl. VI, qu. 1, art.1, ed. Joseph C. Wey (New York, 1980), p. 586; William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), Prol., qu. 7, ed. Gedeon Gál and Stephen Brown (New York, 1967), pp. 187, 197, 202, 205; Pierre D'Ailly, De libertate creaturae rationalis, in Jean Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (6 vols., Antwerp, 1706), Vol. I, p. 632; P. D'Ailly, De Trinitate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 619; P. D'Ailly, Sent. I, art. 2 JJ, f. 96r; and P. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art 2 J, f. 188v.
154. Thus William of Ockham, Quodlibeta septem, Quodl. VI, qu. 1, art.1, ed. Joseph C. Wey (New York, 1980), p. 586; William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), Prol., qu. 7, ed. Gedeon Gál and Stephen Brown (New York, 1967), pp. 187, 197, 202, 205; Pierre D'Ailly, De libertate creaturae rationalis, in Jean Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (6 vols., Antwerp, 1706), Vol. I, p. 632; P. D'Ailly, De Trinitate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 619; P. D'Ailly, Sent. I, art. 2 JJ, f. 96r; and P. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art 2 J, f. 188v.
155. Thus William of Ockham, Quodlibeta septem, Quodl. VI, qu. 1, art.1, ed. Joseph C. Wey (New York, 1980), p. 586; William of Ockham, Scriptum in librum primum Sententiarum (Ordinatio), Prol., qu. 7, ed. Gedeon Gál and Stephen Brown (New York, 1967), pp. 187, 197, 202, 205; Pierre D'Ailly, De libertate creaturae rationalis, in Jean Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Louis Ellies Dupin (6 vols., Antwerp, 1706), Vol. I, p. 632; P. D'Ailly, De Trinitate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 619; P. D'Ailly, Sent. I, art. 2 JJ, f. 96r; and P. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art 2 J, f. 188v.
156. Since the 1960s this distinction has become the subject of a voluminous scholarly literature. Of recent years at least four books have made it the exclusive focus of their concern - see Francis Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca and London, 1984); Eugenio Randi, Il sovrano e l'oralogiaio: Due immagini di Dio nel dibattito sulla 'potentia absoluta' fra XIII e XIV secolo (Florence, 1987); William J. Courtenay, Capacity and Volition: A History of the Distinction of Absolute and Ordained Power (Bergamo, 1989); Lawrence Moonan, Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (Oxford, 1994), this last now providing the best account of the emergence of the distinction in the early thirteenth century. There is a good, recent synoptic account in Gijsbert van der Brink, Almighty God: A Study of the Doctrine of Divine Omnipotence (Kampen, 1993), pp. 68-92. For an instance of the use of the distinction as late as the early eighteenth century, see Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), qu. 4, sermon XXII, p. 70, col. 2, the terms used being 'unlimited and absolute Power' and 'ordinate Power'.
157. Since the 1960s this distinction has become the subject of a voluminous scholarly literature. Of recent years at least four books have made it the exclusive focus of their concern - see Francis Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca and London, 1984); Eugenio Randi, Il sovrano e l'oralogiaio: Due immagini di Dio nel dibattito sulla 'potentia absoluta' fra XIII e XIV secolo (Florence, 1987); William J. Courtenay, Capacity and Volition: A History of the Distinction of Absolute and Ordained Power (Bergamo, 1989); Lawrence Moonan, Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (Oxford, 1994), this last now providing the best account of the emergence of the distinction in the early thirteenth century. There is a good, recent synoptic account in Gijsbert van der Brink, Almighty God: A Study of the Doctrine of Divine Omnipotence (Kampen, 1993), pp. 68-92. For an instance of the use of the distinction as late as the early eighteenth century, see Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), qu. 4, sermon XXII, p. 70, col. 2, the terms used being 'unlimited and absolute Power' and 'ordinate Power'.
158. Since the 1960s this distinction has become the subject of a voluminous scholarly literature. Of recent years at least four books have made it the exclusive focus of their concern - see Francis Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca and London, 1984); Eugenio Randi, Il sovrano e l'oralogiaio: Due immagini di Dio nel dibattito sulla 'potentia absoluta' fra XIII e XIV secolo (Florence, 1987); William J. Courtenay, Capacity and Volition: A History of the Distinction of Absolute and Ordained Power (Bergamo, 1989); Lawrence Moonan, Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (Oxford, 1994), this last now providing the best account of the emergence of the distinction in the early thirteenth century. There is a good, recent synoptic account in Gijsbert van der Brink, Almighty God: A Study of the Doctrine of Divine Omnipotence (Kampen, 1993), pp. 68-92. For an instance of the use of the distinction as late as the early eighteenth century, see Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), qu. 4, sermon XXII, p. 70, col. 2, the terms used being 'unlimited and absolute Power' and 'ordinate Power'.
159. Since the 1960s this distinction has become the subject of a voluminous scholarly literature. Of recent years at least four books have made it the exclusive focus of their concern - see Francis Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca and London, 1984); Eugenio Randi, Il sovrano e l'oralogiaio: Due immagini di Dio nel dibattito sulla 'potentia absoluta' fra XIII e XIV secolo (Florence, 1987); William J. Courtenay, Capacity and Volition: A History of the Distinction of Absolute and Ordained Power (Bergamo, 1989); Lawrence Moonan, Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (Oxford, 1994), this last now providing the best account of the emergence of the distinction in the early thirteenth century. There is a good, recent synoptic account in Gijsbert van der Brink, Almighty God: A Study of the Doctrine of Divine Omnipotence (Kampen, 1993), pp. 68-92. For an instance of the use of the distinction as late as the early eighteenth century, see Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), qu. 4, sermon XXII, p. 70, col. 2, the terms used being 'unlimited and absolute Power' and 'ordinate Power'.
