A quarter century of gyrotron research and development

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1322-1335

  Granatstein, Victor L ^a   Levush, Baruch ^a   Danly, B G ^a   Parker, R K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS; MICROWAVE OSCILLATORS; MILLIMETER WAVE DEVICES; PLASMA HEATING; RADAR SYSTEMS;

SMALL ORBIT GYROTRONS;

GYROTRONS;

EID: 0031356646     PISSN: 00933813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/27.650903     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. R.O. Twiss, "Radiation transfer and the possibility of negative absorption in radio astronomy," Aust.J. Phys., vol. 11, pp. 567-579, 1958.
2. J. Schneider, "Stimulation emission of radiation by relativistic electrons in a magnetic field," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 504-505, 1959.
3. R.H. Pantell, "Backward wave oscillation in an unloaded waveguide," Proc. IRE, vol. 47, p. 1146, 1959.
4. A.V. Gaponov, "Interaction between irrectilinear electron beams and electromagnetic waves in transmission lines," Izv. VUZov. Radiofiz., vol. 2, pp. 836-837, 1959.
5. K.K. Chow and R.H. Pantell, "The cyclotron resonance backward wave oscillator," Proc. IRE, vol. 48, pp. 1865-1870, 1960.
6. J.L. Hirshfield and J.M. Wachtell, "Electron cyclotron maser," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 533-536, 1964.
7. I.I. Antakov, V.M. Bokov, R. P. Vasilyev, and A. V. Gaponov, "Interaction of a trochoidal electron beam with an electromagnetic wave in a rectangular waveguide," Izv. VUZov. Radiofiz., vol. 3, p. 1033, 1960.
8. A.V. Gaponov, M.I. Petelin, and V. K. Yulpatov, "The induced radiation of excited classical oscillators and its use in high frequency electronics," Radiophys. Quantum Electron., vol. 10, pp. 794-813, 1967.
9. V.L. Granatstein, M. Herndon, R.K. Parker, and P. Sprangle, "Coherent synchrotron radiation from an intense relativistic electron beam," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-10, p. 651, 1974.
10. V.L. Granatstein, P. Sprangle, M. Herndon, R.K. Parker, and S. P. Schlesinger, "Microwave amplification with an intense relativistic electron beam," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 46, pp. 3800-3805, 1975.
11. V.L. Granatstein, M. Herndon, P. Sprangle, Y. Carmel, and J.A. Nation, "Gigawatt microwave emission from an intense relativistic electron beam," Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 17, pp. 23-28, 1975.
12. A.V. Gaponov, A.L. Goldenberg, M. I. Petelin, and V. K. Yulpatov, "A device for cm, mm, and submm wave generation," Official Bull. KDIO ofSM USSR, no. 11, p. 200, 1976.
13. V.V. Alikaev, G.A. Bobrovskii, M. M. Ofitserov, V. I. Poznyak, and K. A. Razumova, "Electron-cyclotron heating on the Tokamak TM-3," JETP Lett., vol. 15, pp. 27-31, 1972.
14. N.I. Zaytsev, T.B. Pankratova, M. I. Petelin, and V. A. Flyagin, "Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave gyrotrons," Radio Eng. Electron. Phys., vol. 19, pp. 103-107, 1974.
15. D.V. Kisel, G.S. Korablev, V. G. Pavel'yev, M. I. Petelin, and Sh. Ye. Tsimring, "An experimental study of a gyrotron operating at the second harmonic of the cyclotron frequency with optimized distribution of the high-frequency field," Radio Eng. Electron. Phys., vol. 19, pp. 95-100, 1974.
16. A.V. Gaponov, A.L. Goldenberg, D. P. Grigor'ev, T. B. Pankratova, M. I. Petelin, and V. A. Flyagin, "An experimental investigation of cm wave gyrotrons," Izv. VUZov. Radiofiz., vol. 18, pp. 280-289, 1975.
17. Yu.V. Bykov, A.F. Goldenberg, L. V. Nikolaev, M. M. Ofitserov, and M. I. Petelin, "An expérimental investigation of a gyrotron with whispering-gallery modes," Izv. VUZov. Radiofiz, vol. 18, pp. 1544-1547, 1975.
18. M.E. Read, R.M. Gilgenbach, R. Lucey, K. R. Chu, A. T. Drobot, and V. L. Granatstein, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-28, pp. 875-878, 1980.
