Rural women and the family in an era of liberalization: India in comparative Asian perspective

Critical Asian Studies

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 33-44

  Omvedt, Gail ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING REGION; FAMILY STRUCTURE; GENDER ISSUES; LIBERALISATION; RURAL WOMEN; SOCIAL CHANGE; WOMEN'S STATUS;

ASIA; INDIA;

EID: 0031370944     PISSN: 14672715     EISSN: 14726033     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14672715.1997.10413082     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 1993. Human Development Report, 1993, New York: Oxford University Press. Human DevelopmentReport, 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Idriss Jazairy, Mohiuddin Alamgir, and Theresa Panuccio, The State of World Rural Poverty: An Inquiry into Its Causes and Consequences (New York: New York University Press, for the International Fund for Agricultural Development, 1992); SAARC, Meeting the Challenge: Report of the Independent South Asian Commission on Poverty Alleviation (Bhubaneswar, India: Centre for Youth and Social Development, 1992, reprint); and Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995)
2. Stacey, Judith. 1990. Brave New Families: Stories of Domestic Upheaval in Late Twentieth Century America, 24–24. New York: Basic Books. see also Karen Hossfield, “Pondering the Post-Modern Family,” in Socialist Review 91, nos. 3-4 (July-December, 1991), and Betty Friedan, The Second Stage (London: Michael Joseph, 1983)
3. Friedan. Second Stage 106–106.
4. Peter Timmer, C., 1986. Getting Prices Right: The Scope and Limits of Agricultural Price Policy, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
5. Bautista, Romeo, and Valdes, Alberto. 1993. The Bias against Agriculture: Trade and Macro-economics Policies in Developing Countries, San Francisco: International Center for Economic Growth and International Food Policy Research Institute.
6. Krueger, Anne, Schiff, Maurice, and Valdes, Alberto, eds. 1993. The Political Economy of Agricultural Pricing Policy, Vol. 2, 10–12. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, for the World Bank. Asia, These studies do not include India, but for the argument that Indian agriculture is “taxed” (or negatively subsidized) and would thus benefit from opening up its market, see Ashok Gulati and Anil Sharma, “Agriculture under GATT: What It Holds for India,” Economic and Political Weekly, 16 July 1994; C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Ashok Gulati, “Indian Agriculture: Emerging Perspectives and Policy Issues,” Economic and Political Weekly, 31 December 1994; V. M. Rao, “Agricultural Development with a Human Face: Experience and Prospects,” Economic and Political Weekly, Special Issue, June 1996; and Ajit Ranade and S. Manendra Dev, “Agriculture and Rural Development,” in Kirit Parikh, ed., India Development Report 1997 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997)
7. Johnson, Dale. 1993. “ Agriculture in the Liberalization Process ”. In Liberalization in the Process of Economic Development, Edited by: Krause, Lawrence, and Kihwan, Kim. Berkeley: University of California Press. in
8. Timmer, C. Peter. Getting Prices Right 8–8.
9. UNICEF, UFPRA and UNIFEM. 1992. The World's Women, 1970–1990: Trends and Statistics, New York: United Nations Publications.
10. et al. Structural Adjustment with a HumanFace UNESCO Paris 1987
11. See the various Human Development Reports
12. Dreze and Sen. India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity 111–111.
13. Weiner, Myron. 1991. The Child and the State in India, 18–18. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
14. The amounts spent on the public distribution system (PDS) are reaching unmanageable heights without really affecting the “food security” of the poorest reluctance to raise petroleum prices is leading to huge foreign exchange problems; efforts to maintain populist prohibition policies result in huge losses of revenue and deaths from adulterated, bootlegged liquor, inability to resist the demands for pay rises and bonuses for government employees leaves little for social spending, and so on. On PDS, see the devastating data about its lack of coverage given in the most recent rural survey of the National Council of Applied Economic Research Human Development Profile of India, Inter-state and Inter-Group Differentials NCAER New Delhi 1996 November I Main Report, and Vol. II: Statistical Tables
15. Netting, Robert. 1993. Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive Sustainable Agriculture, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
16. For example, in the much publicized area of fish exports (especially shrimp farming), reports in Business India indicate that large companies have entered the area and are failing whereas relatively small farmers(10-50 hectares or even less) have succeeded. In fact some who have worked in the area argue that fish farming is essentially a “self-motivated, hands-on enterprise” that requires the same kind of intimate knowledge and 24-hour care that agriculture often does; interview with Che Abhijit Sahoo, Cuttack, Orissa, 11 November 1996; see also Sahoo C. A., Export of Marine Products from India with Special Reference to Orissa University of Delhi, Department of Commerce Delhi 1993
17. Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy. 1985. “ Basic Statistics on the Indian Economy ”. In All-India, Vol. I, Bombay: Kaliandas Bhavan. Table 10:1. Wage workers in the informal sector in rural areas, whether in agriculture or not, are primarily in small enterprises-plantations or rural factories such as the sugar factory shown in the photograph above, employ only a small minority of rural wage workers and are classified as “organized sector.
18. In Women in the Informal Enterprise: Empowerment or Exploitation Redclift Nanneke, Sinclair M., Thea ILO Geneva Rout-ledge London 1991 1991 Susan Greenlach stresses the negative aspects of this embedding. But these are a consequence largely of patriarchal family structures, and can be fought as such. See also Joy Lyon, “Money and Power Evaluating Income Generating Projects for Women,” in Working Women: International Perspectives on Labor and Gender Ideology
19. Sen, Amartya. 1990, 1994. More than 100 Million Women are Missing. New York Review of Books, December and Stephen Klasen, “Missing Women Reconsidered,” World Development 22, see also Amartya Sen, “Economics and the Family,” Asian Development Review 1, no. 2 (1983)
20. Kelkar, Govind, and Gala, Chetna. 1990. “ The Bodh Gaya Land Struggle ”. In A Space in the Struggle, Edited by: Sen, Ilina. New Delhi: Kali for Women Press. in
21. Cited in Kelkar, Gala, Bodh Gaya Land Struggle 102 102
22. Agrawal, Bina. 1994. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, Introduction. For the controversy this issue provokes in India, see the ongoing debate in the Economic and Political Weekly following a review of Agrawal's book by a Communist Party of India (Marxist) activist: Indu Agnihotri, “Bringing Land Rights Centre Stage,” 21 March 1996; Bina Agrawal, “Gender and Land Rights,” 8 June 1996; Indu Agnihotri, “More on Land Rights for Women,” 28 September 1996; Gail Omvedt, “Women and Land,” 9–16 November 1996; and B. R. Bapuji, “Engels and Women's Property Rights,” 28 December 1996
24. Locke, John. 1955. Of Civil Government: Second Treatise, Chicago: Gateway Edition.
25. An important review of the types of liberalism-from “classical liberalism” to “neo-liberalism” and “social liberalism”–is given by Dahrendorf Ralf, Eatwell John, Millgate Murray, Newman Peter, Liberalism The Invisible Hand W. W. Norton New York 1989 in, the New Palgrave series
26. Pateman, Carol. 1988. The Sexual Contract, Stanford: Stanford University Press. see also Melissa Butler, “Early Liberal Roots of Feminism: John Locke and the Attack on Patriarchy,” in Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory, ed. Mary Lyndon Shanley and Carole Pateman (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991)