160. Since the 1960s this distinction has become the subject of a voluminous scholarly literature. Of recent years at least four books have made it the exclusive focus of their concern - see Francis Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca and London, 1984); Eugenio Randi, Il sovrano e l'oralogiaio: Due immagini di Dio nel dibattito sulla 'potentia absoluta' fra XIII e XIV secolo (Florence, 1987); William J. Courtenay, Capacity and Volition: A History of the Distinction of Absolute and Ordained Power (Bergamo, 1989); Lawrence Moonan, Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (Oxford, 1994), this last now providing the best account of the emergence of the distinction in the early thirteenth century. There is a good, recent synoptic account in Gijsbert van der Brink, Almighty God: A Study of the Doctrine of Divine Omnipotence (Kampen, 1993), pp. 68-92. For an instance of the use of the distinction as late as the early eighteenth century, see Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), qu. 4, sermon XXII, p. 70, col. 2, the terms used being 'unlimited and absolute Power' and 'ordinate Power'.
161. Since the 1960s this distinction has become the subject of a voluminous scholarly literature. Of recent years at least four books have made it the exclusive focus of their concern - see Francis Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order: An Excursion in the History of Ideas from Abelard to Leibniz (Ithaca and London, 1984); Eugenio Randi, Il sovrano e l'oralogiaio: Due immagini di Dio nel dibattito sulla 'potentia absoluta' fra XIII e XIV secolo (Florence, 1987); William J. Courtenay, Capacity and Volition: A History of the Distinction of Absolute and Ordained Power (Bergamo, 1989); Lawrence Moonan, Divine Power: The Medieval Power Distinction up to its Adoption by Albert, Bonaventure, and Aquinas (Oxford, 1994), this last now providing the best account of the emergence of the distinction in the early thirteenth century. There is a good, recent synoptic account in Gijsbert van der Brink, Almighty God: A Study of the Doctrine of Divine Omnipotence (Kampen, 1993), pp. 68-92. For an instance of the use of the distinction as late as the early eighteenth century, see Samuel Willard, A Compleat Body of Divinity (Boston, 1726), qu. 4, sermon XXII, p. 70, col. 2, the terms used being 'unlimited and absolute Power' and 'ordinate Power'.
162. For this development (which is not really germane to Locke's thinking) reference may be made to Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 52-9. In 1961 and 1966 I took this later usage to reflect the controlling meaning of the distinction throughout its history and attributed it (incorrectly), therefore, to Ockham. See Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law', pp. 71-2; Francis Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science: The Rise of the Concept of the Laws of Nature', Church History, XXX (1961), pp. 435-57, at pp. 439-40, 443-4; Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 101-2. Although there are some 'Scotistic' hesitations in Ockham, his usage of the distinction is by and large aligned with Aquinas' 'classic' version. For which, see Courtenay, Capacity and Volition, pp. 119-23; and Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 1186-1207 (a detailed analysis more sensitive to the Scotistic elements in Ockham's usage than is Courtenay's).
163. For this development (which is not really germane to Locke's thinking) reference may be made to Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 52-9. In 1961 and 1966 I took this later usage to reflect the controlling meaning of the distinction throughout its history and attributed it (incorrectly), therefore, to Ockham. See Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law', pp. 71-2; Francis Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science: The Rise of the Concept of the Laws of Nature', Church History, XXX (1961), pp. 435-57, at pp. 439-40, 443-4; Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 101-2. Although there are some 'Scotistic' hesitations in Ockham, his usage of the distinction is by and large aligned with Aquinas' 'classic' version. For which, see Courtenay, Capacity and Volition, pp. 119-23; and Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 1186-1207 (a detailed analysis more sensitive to the Scotistic elements in Ockham's usage than is Courtenay's).
164. For this development (which is not really germane to Locke's thinking) reference may be made to Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 52-9. In 1961 and 1966 I took this later usage to reflect the controlling meaning of the distinction throughout its history and attributed it (incorrectly), therefore, to Ockham. See Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law', pp. 71-2; Francis Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science: The Rise of the Concept of the Laws of Nature', Church History, XXX (1961), pp. 435-57, at pp. 439-40, 443-4; Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 101-2. Although there are some 'Scotistic' hesitations in Ockham, his usage of the distinction is by and large aligned with Aquinas' 'classic' version. For which, see Courtenay, Capacity and Volition, pp. 119-23; and Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 1186-1207 (a detailed analysis more sensitive to the Scotistic elements in Ockham's usage than is Courtenay's).
165. For this development (which is not really germane to Locke's thinking) reference may be made to Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 52-9. In 1961 and 1966 I took this later usage to reflect the controlling meaning of the distinction throughout its history and attributed it (incorrectly), therefore, to Ockham. See Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law', pp. 71-2; Francis Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science: The Rise of the Concept of the Laws of Nature', Church History, XXX (1961), pp. 435-57, at pp. 439-40, 443-4; Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 101-2. Although there are some 'Scotistic' hesitations in Ockham, his usage of the distinction is by and large aligned with Aquinas' 'classic' version. For which, see Courtenay, Capacity and Volition, pp. 119-23; and Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 1186-1207 (a detailed analysis more sensitive to the Scotistic elements in Ockham's usage than is Courtenay's).