19. R.M. Gilgenbach, M.E. Read, K. E. Hache, R. Lucey, B. Hui, V. L. Granatstein, K. R. Chu, A. C. England, C. M. Loring, O. C. Eldridge, H. C. Howe, A. G. Kulchar, E. Lazarus, M. Murakami, and J. B. Wilsen, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 44, pp. 647-650, 1980.
20. M.S. Livingston and J.P. Blewett, Particle Accelerators. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962, p. 6.
21. G. Mourier, Crossed Field Microwave Devices, E. Okress, Ed. New York: Academic, 1961.
22. V.V. Alikaev and E.V. Suvorov, "Electron-cyclotron resonance plasma heating and current drive in toroidal devices," in Applications of High-Power Microwaves, A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov and V. L. Granatstein, Eds. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1994, pp. 111-144.
23. Y.V. Bykov and V.E. Semenov, "Processing of material using microwave radiation," in Applications of High-Power Microwaves, A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov and V. L. Granatstein, Eds. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1994, pp. 319-352.
24. I.I. Antakov, I.G. Gachev, V. I. Kurbatov, E. B. Sokolov, E. A. Solujanova, and E. V. Zasypkin, "A Ka-band 10 kW CW efficient compact gyrotron for material processing," in Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Berlin, Germany, 1996, paper AM3.
25. H. Asano, T. Kikynaga, K. Hemmi, F. Sato, and T. Tsakamoto, "A 28 GHz gyrotron with a permanent magnet system for industry applications," in Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Berlin, Germany, 1996, paper AM5.
26. W.M. Manheimer, G. Mesyats, and M.I. Petelin, "Applications of high-power microwave sources to enhanced radar systems," in Applications of High-Power Microwaves, A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov and V. L. Granatstein, Eds. Boston: Artech House, 1994, pp. 169-208.
27. J.B. Mead, "Millimeter-wave radars for atmospheric remote sensing," in Dig. 22nd Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Wintergreen, VA, July 20-25, 1997, pp. 277-280.
28. A.A. Tolkachev, "Gyroklystron-based 35 GHz radar for observation of space objects," in Dig. 22nd Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Wintergreen, VA, July 20-25, 1997, pp. 37-38.
29. D.R. Lohrmann, "Millimeter wave radars tracking approaching sea skimming targets," in Dig. 22nd Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Wintergreen, VA, July 20-25, 1997, pp. 39-41.
30. P.B. Wilson, "Applications of high-power microwave sources to TeV linear colliders," in Applications of High-Power Microwaves, A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov and V. L. Granatstein, Eds. Boston, MA: Artech House, 1994, pp. 229-318.
31. V.L. Granatstein and W. Lawson, "Gyro-amplifiers as cadidate RE drivers for TeV linear colliders," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 648-665, 1996.
32. W.W. Destler, E. Chojnacki, R.F. Hoeberling, W. Lawson, A. Singh, and C. D. Striffler, "High-power microwave generation in large orbit devices," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-16, pp. 71-89, 1988.
33. R.S. Symons and H.R. Jory, "Cyclotron resonance devices," in Adv. Electronics Electron Phys., vol. 55, L. Marton and C. Marton, Eds. New York: Academic, 1981, pp. 1-75.
34. Y. Carmel, K.R. Chu, M. Read, A.K. Ganguly, D. Dialetes, R. Seeley, J. S. Levine, and V. L. Granatstein, "Realization of a stable and highly efficient gyrotron for controlled fusion research," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 50, pp. 112-116, 1983.
35. K. Felch, R. Bier, L.J. Craig, H. Huey, L. Ives, H. Jory, N. Lopez, and S. Sprang, "CW operation of a 140 GHz gyrotron," Int.J. Electron., vol. 61, pp. 701-714, 1986.
36. K. Felch, R. Bier, L.J. Craig, H. Huey, L. Ives, H. Jory, N. Lopez, and S. Sprang, "Achievements in the CW operation of 140 GHz gyrotrons," in Dig. Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Pisa, Italy, Oct. 1986, pp. 43-45.
37. K. Felch, J. Feinstein, H. Huey, H. Jory, J. Neilson, R. Schumacher, and M. Tsirulnikov, "Advances in the development of mm-wave gyrotrons for ECR heating applications," in Proc. Course and Workshop on High Power Microwave Generation and Applications, E. Sindoni and C. Wharton, Eds., Varenna, Italy, Sept. 1991, pp. 525-530.
