Clock stability characterization and measurement in telecommunications

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1284-1294

  Bregni, Stefano ^a,b  

^a IEEE   (Italy)

^b CEFRIEL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Clocks; Communication systems; Digital measurements; Measurement standards; Phase locked loops; Phase noise; Synchronization; Synchronous digital hierarchy; Time domain measurements

Indexed keywords

STANDARDS; SYSTEM STABILITY; TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT; TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS; TIMING CIRCUITS;

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH) EQUIPMENTS;

TIME MEASUREMENT;

EID: 0031370026     PISSN: 00189456     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/19.668274     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. W. C. Lindsey, F. Ghazvinian, W. C. Hagmann, and K. Dessouky, "Network synchronization," Proc. IEEE, vol. 73, pp. 1445-1467, Oct. 1985.
2. P. Kartaschoff, "Synchronization in digital communications networks," Proc. IEEE, vol. 79, pp. 1019-1028, July 1991.
3. J. C. Bellamy, "Digital network synchronization," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, pp. 70-83, Apr. 1995.
4. "Digital hierarchy bit rates," ITU-T Rec. G.702, Blue Book, 1988.
5. "Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces," ITU-T Rec. G.703, Blue Book, 1988.
6. "Controlled slip rate objective on an international digital connection," ITU-T Rec. G.822, Blue Book, 1988.
7. H. L. Hartmann and E. Steiner, "Synchronization techniques for digital networks," IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. SAC-4, July 1986.
8. "Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)," Geneva, ITU-T Revised Rec. G.707, Mar. 1996.
9. "Definitions and terminology for synchronization networks," Geneva, ITU-T Rec. G.810, May 1996.
10. "Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks (SEC)," Geneva, ITU-T Rec. G.813, May 1996.
11. "Architecture of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)," Geneva, §6, ITU-T Rec. G.803, Mar. 1993.
12. "Generic requirements for synchronization networks," Bonn, ETSI Draft ETS 300 462, Sept. 1996.
13. "Telecommunications synchronization interface standard," ANSI T1.101-1994.
14. J. A. Barnes, A. R. Chi, L. S. Cutler, D. J. Healey, D. B. Leeson, T. E. McGunigal, J. A. Mullen, Jr., W. L. Smith, R. L. Sydnor, R. F. C. Vessot, and G. M. R. Winkler, "Characterization of frequency stability," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-20, May 1971.
15. "IEEE standard definitions of physical quantities for fundamental frequency and time metrology," IEEE Std. 1139, approved Oct. 20, 1988.
16. D. W. Allan, "Statistics of atomic frequency standards," Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, July 1996.
17. L. S. Cutler and C. L. Searle, "Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards," Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, Feb. 1996.
18. P. Lesage and C. Audoin, "Characterization of frequency stability: Uncertainty due to the finite number of measurements," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-22, June 1973.
19. W. C. Lindsey and C. M. Chie, "Theory of oscillator instability based upon structure functions," Proc. IEEE, vol. 64, Dec. 1976.
20. P. Lesage and T. Ayi, "Characterization of frequency stability: Analysis of the modified Allan variance and properties of its estimate," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-33, Dec. 1984.
21. L. G. Bernier, "Theoretical analysis of the modified Allan variance," in Proc. 41st Annu. Frequency Control Symp., 1987.
22. J. Rutman and F. L. Walls, "Characterization of frequency stability in precision frequency sources," Proc. IEEE, vol. 79, June 1991.
23. P. Lesage and C. Audoin, "Characterization and measurement of time and frequency stability," Radio Sci., vol. 14, no. 4, 1979, Amer. Geophysical Union.
24. D. A. Howe, D. W. Allan, and J. A. Barnes, "Properties of signal sources and measurement methods," in Proc. 35th Annu. Frequency Control Symp., 1981.
25. S. R. Stein, "Frequency and time - Their measurement and characterization," in Precision Frequency Control E. A. Gerber and A. Ballato, Eds. New York: Academic, 1985, vol. 2, ch. 2, pp. 191-232.
26. F. L. Walls and D. W. Allan, "Measurement of frequency stability," Proc. IEEE, vol. 74, Jan. 1986.
27. D. B. Sullivan, D. W. Allan, D. A. Howe, and F. L. Walls, Eds., "Characterization of clocks and oscillators," NIST Tech. Note 1337, Mar. 1990.
28. D. W. Allan, "Time and frequency metrology: Current status and future considerations," in Proc. 5th Eur. Frequency Time Forum, 1991.
29. F. L. Walls, A. J. D. Clements, C. M. Felton, M. A. Lombardi, and M. D. Vanek, "Extending the range and accuracy of phase noise measurements," in Proc. 42th Annu. Frequency Control Symp., 1988.
30. D. W. Allan and H. Daams, "Picoseconds time difference measurement system," in Proc. 29th Annu. Frequency Control Symp., 1975.
31. C. A. Greenhall, "A method for using a time interval counter to measure frequency stability," in Proc. 41st Annu. Frequency Control Symp., 1987.
32. C. Hackman and D. B. Sullivan, "Time and frequency measurement," Amer. J. Phys., vol. 63, pp. 306-317, Apr. 1995.
33. J. A. Barnes, "The measurement of linear frequency drift in oscillators," in Proc. 15th Annu. Precise Time, Time Interval (PTTI) Meet., 1983.
34. F. L. Walls and A. De Marchi, "RF spectrum of a signal after frequency multiplication: Measurement and comparison with a simple calculation," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-24, Sept. 1975.
35. W. C. Lindsey and C. M. Chie, "A survey of digital phase-locked loops," Proc. IEEE, vol. 69, Apr. 1981.
36. M. Carbonelli, D. De Seta, and D. Perucchini, "Characterization of timing signals and clocks," Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 7, Jan./Feb. 1996.
37. S. Bregni, "Measurement of maximum time interval error for telecommunications clock stability characterization," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 45, Oct. 1996.
38. V. F. Kroupa, "Noise properties of PLL systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-30, Oct. 1982.
39. S. Bregni, M. Carbonelli, D. De Seta, and D. Perucchini, "Impact of the time error sampling period on telecommunications clock stability measures," Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 8, pp. 573-582, Nov./Dec. 1997.
40. S. Bregni and F. Setti, "Impact of the anti-aliasing pre-filtering on the measurement of maximum time interval error," in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM'97, Phoenix, AZ, 1994.
41. W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.
42. S. Bregni, "AVAR, MAVAR, TVAR, TIErms measurement results on SDH equipment," Montpellier, ETSI TM3/WG6, TD no. 37, Feb. 1994.
43. S. Bregni, M. Carbonelli, M. D'Agrosa, D. De Seta, and D. Perucchini, "Different behavior of frequency stability measures in independent and synchronized clocks: Theoretical analysis and measurement results," in Proc. IEEE ICC'94, New Orleans, LA, 1994.