166. For this development (which is not really germane to Locke's thinking) reference may be made to Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 52-9. In 1961 and 1966 I took this later usage to reflect the controlling meaning of the distinction throughout its history and attributed it (incorrectly), therefore, to Ockham. See Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law', pp. 71-2; Francis Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science: The Rise of the Concept of the Laws of Nature', Church History, XXX (1961), pp. 435-57, at pp. 439-40, 443-4; Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 101-2. Although there are some 'Scotistic' hesitations in Ockham, his usage of the distinction is by and large aligned with Aquinas' 'classic' version. For which, see Courtenay, Capacity and Volition, pp. 119-23; and Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 1186-1207 (a detailed analysis more sensitive to the Scotistic elements in Ockham's usage than is Courtenay's).
167. For this development (which is not really germane to Locke's thinking) reference may be made to Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 52-9. In 1961 and 1966 I took this later usage to reflect the controlling meaning of the distinction throughout its history and attributed it (incorrectly), therefore, to Ockham. See Oakley, 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law', pp. 71-2; Francis Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science: The Rise of the Concept of the Laws of Nature', Church History, XXX (1961), pp. 435-57, at pp. 439-40, 443-4; Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law and God', pp. 101-2. Although there are some 'Scotistic' hesitations in Ockham, his usage of the distinction is by and large aligned with Aquinas' 'classic' version. For which, see Courtenay, Capacity and Volition, pp. 119-23; and Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 1186-1207 (a detailed analysis more sensitive to the Scotistic elements in Ockham's usage than is Courtenay's).
168. Thus William J. Courtenay, 'Nominalism and Late Medieval Religion', in The Pursuit of Holiness in Late Medieval and Renaissance Religion, ed. Charles Trinkaus and Heiko A. Oberman (Leiden, 1974), p. 39.
169. William Ames, The Marrow of Sacred Divinity, Bk. I, ch. 6, §§16-20, in The Marrow of Theology, ed. John D. Eusden (Boston, 1968), p. 93: 'The absolute power is that by which God is able to do all things possible though they may never be done', while 'the ordained power is that by which he not only can do what he wills but does actually do what he wills'. First published as Medulla theologica in Amsterdam in 1623, the book went through twelve reprintings in the Latin edition, a Dutch translation (1656) and, between 1638 and 1643, three printings of the English translation - see The Marrow of Theology, ed. Eusden, pp. 1-3.
170. William Ames, The Marrow of Sacred Divinity, Bk. I, ch. 6, §§16-20, in The Marrow of Theology, ed. John D. Eusden (Boston, 1968), p. 93: 'The absolute power is that by which God is able to do all things possible though they may never be done', while 'the ordained power is that by which he not only can do what he wills but does actually do what he wills'. First published as Medulla theologica in Amsterdam in 1623, the book went through twelve reprintings in the Latin edition, a Dutch translation (1656) and, between 1638 and 1643, three printings of the English translation - see The Marrow of Theology, ed. Eusden, pp. 1-3.
171. William Ames, The Marrow of Sacred Divinity, Bk. I, ch. 6, §§16-20, in The Marrow of Theology, ed. John D. Eusden (Boston, 1968), p. 93: 'The absolute power is that by which God is able to do all things possible though they may never be done', while 'the ordained power is that by which he not only can do what he wills but does actually do what he wills'. First published as Medulla theologica in Amsterdam in 1623, the book went through twelve reprintings in the Latin edition, a Dutch translation (1656) and, between 1638 and 1643, three printings of the English translation - see The Marrow of Theology, ed. Eusden, pp. 1-3.
172. There is a good example in one of the sermons preached by the late-medieval scholastic, Gabriel Biel. See his 'On the Circumcision of the Lord' (ca. 1460), translated in Forerunners of the Reformation: The Shape of Late Medieval Thought, ed. Heiko A. Oberman (New York, 1966), pp. 165-76. For instances of the use of the royal/papal analogy to illuminate the potentia del absoluta/ordinata distinction, and the use, in turn, of that distinction by canon, civil and early-modern prerogative lawyer, to illuminate the nature of imperial, royal and papal power, see Francis Oakley, 'Jacobean Political Theology: The Absolute and Ordinary Powers of the King', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIX, 3 (1968), pp. 323-46; and Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 55-6, 92-118.
173. There is a good example in one of the sermons preached by the late-medieval scholastic, Gabriel Biel. See his 'On the Circumcision of the Lord' (ca. 1460), translated in Forerunners of the Reformation: The Shape of Late Medieval Thought, ed. Heiko A. Oberman (New York, 1966), pp. 165-76. For instances of the use of the royal/papal analogy to illuminate the potentia del absoluta/ordinata distinction, and the use, in turn, of that distinction by canon, civil and early-modern prerogative lawyer, to illuminate the nature of imperial, royal and papal power, see Francis Oakley, 'Jacobean Political Theology: The Absolute and Ordinary Powers of the King', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIX, 3 (1968), pp. 323-46; and Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 55-6, 92-118.
174. There is a good example in one of the sermons preached by the late-medieval scholastic, Gabriel Biel. See his 'On the Circumcision of the Lord' (ca. 1460), translated in Forerunners of the Reformation: The Shape of Late Medieval Thought, ed. Heiko A. Oberman (New York, 1966), pp. 165-76. For instances of the use of the royal/papal analogy to illuminate the potentia del absoluta/ordinata distinction, and the use, in turn, of that distinction by canon, civil and early-modern prerogative lawyer, to illuminate the nature of imperial, royal and papal power, see Francis Oakley, 'Jacobean Political Theology: The Absolute and Ordinary Powers of the King', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXIX, 3 (1968), pp. 323-46; and Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 55-6, 92-118.