38. K. Felch, M. Blank, P. Borchard, T.S. Chu, J. Feinstein, H.R. Jory, J. A. Lorbeck, C. M. Loring, Y. M. Mizuhara, J. M. Neilson, R. Schumacher, and R. J. Temkin, "Long-pulse and CW tests of a 110-GHz gyrotrons with an internation, quasioptical converter," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 558-569, 1996.
39. S.N. Vlasov, L.I. Zagryadskaya, and M. I. Petelin, "Transformation of a whispering-gallering mode, propagating in a circular waveguide into a beam of waves," Radio Eng. Electron. Phys., vol. 20, pp. 14-17, 1975.
40. K.E. Kreischer, B.G. Danly, J. B. Schutkeker, and R. J. Temkin, "The design of megawatt gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-13, pp. 364-373, 1985.
41. B.G. Danly, K.E. Kreischer, W. J. Mulligan, and R. J. Temkin, "Whispering-gallering mode gyrotron operation with quasioptical antenna," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-13, pp. 383-388, 1985.
42. B. Levush and T.M. Antonsen, Jr., "Mode competition and control in high-power gyrotron oscillators," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 18, pp. 260-272, 1990.
43. S.I. Cai, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., G. Saraph, and B. Levush, "Multifrequency theory of high power gyrotron oscillators," Int. J. Electron., vol. 72, pp. 759-777, 1992.
44. H. Guo, D.S. Wu, G. Liu, Y.H. Miao, S. Z. Qian, and W. Z. Qin, "Special complex open-cavity and low-magnetic-field high-power gyrotron," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sei, vol. 18, pp. 326-333, 1990.
45. K. Sakamoto, M. Tsuneoka, A. Kasugai, K. Takahashi, S. Maebara, T. Imai, T. Kariya, Y. Okazaki, K. Hayashi, Y. Mitsunaka, and Y.
46. Hirata, "Development of 110 GHz CPD gyrotron," in Dig. 19th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, K. Sakai and T. Yoneyama, Eds., 1994, pp. 63-64, ISAP Cat. no. AP 941228.
47. V.A. Flyagin, A.L. Goldenberg, and V. E. Zapevalov, "Advanced Russian gyotrons for plasma investigations," in Dig. 19th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, K. Sakai and T. Yoneyama, Eds., 1994, pp. 77-78.
48. M.Q. Tran, T.M. Tran, D. R. Whaley, C. latrou, S. Kern, A. Mobius, H. U. Nickel, P. Norajitra, M. Thumm, G. Bon-Mardion, M. Pain, and G. Tonon, "Feasibility study of the EU home team on the manufacture of a gyrotron for ECRH on ITER," in Dig. 19th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, K. Sakai and T. Yoneyama, Eds., 1994, pp. 67-68.
49. G. Dammertz, O. Braz, C.T. latrou, M. Kuntze, A. Mobius, B. Piosczyk, and M. Thumm, "Long pulse operation of a 0.5 MW, TEio-4 gyrotron at 140 GHz," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 570-578, 1996.
50. A. Bensimhon, G. Faillon, P. Garin, G. Mourier, and A. Therenot, "First experimental results on 100 GHz, 200 kW gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-13, pp. 389-392, 1985.
51. T. Kimura, J.P. Hogge, R. Advani, D. Denison, K.E. Kreischer, and R. J. Temkin, "Investigation of megawatt power level gyrotrons for ITER," in Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Berlin, Germany, 1996, paper AMI.
52. K. Sakamoto, A. Kasugai, M. Tsuneoka, K. Takahshi, T. Imai, T. Kariya, Y. Okazaki, K. Hayashi, Y. Mitsunaka, and Y. Hirata, "Development of 170 GHz high power long pulse gyrotron for ITER," in Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Berlin, Germany, 1996, paper ATI.
53. A. Sh. Fix, V.A. Flyagin, A.L. Goldenberg, V. I. Khizhnyak, S. A. Malygin, Sh. E. Tsimring, and V. E. Zapevalov, "The problem of increase in power, efficiency, and frequency of gyrotrons for plasma investigations," Int. J. Electron., vol. 57, pp. 821-826, 1984.
