Hydrogen Aircraft and Airport Safety

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 239-269

  Schmidtchen, U ^a   Behrend, E ^a   Pohl, H W ^b   Rostek, N ^b  

^a BAM FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TESTING   (Germany)

^b AIRBUS GROUP INNOVATIONS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; AIRCRAFT FUELS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

HYDROGEN AIRCRAFTS;

HYDROGEN FUELS;

EID: 0031369131     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1364-0321(97)00007-5     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Winter, C. J., Hydrogen Technologies for Future Aircraft, Proceedings of the International Seminary of DLE, Bonn, 15, 16 November 1990.
2. Pohl, H.-W. and Malychev, V. V., Hydrogen in future civil aviation, Hydrogen Energy Progress X, 1994, 1969-1978.
3. Kocer, K. and Veziroglu T. N., Liquid hydrogen powered commercial aircraft, Hydrogen Energy Progress X, 1994, 2057-2066.
4. Quick, L. H., Megalopolis Airport Requirements, presented at the 3rd Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Boston.
5. Behrend, E., Jaenicke, B., Krafka, H. and Schmidtchen, U., Folgenschwere Explosion - Bericht über Ursachen and Hergang des Berstens eines Wasserstoffbehälters in Hanau, TÜ Technische Überwachung, 1993, 34, 176-179, 225-229.
6. Jenkins, I., A Survey of Hydrogen Safety Experience and Incidents; with an Evaluation for Use on Aircraft, Proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference, 1994.
7. Behrend, E., Schmidtchen, U. and Meyer, W., Permeation of Helium through Polymers at Low Temperatures, Proceedings of the 12th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference. Butterworth, GB, Guildford, 1988, pp. 437-441.
8. Schmidtchen, U., Gradt, T., Borner, H. and Behrend, E., Temperature behaviour of the permeation of helium through vespel and torlon, Cryogenics, 1994, 34, 105-109.
9. Hord, J., Is Hydrogen Safe? NBS Technical Note 690, Boulder (Colorado, U.S.A.), October 1976.
10. Fenn, D. B., Acker, L. W. and Algranti, J. S., Flight Operation of a Pump-Fed, Liquid-Hydrogen Fuel System, NASA TM X-252, Cleveland (Ohio) U.S.A., April 1960.
11. Deutsche Aerospace Airbus GmbH: Cryoplane - Deutsch-Russisches Gemeinschaftsprojekt zum Einsatz kryogener Treibstoffe in der zivilen Luftfahrt, Feasibility Study 1990-1992, Hamburg, 1992.
12. 2 Airport Requirements Study, NASA Contractor Report CR-2700, October 1976, Washington, U.S.A.
13. Boeing Preliminary Design Department, An Exploratory Study To Determine the Integrated Technological Air Transportation System Ground Requirements of Liquid-Hydrogen-Fueled Subsonic, Long-Haul Civil Air Transports, NASA Contractor Report CR-2699, September 1976, Washington, U.S.A.
14. Alder, H. P. (Ed.), Hydrogen in Air Transportation - Feasibility Study for Zurich Airport, Switzerland, Eidgenössisches Institut für Reaktorforschung, Report No. 600, CH-Würenlingen, September 1986.
15. Gretz, J., Baselt, J. P., Ullmann, O. and Wendt, H., The 100 MW Euro-Québec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990, 15, 419-424.
16. Drolet, B., Gretz, J., Kluyskens, D., Sandmann, F. and Wurster, R., The Euro-Québec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project (EQHHPP): Demonstration Phase, Hydrogen Energy Progress X, 1994, 23-46.
17. Safety Guide for Hydrogen, National Research Council of Canada, Hydrogen Safety Committee, 1897.
18. Bongartz, B., Dienhart, B., Marx, J., Stauch, B. and Verfondern, K., Selected aspects of a safety analysis in a hydrogen energy economy, Hydrogen Progress X (1994) 225-234.
19. Transport und Umschlag von tiefgekühlt verflüssigtem Erdgas (LNG) und unter Druck sowie tiefgekühlt verflüssigten Kohlenwasserstoffen (LPG) mit Seeschiffen auf deutschen See-Schiffahrtstraßen - Risikoabschätzung, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Arbeitsgruppe des Beirates für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter; Bonn, December 1984.
20. Schmidtchen, U. and Marinescu-Pasoi, L., Dispersion of hydrogen and propane gas clouds in residential areas. Hydrogen Progress X, 1994, 255-260.
21. Schmidtchen, U., Marinescu-Pasoi, L., Verfondern, K., Nickel, V., Sturm, B. and Dienhart, B., Simulated Accidental Spill of Cryogenic Hydrogen in a Residential Area, Cryogenics, 1994, 34(ICEC 15 Suppl.), 401-404.
22. Rehm, W. and Jahn, W., Beitrag zur Auswertung von Ballon-Experimenten zu den Ausbreitungsfunktionen von detonierenden Wasserstoff-Luft-Gemischen mit Anwendungsfällen, Reports of Research Centre Jülich No. 2854, December, 1993.
23. Baker, W. E., Kulesz, J. J., Ricker, R. E., Westine, P. S., Parr, V. B., Vargas, L. M. and Mosley, P. K., Workbook for Estimating Effects of Accidental Explosions in Propellant Ground Handling and Transport Systems, NASA Contractor Report 3023, August, 1978.