175. Robert Holcot, Super libros Sapientiae (Hagenau, 1494), lect. 145B; cite the translation in Forerunners of the Reformation, ed. Oberman, p. 149. Cf. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nonne Preestes Tale, in The Canterbury Tales (Oxford and London, 1906), p. 259. For the convenantal theme in late medieval theology in general, see Berndt Hamm, Promissio, Pactum, Ordinatio: Freiheit und Selbstbindung Gottes in der scholastischen Gnadenlehre (Tübingen, 1977).
176. Robert Holcot, Super libros Sapientiae (Hagenau, 1494), lect. 145B; cite the translation in Forerunners of the Reformation, ed. Oberman, p. 149. Cf. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nonne Preestes Tale, in The Canterbury Tales (Oxford and London, 1906), p. 259. For the convenantal theme in late medieval theology in general, see Berndt Hamm, Promissio, Pactum, Ordinatio: Freiheit und Selbstbindung Gottes in der scholastischen Gnadenlehre (Tübingen, 1977).
177. Robert Holcot, Super libros Sapientiae (Hagenau, 1494), lect. 145B; cite the translation in Forerunners of the Reformation, ed. Oberman, p. 149. Cf. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nonne Preestes Tale, in The Canterbury Tales (Oxford and London, 1906), p. 259. For the convenantal theme in late medieval theology in general, see Berndt Hamm, Promissio, Pactum, Ordinatio: Freiheit und Selbstbindung Gottes in der scholastischen Gnadenlehre (Tübingen, 1977).
178. Robert Holcot, Super libros Sapientiae (Hagenau, 1494), lect. 145B; cite the translation in Forerunners of the Reformation, ed. Oberman, p. 149. Cf. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nonne Preestes Tale, in The Canterbury Tales (Oxford and London, 1906), p. 259. For the convenantal theme in late medieval theology in general, see Berndt Hamm, Promissio, Pactum, Ordinatio: Freiheit und Selbstbindung Gottes in der scholastischen Gnadenlehre (Tübingen, 1977).
179. William of Ockham, Questiones in librum secundum Sententiatum (Reportatio), qu. 3-4; ed. Gedeon Gál and Rega Wood (New York, 1981), p. 59.
180. Ockham, Reportatio, II, qu. 15; ed. Gál and Wood, p. 352: 'dico quod licet odium dei, furari, adulterari et similia habeant malam circumstantiam annexam et similia de communi lege quatenus fiunt ab aliquo qui ex praecepto divino obligatur ad contrarium: sed quantum ad omne absolutum in illis actibus possunt fieri a deo sine omni circumstantia mala annexa. Et etiam meritorie possunt fieri a viatore si caderent sub praecepto divino, sicut nunc de facto eorum opposita cadunt sub praecepto.'
181. Ockham, Ordinatio, I, dist. 41, qu. unica; ed. Etzkorn and Kelley, p. 610: 'Sed eo ipso quod voluntas divina hoc vult, ratio recto dictat quod est volendum.'
182. Ockham, Sent. III, 12 CCC. The qualifying phrases are 'stante ordinatione quae nunc est' and 'stante ordinatio divina'.
183. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., R, f. 26r: 'cum in deo sit idem esse velle et intelligere'. Cf. Princ. in II Sent., F, f. 28(B)r.
184. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., R, f. 26r: 'cum in deo sit idem esse velle et intelligere'. Cf. Princ. in II Sent., F, f. 28(B)r.
185. D'Ailly, Sent. I, qu. 6, art. 2, L, f. 97r.
186. See, e.g. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., D, f. 21r, and J, f. 23r; Princ. in II Sent., J, f. 29r.
187. See, e.g. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., D, f. 21r, and J, f. 23r; Princ. in II Sent., J, f. 29r.
188. D'Ailly, Princ. in II Sent., G, f. 28[B]v.
189. D'Ailly, Utrum Petri Ecclesia lege reguletur, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. I, p. 663.
190. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., K-L, ff. 23v-24r; Tractatus de ecclesiastica potestate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. II, p. 930.
191. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., K-L, ff. 23v-24r; Tractatus de ecclesiastica potestate, in Gerson, Opera omnia, ed. Dupin, Vol. II, p. 930.
192. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art. 1, E, f. 185r: 'Prima [propositio] est quod quandocumque deus facit aliquem effectum mediante causa secunda, ipse non solum facit ilium effectum, sed etiam facit causam secundam esse causam illius effectus'; ibid., F, f. 185v: 'Sequitur octava propositio quod licet omnis causa secunda proprie dicta causet effectum ex natura rei, tamen quod ipsa sit causa proprie dicta non est ex natura rei quia solum ex voluntate dei.'
193. D'Ailly, Sent. IV, qu. 1, art. 1, E, f. 185r: 'Prima [propositio] est quod quandocumque deus facit aliquem effectum mediante causa secunda, ipse non solum facit ilium effectum, sed etiam facit causam secundam esse causam illius effectus'; ibid., F, f. 185v: 'Sequitur octava propositio quod licet omnis causa secunda proprie dicta causet effectum ex natura rei, tamen quod ipsa sit causa proprie dicta non est ex natura rei quia solum ex voluntate dei.'
194. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., K, f. 23v; Sent. I, qu. 3, art. 1, M, f. 72v.