54. A. Singh, W. Lawson, D. Goutos, W.R. Hix, C.D. Striffler, V. L. Granatstein, and W. W. Destler, "Beam conditioning for electron energy recovery systems in devices employing axis-encircling beams," Int. J. Electron., vol. 65, pp. 351-368, 1988.
55. T.A. Hargreaves, A.W. Fliflet, R. P. Fischer, and M. L. Barsanti, "Depressed collector performance on the NRL quasioptical gyrotron," in Dig. 15th Int. Conf. on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Orlando, FL, 1990, pp. 330-332.
56. A.W. Fliflet, T.A. Hargreaves, W. M. Manheimer, R. P. Fischer, and M. L. Barsanti, "Initial operation of a high-power, quasioptical gyrotron," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sei, vol. 18, pp. 306-312, 1990.
57. R.L. Ives et al., "Development and test of a 500 kW, 8 GHz gyrotron," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 40, pp. 1316-1321, 1993.
58. K. Sakamoto, M. Tsuneoka, A. Kasugai, T. Imai, T. Kariya, K. Hayashi, and Y. Mitsunaka, "Major improvement of gyrotron efficiency with beam energy recovery," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 73, pp. 3532-3535, 1994.
59. B. Pioczyk, C.T. latrou, G. Dammertz, and M. Thumm, "Single-stage depressed collectors for gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 579-585, 1996.
60. A. Singh, D.S. Weile, S. Rajapatirana, and V.L. Granatstein, "Integrated design of depressed collectors for gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., to be published.
61. T. Idehara, Y. Shimizu, S. Makino, K. Ichikawa, T. Tatsukawa, I. Ogawa, and G.F. Brand, "Rapid frequency step-switching of a submillimeter wave gyrotron by modulation of the electron beam," Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 1774-1776, 1994.
62. G.F. Brand and M. Gross, "A tunable source of linearly-polarized, nearmillimeter wave radiation," Int.J. Infrared and Millim. Waves, vol. 10, pp. 121-136, 1987.
63. S.Y. Park, R.H. Kyser, C. M. Armstrong, R. K. Parker, and V. L. Granatstein, "Experimental study of a Ka-band gyrotron backward wave oscillator," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 18, pp. 321-325, 1990.
64. M.A. Basten, W.C. GUSS, K. E. Kreischer, R. J. Temkin, M. Caplan, and B. Kulke, "Operation of a 140 GHz gyrotron backward wave oscillator," in Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Orlando, FL, 1990, pp. 575-577.
65. B.G. James, "Coupled-cavity TWT designed for future MM-wave systems," Microwave Systems News Commun. Tech., pp. 105-116, Sept. 1986.
66. J.N. Eckstein, D.W. Latshaw, and D. S. Stone, "95 GHz Gyro traveling wave tube," Varian Assoc., Final Rep., Contract DASG60-79-C-005 MOD P003 (BMDATC), Nov. 1983.
67. I.I. Antokov, A.V. Gaponov, E. V. Zaspkin, E. V. Sokolov, V. K. Yulpatov, L. A. Aksenova, A. O. Keyer, V. S. Musatov, V. E. Myasnikov, L. G. Popov, B. A. Levitan, and A. A. Tolkachev, "Gyroklystrons-Millimeter wave amplifiers of the highest power," in Proc. Int. Workshop on Strong Microwaves in Plasma, Moscow, USSR, 1993, pp. 587-596.
68. I.I. Antokov, E.V. Zasypkin, E. V. Sokolov, V. K. Yulpatov, A. P. Keyer, V. S. Musatov, and V. E. Myasnikov, "35 GHz radar gyroklystrons," in Dig. 18th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Colchester, U.K., 1993, pp. 338-340.
69. M. Blank, B. Danly, B. Levush, P. Latham, and D. Pershing, "Experimental demonstration of a W-band gyroklystron amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett., submitted for publication.
70. B. Danly, M. Blank, J. Calame, S. Cooke, B. Levush, W. Manheimer, A. McCurdy, K. Nguyen, D. Pershing, J. Petillo, R. Parker, T. Hargreaves, A. Theiss, R. True, K. Felch, T.S. Chu, H. Jory, P. Bochard, W. Lawson, and T. Antonsen, "Development of a W-band gyroklystron for radar applications," presented at the 22nd Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Wintergreen, VA, July 20-25, 1997.