24. Edeskuty, F. J., Safety of liquid hydrogen in air transportation. International DFVLR Symposium: Hydrogen in Air Transportation, Stuttgart, 1979.
25. 2-fueled aircraft. Hydrogen Energy Progress IV, 1982, 1697-1715.
26. 2-Fueled Aircraft, NASA-Langley Research Centre, 15, 16 May 1973.
27. Interim Report on an Investigation of Hazards Associated with Liquid Hydrogen Storage and Use, Arthur D. Little Inc, 15 January 1959.
28. Witcofski, R. D., Dispersion of Flammable Clouds Resulting from Large Spills of Liquid Hydrogen, NASA Technical Memorandum 83131, May, 1981.
29. Witcofski, R. D. and Chirivella, J. E., Experimental and analytical analyses of the mechanisms governing the dispersion of flammable clouds formed by liquid hydrogen spills, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1984, 9, 425-435.
30. Verordnung über Druckbehälter, Druckgasbehälter and Füllanlagen (Druckbehälterverordnung - DruckbehV).
31. Verordnung über elektrische Anlagen in explosionsgefährdeten Räumen (ElexV).
32. Verordnung über Arbeitsstätten (Arbeitsstättenverordnung - ArbStättV).
33. Gesetz zum Schutz vor gefährlichen Stoffen (Chemikaliengesetz - ChemG); Verordnung über gefährliche Stoffe (Gefahrstoffverordnung - GefStoffV).
34. Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen and ähnliche Vorgänge (Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz); Zwölfte Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Störfallverordnung).
35. Schmidtchen, U., Gradt, T., Würsig, G. and Meyer, W., Safe handling of large amounts of liquid hydrogen, Cryogenics, 1993, 3, 813-817.
36. Schmidtchen, U. and Würsig, G., Lagerung and Seetransport großer Mengen flüssigen Wasserstoffs am Beispiel des Euro-Quebec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project - Überblick über die in Deutschland anzuwendenden Gesetze, Verordnungen and Technischen Regeln, BAM Research Report No. 195, Berlin, Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhafen, 1993.
37. Tachtler, J. and Szyszka, A., Car fueling with liquid hydrogen, Linde Reports on Science and Technology, 1993, 51, 31-38.
38. Bracha, M., Lorenz, G., Patzelt, A. and Wanner, M., Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction in Germany, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1994, 19, 53-59.
39. Linde, Fa. (U.S.A.), Survey Study of the Efficiency and Economics of Hydrogen Liquefaction, NASA Contractor Report CR-132631, April, 1975.
40. Jones, L., Wuschke, C. and Fahidy, T. Z., Model of a cryogenic liquid-hydrogen pipeline for an airport ground distribution system, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1983, 8, 623-630.
41. Gesetz über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVPG).
42. Ordin, P. M., Review of Hydrogen Accidents and Incidents in NASA Operations, NASA-TM X 71656, 26 August 1974.
43. Rastogi, A. K. and Marinescu-Pasoi, L., Numerical simulation of hydrogen dispersion in residential areas, Hydrogen Energy Progress X, 1994, 245-254.
44. UVV Gase (VBG 61).
45. Deutsche Aerospace Airbus, Lufttüchtigkeit and deren Aufrechterhaltung, GQ21-478/10/93.
46. Rotenberg, Y., Vibration enhanced boil-off rate from a cryogenic hydrogen tank, Hydrogen Energy Progress VI, 1986, 164-172.
47. Petrac, D. and Mason, P. V., Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) superfluid helium tank temperature control, Adv. Cryog. Engng., 1984, 29, 661-667.
48. Denner, H.-D., Klipping, G., Klipping, I., Lüders, K., Oestereich, T., Ruppert, U., Schmidtchen, U., Szücs, Z. and Walter, H., Improved active phase separator for helium II space cooling systems, Adv. Cryog. Engng., 1982, 27, 1079-1086.
49. Engel, J., Klipping, G. and Walter, H., Evaporation losses during handling of liquid helium, Proceedings of the ICEC 6, 1976.
50. Zalosh, R. and Short, T., Comparative Analysis of Hydrogen Fire and Explosion Incidents, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Norwood, U.S.A., 28 February 1978.
51. Wybranowski, E., A 10,000-gpm liquid hydrogen transfer system for the Saturn/Apollo program, Adv. Cryog. Engng., 1971, 17, 147-155.
52. 2 Tankstelle für wasserstoffbetriebene Fahrzeuge, DKV Tagungsbericht 21 Vol. I p. 203-218.
53. Droste, B., Mallon, M. and Probst, U., Neuartige Brandschutzbeschichtungen für Flüssiggas-Lagertanks, TÜ Technische Überwachung, 1989, 30, 166-172.
54. Droste, B., Die Bewertung der Sicherheit von Umschließungen zur Lagerung von Flüssiggas. In Kolloquium über Fragen der Chemischen Sicherheitstechnik, 5., ed. H. Steen. BAM, Berlin, 1990, 83-101.
55. Dienhart, B. (Research Centre Jülich), Thesis (in prep.).