195. D'Ailly, Princ. in I Sent., K, f. 23v.
196. Ibid., H, f. 22v; Sent. I, qu. 14, art. 3, T-U, f. 174v; Andreas de Novo Castro, Primum scriptum Sententiarum (Paris, 1514), Dist. 48, qu. 1 and 2, fols. 251r-262r, though he does not develop any fully-fledged theory of natural law, does commit himself (as Cudworth suggests) to an ethical voluntarism aligned with that of Ockham and d'Ailly and supported by a similar invocation of the dialectic of the potentia dei absoluta/ordinata. For a useful brief discussion, see Leonard A. Kennedy, 'Andrew of Novo Castro, O.F.M. and the Moral Law', Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), pp. 28-39.
197. Ibid., H, f. 22v; Sent. I, qu. 14, art. 3, T-U, f. 174v; Andreas de Novo Castro, Primum scriptum Sententiarum (Paris, 1514), Dist. 48, qu. 1 and 2, fols. 251r-262r, though he does not develop any fully-fledged theory of natural law, does commit himself (as Cudworth suggests) to an ethical voluntarism aligned with that of Ockham and d'Ailly and supported by a similar invocation of the dialectic of the potentia dei absoluta/ordinata. For a useful brief discussion, see Leonard A. Kennedy, 'Andrew of Novo Castro, O.F.M. and the Moral Law', Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), pp. 28-39.
198. Ibid., H, f. 22v; Sent. I, qu. 14, art. 3, T-U, f. 174v; Andreas de Novo Castro, Primum scriptum Sententiarum (Paris, 1514), Dist. 48, qu. 1 and 2, fols. 251r-262r, though he does not develop any fully-fledged theory of natural law, does commit himself (as Cudworth suggests) to an ethical voluntarism aligned with that of Ockham and d'Ailly and supported by a similar invocation of the dialectic of the potentia dei absoluta/ordinata. For a useful brief discussion, see Leonard A. Kennedy, 'Andrew of Novo Castro, O.F.M. and the Moral Law', Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), pp. 28-39.
199. Ibid., H, f. 22v; Sent. I, qu. 14, art. 3, T-U, f. 174v; Andreas de Novo Castro, Primum scriptum Sententiarum (Paris, 1514), Dist. 48, qu. 1 and 2, fols. 251r-262r, though he does not develop any fully-fledged theory of natural law, does commit himself (as Cudworth suggests) to an ethical voluntarism aligned with that of Ockham and d'Ailly and supported by a similar invocation of the dialectic of the potentia dei absoluta/ordinata. For a useful brief discussion, see Leonard A. Kennedy, 'Andrew of Novo Castro, O.F.M. and the Moral Law', Franciscan Studies, XLVIII (1988), pp. 28-39.
200. These interconnections are all discussed in Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order.
201. See Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science'; and Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 67-92.
202. See Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science'; and Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant, and Order, pp. 67-92.
203. Margaret J. Osier, Divine Will and the Mechanical Philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on Contingency and Necessity in the Created World (Oxford, 1994). She aligns Boyle, Charleton and Newton with the distinctive 'style of science' characteristic of Gassendi and reflective of the 'epistemological and metaphysical assumptions' linked with the late-medieval nominalist or voluntarist theology. '[T]heological language . . . [may have] . . . dropped out of scientific discourse', she concludes (p. 236), but 'contemporary styles of science are historically linked to the dialectic of the absolute and ordained powers of God.' Cf. Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1-3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Vol. II, pp. 367-83.
204. Margaret J. Osier, Divine Will and the Mechanical Philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on Contingency and Necessity in the Created World (Oxford, 1994). She aligns Boyle, Charleton and Newton with the distinctive 'style of science' characteristic of Gassendi and reflective of the 'epistemological and metaphysical assumptions' linked with the late-medieval nominalist or voluntarist theology. '[T]heological language . . . [may have] . . . dropped out of scientific discourse', she concludes (p. 236), but 'contemporary styles of science are historically linked to the dialectic of the absolute and ordained powers of God.' Cf. Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1-3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Vol. II, pp. 367-83.
205. Margaret J. Osier, Divine Will and the Mechanical Philosophy: Gassendi and Descartes on Contingency and Necessity in the Created World (Oxford, 1994). She aligns Boyle, Charleton and Newton with the distinctive 'style of science' characteristic of Gassendi and reflective of the 'epistemological and metaphysical assumptions' linked with the late-medieval nominalist or voluntarist theology. '[T]heological language . . . [may have] . . . dropped out of scientific discourse', she concludes (p. 236), but 'contemporary styles of science are historically linked to the dialectic of the absolute and ordained powers of God.' Cf. Cudworth, Treatise Concerning Immutable Morality, Bk. I, chs. 1-3, in Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Vol. II, pp. 367-83.
206. Reference may be made back to Richard J. Aaron, John Locke (Oxford, 2nd edn., 1955), pp. 8-14, who concludes that if Locke 'is to be grouped with any European group we must follow Leibniz in grouping him with the Gassendists'. Cf. Thomas M. Lennon, 'The Epicurean New Way of Ideas: Gassendi, Locke, and Berkeley', in Atoms, Pneuma, and Tranquillity: Epicurean and Stoic Themes in European Thought, ed. Margaret J. Osler (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 259-71; and Lisa T. Sarasohn, Gassendi's Ethics: Freedom in a Mechanistic Universe (Ithaca and London, 1996), pp. 168-97.
207. Reference may be made back to Richard J. Aaron, John Locke (Oxford, 2nd edn., 1955), pp. 8-14, who concludes that if Locke 'is to be grouped with any European group we must follow Leibniz in grouping him with the Gassendists'. Cf. Thomas M. Lennon, 'The Epicurean New Way of Ideas: Gassendi, Locke, and Berkeley', in Atoms, Pneuma, and Tranquillity: Epicurean and Stoic Themes in European Thought, ed. Margaret J. Osler (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 259-71; and Lisa T. Sarasohn, Gassendi's Ethics: Freedom in a Mechanistic Universe (Ithaca and London, 1996), pp. 168-97.