71. J.J. Choi, A.H. McCurdy, F. Wood, R. H. Kyser, J. Calame, K. Nguyen, B. G. Danly, B. Levush, and R. K. Parker, "High power, 35 GHz Gyroklystron amplifiers," in Dig. 22nd Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Wintergreen, VA, July 20-25, 1997, pp. 229-230.
72. K.R. Chu, A.T. Drobot, V. L. Granatstein, and J. L. Seftor, "Characteristics and optimum operating parameters of a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-27, pp. 178-187, 1979.
73. J.L. Seftor, V.L. Granatstein, K. R. Chu, P. Sprangle, and M. Read, "The electron cyclotron maser as a high power traveling-wave amplifier of millimeter waves," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-15, pp. 844-853, 1979.
74. L.R. Barnett, K.R. Chu, J. M. Baird, V. L. Granatstein, and A. T. Drobot, "Gain, saturation and bandwidth measurements of the NRL gyrotron traveling wave tube," presented at the IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meeting, 1979, pp. 164-167.
75. P. Ferguson, G. Valier, and R. Symons, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-29, pp. 794-799, 1981.
76. Y.Y. Lau and K.R. Chu, "Gyrotron traveling wave amplifier III: A proposed wide-band fast wave amplifier," Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves, vol. 2, pp. 415-425, 1981.
77. K.R. Chu, Y.Y. Lau, L. R. Barnett, and V. L. Granatstein, "Theory of a wide-band distributed gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-28, pp. 866-871, 1981.
78. L.R. Barnett, Y.Y. Lau, K. R. Chu, and V. L. Granatstein, "An experimental wide-band gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-28, pp. 872-875, 1987.
79. G.S. Park, S.Y. Park, R. H. Kyser, C. M. Armstrong, A. K. Ganguly, and R. K. Parker, "Broadband operation of a Ka-band tapered gyro-traveling wave amplifier," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 22, pp. 536-543, 1994.
80. G.S. Park, J.J. Choi, S. Y. Park, C. M. Armstrong, A. K. Ganguly, R. Kyser, and R. K. Parker, "Gain broadening of two-stage tapered gyro-TWT amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 77, pp. 2399-2402, 1995.
81. K.R. Chu, L.R. Barnett, H. Y. Chen, S. H. Chen, C. H. Wang, Y. S. Yeh, T. C. Tsai, T. T. Yang, and T. Y. Dawn, "Stabilization of absolute instability in the gyrotron traveling wave amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 74, pp. 1103-1106, 1995; also K. R. Chu, private discussions, 1997.
82. Q.S. Wang, D.B. McDermott, and N. C. Luhmann, Jr., "Operation of a stable 200-kW second-harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sei, vol. 24, pp. 700-706, 1996.
83. H.R. Jory, F. Friedlander, S.J. Hegji, J. F. Shively, and P. S. Symons, "Gyrotrons for high-power millimeter wave generation," in Dig. IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meeting, 1977, pp. 234-237.
84. A.K. Ganguly and K.R. Chu, "Analysis of time-cavity gyroklystron," Int. J. Electron., vol. 51, pp. 503-520, 1981.
85. W.M. Bollen, A.G. McCurdy, B. Arfin, R. K. Parker, and A. K. Ganguly, "Design and performance of a three-cavity gyroklystron amplifier," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-13, pp. 417-423, 1985.
86. P.M. Malouf, V.L. Granatstein, S. Y. Park, G. S. Park, and C. M. Armstrong, "Performance of a wideband, three-stage, mixed geometry gyrotwystron amplifier," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 42, pp. 1681-1685, 1995.
87. G.S. Park, P.M. Malouf, V. L. Granatstein, C. M. Armstrong, and A. K. Ganguly, "Realization of improved efficiency in a gyroklystron amplifier," Part. Accel, vol. 43, pp. 92-105, 1993.
88. H. Guo, S.H. Chen, V.L. Granatstein, J. Rodgers, G. Nusinovich, M. Walter, B. Levush, and W. J. Chen, "Opération of a highly overmoded, harmonic-multiplying, wideband gyrotron amplifier," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 79, pp. 515-518, 1997.
89. Sh.E. Tsimring, "Synthesis of systems for the formation of helical electron beams," Radiophys. Quantum Electron., vol. 20, pp. 1068-1076, 1977.
90. V.N. Manilov and Sh.E. Tsimring, "Synthesis of axially symmetric systems for shaping helical electron beams," Radio Eng. Electron. Phys., vol. 23, pp. 111-119, 1978.
91. K. Lygin, "Numerical simulation of intense helical electron beams with the calculation of the velocity distribution functions," Int.J. Infrared Millim. Waves, vol. 16, pp. 363-376, 1995.
92. M. Baird and W. Lawson, "Magnetron injection gun design for gyrotron applications," Int.J. Electron., vol. 61, pp. 953-967, 1986.
93. A.N. Kuftin, V.K. Lygin, Sh. E. Tsimring, and V. E. Zapevalov, "Numerical simulation and experimental study of magnetron-injection guns for powerful short-wave gyrotrons," Int. J. Electron., vol. 72, pp. 1145-1151, 1992.
94. B.G. Danly, T. Kimura, K.E. Kreischer, and R. J. Temkin, "Contribution to the velocity spread of magnetron injection gun," presented at the 20th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Orlando, FL, 1995, pp. 130-131.
95. Sh.E. Tsimring, "On the spread of velocity in helical electron beams," Radiophys. Quantum Electron., vol. 15, pp. 952-961, 1972.
96. Y.Y. Lau, "Effects of cathode surface roughness on the quality of electron beams," Int.J. Appl. Phys., vol. 61, p. 36, 1987.
97. H. Li and T.M. Antonsen, Jr., "Space charge instability in gyrotron beams," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 1, pp. 714-729, 1994.
98. V.A. Bratman and A.V. Savilov, "Phase mixing of bunches and decrease of negative mass instability increments in cyclotron resonance masers," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 2, pp. 557-564, 1995.
99. Ch. Liu, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., and B. Levush, "Simulation of the velocity spread in magnetron injection guns," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 982-991, 1996.
100. B.V. Raisky and Sh.E. Tsimring, "Numerical simulation of nonstationary processes in intense helical electron beams of gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 992-998, 1996.
101. A.V. Gaponov, M.I. Petelin, and V. K. Yulpatov, "The induced radiation of excited classical oscillators and its use in high fre-quency electronics," Radiophys. Quantum Electron., vol. 10, p. 794, 1967.
102. G.S. Nusinovich and R.E. Erm, "Efficiency of a CRM monotron with a Gaussian longitudinal distribution of high frequency fields," Electronnay Tekhnika Ser. 1, Electronika SVCh, pp. 55-60, 1972.
103. B.G. Danly and R.J. Temkin, "Generalized nonlinear harmonic gyrotron theory," Phys. Fluids, vol. 29, pp. 561-567, 1986.
104. B. Levush and T.M. Antonsen, Jr., "Mode competition and control in high power gyrotron oscillators," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 18, pp. 260-272, 1990.
105. B. Levush, S.Y. Cai, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., W. C. GUSS, M. A. Basten, K. E. Kreischer, and R. Temkin, "Effect of velocity spread on operation of high power gyrotrons," in Dig. 19th Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Sendai, Japan, Oct. 17-20, 1994, pp. 470-171.
106. G. Saraph, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., B. Levush, and G.I. Lin, "Regions of stability of high power gyrotron oscillators," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 20, pp. 115-125, 1994.
107. S.Y. Cai, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., G. Saraph, and B. Levush, "Multifrequency theory of high power gyrotron oscillators," Int. J. Electron., vol. 72, pp. 759-777, 1992.
108. T.M. Antonsen, Jr., W.M. Manheimer, and B. Levush, "Effect of ac and dc transverse self-fields in gyrotrons," Int. J. Electron., vol. 61, pp. 823-854, 1984.
109. R.G. Kleva, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., and B. Levush, "The effect of the time-dependent self-consistent electrostatic field on gyrotron operation," Phys. Fluids, vol. 31, pp. 375-386, 1988.
110. P. Latham, "Ac space-charge effects in gyro-klystron amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 18, pp. 273-285, 1990.
111. 011 operating mode," in SPIE Proc. Intense Microwave Pulses III, H. E. Brandt, Ed., 1995, vol. 2557, pp. 393-402.
112. G.S. Nusinovich, "Mode interaction in gyrotrons," Int.J. Electron., vol. 51, pp. 457-474, 1981.
113. G.S. Nusinovich and V. Ye. Zapevalov, "Self-modulation instability of gyrotron radiation," Radio. Electron., vol. 3, pp. 563-570, 1985.