208. Reference may be made back to Richard J. Aaron, John Locke (Oxford, 2nd edn., 1955), pp. 8-14, who concludes that if Locke 'is to be grouped with any European group we must follow Leibniz in grouping him with the Gassendists'. Cf. Thomas M. Lennon, 'The Epicurean New Way of Ideas: Gassendi, Locke, and Berkeley', in Atoms, Pneuma, and Tranquillity: Epicurean and Stoic Themes in European Thought, ed. Margaret J. Osler (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 259-71; and Lisa T. Sarasohn, Gassendi's Ethics: Freedom in a Mechanistic Universe (Ithaca and London, 1996), pp. 168-97.
209. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 199-225. These studies mark a clear advance over the older and not very persuasive effort by Edouard Krakowski, Les sources médiévales de Locke (Paris, 1915).
210. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 199-225. These studies mark a clear advance over the older and not very persuasive effort by Edouard Krakowski, Les sources médiévales de Locke (Paris, 1915).
211. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 199-225. These studies mark a clear advance over the older and not very persuasive effort by Edouard Krakowski, Les sources médiévales de Locke (Paris, 1915).
212. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 199-225. These studies mark a clear advance over the older and not very persuasive effort by Edouard Krakowski, Les sources médiévales de Locke (Paris, 1915).
213. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 199-225. These studies mark a clear advance over the older and not very persuasive effort by Edouard Krakowski, Les sources médiévales de Locke (Paris, 1915).
214. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in The Cambridge Companion to Locke, ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 199-225. These studies mark a clear advance over the older and not very persuasive effort by Edouard Krakowski, Les sources médiévales de Locke (Paris, 1915).
215. See John R. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', in John Locke: Symposium Wolfenbuttel 1979, ed. Brandt, pp. 127-45; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 146-62; Tully, 'Governing Conduct', esp. pp. 179-225; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II (Ontology), and esp. Part 2: 'God, Nature and the Laws of Nature', pp. 131-202; J.B. Schneewind, 'Locke's Moral Philosophy', in
216. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', pp. 128-9.
217. Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §§20, 21, 4; in The Works of John Locke, X, pp. 251, 257. Cf. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, III, iii, §1, ed. Nidditch, p. 409; 'All Things that exist being Particulars . . .' Elsewhere it should be noted, Locke does seem to wobble a bit on this issue. See below pp. 649-50 and notes 96 and 97.
218. Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §§20, 21, 4; in The Works of John Locke, X, pp. 251, 257. Cf. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, III, iii, §1, ed. Nidditch, p. 409; 'All Things that exist being Particulars . . .' Elsewhere it should be noted, Locke does seem to wobble a bit on this issue. See below pp. 649-50 and notes 96 and 97.
219. Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §§20, 21, 4; in The Works of John Locke, X, pp. 251, 257. Cf. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, III, iii, §1, ed. Nidditch, p. 409; 'All Things that exist being Particulars . . .' Elsewhere it should be noted, Locke does seem to wobble a bit on this issue. See below pp. 649-50 and notes 96 and 97.
220. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §6, and II, xiii, §§21-3, ed. Nidditch, pp. 541 and 176-8; Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, f. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259; Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §10; The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253. Cf. the pertinent remarks of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3.
221. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §6, and II, xiii, §§21-3, ed. Nidditch, pp. 541 and 176-8; Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, f. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259; Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §10; The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253. Cf. the pertinent remarks of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3.
222. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §6, and II, xiii, §§21-3, ed. Nidditch, pp. 541 and 176-8; Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, f. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259; Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §10; The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253. Cf. the pertinent remarks of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3.
223. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §6, and II, xiii, §§21-3, ed. Nidditch, pp. 541 and 176-8; Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, f. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259; Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §10; The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253. Cf. the pertinent remarks of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3.
224. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §6, and II, xiii, §§21-3, ed. Nidditch, pp. 541 and 176-8; Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, f. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259; Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §10; The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253. Cf. the pertinent remarks of Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3.
225. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §§28-9, ed. Nidditch, pp. 559-60. Cf. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', pp. 135-41 ; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', p. 153.
226. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §§28-9, ed. Nidditch, pp. 559- 60. Cf. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', pp. 135-41 ; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', p. 153.
227. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §§28-9, ed. Nidditch, pp. 559- 60. Cf. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', pp. 135-41 ; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', p. 153.
228. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV, iii, §§28-9, ed. Nidditch, pp. 559- 60. Cf. Milton, 'John Locke and the Nominalist Tradition', pp. 135-41 ; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 150-3; Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', p. 153.
229. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', pp. 156, 147.
230. Thus ibid., pp. 154, 147; similarly Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-2.
231. Thus ibid., pp. 154, 147; similarly Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 131-2.
232. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', esp. pp. 159-60; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 163, 189-90.
233. Rogers, 'Locke, Law and the Laws of Nature', esp. pp. 159-60; Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 163, 189-90.
234. Ayers, Locke, Vol. II, pp. 189-90.
235. See above, pp. 640-1.
236. A distinction somewhat narrower than the absolute/ordained power distinction and one that dated back to the twelfth century. See the comment of Ian Harris on the matter in his The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 316 and 390-1 n. 69. The text to which Harris refers is in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay IV, fol. 60, p. 156. For Hobbes's usage, see The Question Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance Clearly Stated and Debated Between Dr. Bramball, Bishop of Derry, and Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (London, 1656), pp. 10-11, 78-9.
237. A distinction somewhat narrower than the absolute/ordained power distinction and one that dated back to the twelfth century. See the comment of Ian Harris on the matter in his The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 316 and 390-1 n. 69. The text to which Harris refers is in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay IV, fol. 60, p. 156. For Hobbes's usage, see The Question Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance Clearly Stated and Debated Between Dr. Bramball, Bishop of Derry, and Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (London, 1656), pp. 10-11, 78-9.
238. A distinction somewhat narrower than the absolute/ordained power distinction and one that dated back to the twelfth century. See the comment of Ian Harris on the matter in his The Mind of John Locke: A Study of Political Theory in its Intellectual Setting (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 316 and 390-1 n. 69. The text to which Harris refers is in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, Essay IV, fol. 60, p. 156. For Hobbes's usage, see The Question Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance Clearly Stated and Debated Between Dr. Bramball, Bishop of Derry, and Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (London, 1656), pp. 10-11, 78-9.
239. For the early-modern usage of the distinction, see Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science'; Oakley, 'Jacobean Political Theology'; Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant and Order. I will return to the issue in an article forthcoming in the Journal of the History of Ideas.
240. For the early-modern usage of the distinction, see Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science'; Oakley, 'Jacobean Political Theology'; Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant and Order. I will return to the issue in an article forthcoming in the Journal of the History of Ideas.
241. For the early-modern usage of the distinction, see Oakley, 'Christian Theology and the Newtonian Science'; Oakley, 'Jacobean Political Theology'; Oakley, Omnipotence, Covenant and Order. I will return to the issue in an article forthcoming in the Journal of the History of Ideas.
242. Essay VII, in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, pp. 190-3.
243. Ibid., pp. 192-3.
244. Ibid., pp. 198-9.
245. And, in fact, has been. See Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', p. 112.
246. Essay VII, in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, pp. 200-1 (italics mine).
247. Ibid., pp. 198-201 (italics mine).
248. See above, p. 632, and note 33.
249. The Reasonableness of Christianity, in The Works of John Locke, VII, pp. 111-12.
250. See Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, fol. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259. Similarly, the entry under Sunday, 18 September, 1681, printed in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. I, pp. 232-4, where he is discussing miracles.
251. See Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, fol. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259. Similarly, the entry under Sunday, 18 September, 1681, printed in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. I, pp. 232-4, where he is discussing miracles.
252. See Journal, entry for 9 July, 1676, Ms. Locke, fol. 1, pp. 313-14, printed in Essays on the Law of Nature, ed. Von Leyden, p. 259. Similarly, the entry under Sunday, 18 September, 1681, printed in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. I, pp. 232-4, where he is discussing miracles.
253. First Treatise of Government, §6, Second Treatise, §195; ed. Laslett, pp. 144, 395-6. The focus in these texts is, in fact, the subjection of princes to the law. God is no more than glancingly invoked by way of a comparison intended to drive home a political point. The covenantal reading of these fleeting allusions is mine.
254. Shaftesbury appears simply to have assumed that the grounding of the distinction between good and evil in the determination of the divine will necessarily involved or presupposed a further commitment to the view that 'if each part of a Contradiction were affirm'd for Truth by the Supreme Power, they wou'd consequently become true'. An Inquiry concerning Virtue, or Merit, Bk. I, part 3, §2, in The Third Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (3 vols., London, 1711), Vol. II, p. 50.
255. % Essay Concerning Human Understanding, III, vi, §§2-3, ed. Nidditch, pp. 439-40.
256. See Alexander Campbell Fraser's edition of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2 vols., Oxford, 1896), Vol. II, p. 58 n. 1. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York, 1961), p. 360 n. 2 (cf. pp. 228-9); Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', p. 111, makes much of Lovejoy's claim in his own, rather strained, effort to make something of an epistemological Realist of Locke. For a response, see Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', p. 106 n. 78.
257. See Alexander Campbell Fraser's edition of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2 vols., Oxford, 1896), Vol. II, p. 58 n. 1. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York, 1961), p. 360 n. 2 (cf. pp. 228-9); Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', p. 111, makes much of Lovejoy's claim in his own, rather strained, effort to make something of an epistemological Realist of Locke. For a response, see Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', p. 106 n. 78.
258. See Alexander Campbell Fraser's edition of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2 vols., Oxford, 1896), Vol. II, p. 58 n. 1. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York, 1961), p. 360 n. 2 (cf. pp. 228-9); Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', p. 111, makes much of Lovejoy's claim in his own, rather strained, effort to make something of an epistemological Realist of Locke. For a response, see Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', p. 106 n. 78.
259. See Alexander Campbell Fraser's edition of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2 vols., Oxford, 1896), Vol. II, p. 58 n. 1. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York, 1961), p. 360 n. 2 (cf. pp. 228-9); Singh, 'John Locke and the Theory of Natural Law', p. 111, makes much of Lovejoy's claim in his own, rather strained, effort to make something of an epistemological Realist of Locke. For a response, see Oakley and Urdang, 'Locke, Natural Law, and God', p. 106 n. 78.
260. Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §4, in The Works of John Locke, X, p. 251, where, in the general context of responding to Norris's discussion of the divine ideas and in specific response to his claim that 'all created things are individuals', Locke asks: 'Are not all things that exist individuals? If so, then say not, all created, but all existing things are individuals; and if so, then the having of any general idea proves not that we have all objects present to our minds. But this is for want of considering wherein universality consists, which is only in representation, abstracting from particulars.' Cf. ibid., §§11-12, 20-1, pp. 253-4, 256-7, concluding with the statement: 'Whatever exists, whether in God or out of God, is singular.'
261. Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §4, in The Works of John Locke, X, p. 251, where, in the general context of responding to Norris's discussion of the divine ideas and in specific response to his claim that 'all created things are individuals', Locke asks: 'Are not all things that exist individuals? If so, then say not, all created, but all existing things are individuals; and if so, then the having of any general idea proves not that we have all objects present to our minds. But this is for want of considering wherein universality consists, which is only in representation, abstracting from particulars.' Cf. ibid., §§11-12, 20-1, pp. 253-4, 256-7, concluding with the statement: 'Whatever exists, whether in God or out of God, is singular.'
262. Remarks upon some of Mr. Norris's Books, §4, in The Works of John Locke, X, p. 251, where, in the general context of responding to Norris's discussion of the divine ideas and in specific response to his claim that 'all created things are individuals', Locke asks: 'Are not all things that exist individuals? If so, then say not, all created, but all existing things are individuals; and if so, then the having of any general idea proves not that we have all objects present to our minds. But this is for want of considering wherein universality consists, which is only in representation, abstracting from particulars.' Cf. ibid., §§11-12, 20-1, pp. 253-4, 256-7, concluding with the statement: 'Whatever exists, whether in God or out of God, is singular.'
263. For a detailed discussion of Ockham's position on the matter, see Adams, William Ockham, Vol. II, pp. 903-60 (a lengthy chapter devoted to 'Divine Simplicity, Divine Attributes, and the Meaning of Divine Names').
264. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II, xxi, §49, ed. Nidditch, p. 265. Cf. the entry for 7 August, 1681, in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. I, pp. 228-9: 'But yet that unlimited power cannot be an excellency without it be regulated by wisdom and goodness, for since God is eternal and perfect in his own being he cannot make use of that power to change his own being into a better or another state; and therefore all the exercise ofthat power must be in and upon his creatures, which cannot but be employed but for their good and benefit, as much as the order and perfection of the whole can allow each individual in its particular rank and station.'
265. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II, xxi, §49, ed. Nidditch, p. 265. Cf. the entry for 7 August, 1681, in King, Life of John Locke, Vol. I, pp. 228-9: 'But yet that unlimited power cannot be an excellency without it be regulated by wisdom and goodness, for since God is eternal and perfect in his own being he cannot make use of that power to change his own being into a better or another state; and therefore all the exercise ofthat power must be in and upon his creatures, which cannot but be employed but for their good and benefit, as much as the order and perfection of the whole can allow each individual in its particular rank and station.'
266. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II, xxi, §49, ed. Nidditch, p. 265.
267. A point on which A.P. Martinich has recently (and properly) insisted in relation also to Hobbes - see his The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 185-203.
268. Examination of P. Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing all things in God, §52; in The Works of John Locke, IX, p. 251 (italics mine). Cf. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, §136, printed in The Educational Writings of John Locke, ed. James L. Axtell (Cambridge, 1968), p. 242: '. . . I think it would be better if Men generally rested in such an Idea of God, without being too Curious in their Notions about a Being, which all must acknowledge incomprehensible; . . . And I am apt to think, the keeping Children constantly Morning and Evening to acts of Devotion to God, as to their Maker, Preserver and Benefactor, . . . will be of much more use to them in Religion, Knowledge and Vertue, than to distract their Thoughts with curious Enquiries into his inscrutable Essence and Being.'
269. Examination of P. Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing all things in God, §52; in The Works of John Locke, IX, p. 251 (italics mine). Cf. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, §136, printed in The Educational Writings of John Locke, ed. James L. Axtell (Cambridge, 1968), p. 242: '. . . I think it would be better if Men generally rested in such an Idea of God, without being too Curious in their Notions about a Being, which all must acknowledge incomprehensible; . . . And I am apt to think, the keeping Children constantly Morning and Evening to acts of Devotion to God, as to their Maker, Preserver and Benefactor, . . . will be of much more use to them in Religion, Knowledge and Vertue, than to distract their Thoughts with curious Enquiries into his inscrutable Essence and Being.'
270. Examination of P. Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing all things in God, §52; in The Works of John Locke, IX, p. 251 (italics mine). Cf. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, §136, printed in The Educational Writings of John Locke, ed. James L. Axtell (Cambridge, 1968), p. 242: '. . . I think it would be better if Men generally rested in such an Idea of God, without being too Curious in their Notions about a Being, which all must acknowledge incomprehensible; . . . And I am apt to think, the keeping Children constantly Morning and Evening to acts of Devotion to God, as to their Maker, Preserver and Benefactor, . . . will be of much more use to them in Religion, Knowledge and Vertue, than to distract their Thoughts with curious Enquiries into his inscrutable Essence and Being.'
271. Examination of P. Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing all things in God, §52; in The Works of John Locke, IX, p. 251 (italics mine). Cf. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, §136, printed in The Educational Writings of John Locke, ed. James L. Axtell (Cambridge, 1968), p. 242: '. . . I think it would be better if Men generally rested in such an Idea of God, without being too Curious in their Notions about a Being, which all must acknowledge incomprehensible; . . . And I am apt to think, the keeping Children constantly Morning and Evening to acts of Devotion to God, as to their Maker, Preserver and Benefactor, . . . will be of much more use to them in Religion, Knowledge and Vertue, than to distract their Thoughts with curious Enquiries into his inscrutable Essence and Being.'
272. Remarks Upon Some of Mr. Norris's Books, §11, in The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253.
273. Remarks Upon Some of Mr. Norris's Books, §11, in The Works of John Locke, X, p. 253.