114. I.G. Zarnitsyna and G.S. Nusinovich, "Stability of single-mode selfexcited oscillations in a gyromonotron," Radiophys. Quantum Electron., vol. 17, pp. 1418-1424, 1974.
115. D. Dialetis and K. Chu, "Mode competition and stability analysis of gyrotron oscillator," in Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 7, K.J. Button, Ed. New York: Academic, 1983, ch. 10, pp. 537-581.
116. G.S. Nusinovich, A.B. Pavelyev, and V. I. Khizhnyak, "Restrictions on the choice of optimum parameters of gyrotrons for mode competition conditions," Sov. J. Commun. Technol. Electron., vol. 33, pp. 114-117, 1989.
117. K.E. Kreischer, B.C. Danly, J.B. Schutkeker, and R. Temkin, "The design of megawatt gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. PS-13, pp. 364-373, 1975.
118. D.R. Whaley, M.Q. Tran, S. Alberti, T. M. Tran, T. M. Antonsen Jr., and C. Tran, "Startup methods for single-mode gyrotron operation," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 75, p. 1304, 1995.
119. D.R. Whaley, M.Q. Tran, T. M. Tran, and T. M. Antonsen, Jr., "Mode competition and start-up in cylindrical cavity gyrotrons using high-order operating modes," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 22, p. 850, 1994.
120. V. Bratman, M. Moseev, M. Petelin, and R. Erm, "Theory of gyrotrons with a nonfixed structure of the high-frequency field," Radiophys. Quantum Electron., vol. 16, pp. 474-4180, 1973.
121. A. Fliflet, M. Read, K. Chu, and R. Seeley, "Self-consistent field theory for gyrotron oscillators," Int.J. Electron., vol. 53, pp. 505-521, 1982.
122. A.K. Ganguly and S. Ahn, "Self-consistent large signal theory of the gyrotron traveling wave amplifier," Int.J. Electron., vol. 53, pp. 641-658, 1982.
123. S. Ginzburg, G.S. Nusinovich, and N.A. Zavolsky, "Theory of nonstationary processes in gyrotrons with low Q resonators," Int. J. Electron., vol. 61, pp. 881-894, 1986.
124. K.E. Kreischer, T.L. Grimm, W.C. GUSS, A.W. Mobius, and R. Temkin, "Experimental study of high frequency megawatt gyrotron oscillator," Phys. Fluids, vol. B2, p. 640, 1990.
125. W.C. GUSS, M.A. Basten, K. E. Kreischer, R. Temkin, T. Antonsen, Jr., S. Y. Cai, G. Saraph, and B. Levush, "Influence of sideband oscillations on gyrotron efficiency," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 22, pp. 871-877, 1994.
126. W.C. GUSS, M.A. Basten, K. E. Kreischer, R. Temkin, T. Antonsen, Jr., S. Y. Cai, G. Saraph, and B. Levush, "Sideband mode competition in a gyrotron oscillator," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 3727-3730, 1992.
127. A. Bondeson, W.M. Manheimer, and E. Ott, "Multimode analysis of quasi-optical gyrotrons and gyroklystrons," in Infrared Millim. Waves, K.J. Button, Ed. New York: Academic, 1983, vol. 9, pp. 309-340.
128. P.E. Latham, W. Lawson, and V. Irwin, "The design of a 100 MW, Ku band second harmonic gyro-klystron experiment," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 22. pp. 804-817, 1994.
129. J.M. Neilson, P.E. Latham, M. Caplan, and W. Lawson, "Determination of the resonant frequencies in a complex cavity using the scattering matrix formulation," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 37, pp. 1165-1170, 1989.
130. M. Blank, B. G Danly, P.E. Latham, and B. Levush, "Experimental study of a high power w-band gyro-klystron amplifier," presented at the 22nd Int. Conf. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Wintergreen, VA, July 20-25.
131. M. Botton, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., and B. Levush, "MAGY: Time dependent, multifrequency, self-consistent code for modeling electron beam devices," in Computational Accelerator Physics, AIP Conf. Proc., J.J. Bisognano and A. Mondelli, Eds., 1997, vol. 391, pp. 59-64.
132. M.A. Moiseev and G.S. Nusinovich, "Concerning the theory of multimode oscillation in a gyromonoton," Radiophys. Quantum. Electron., vol. 17, pp. 1305-1313, 1974.
133. K.R. Chu, "Theory of electron cyclotron maser interaction in a cavity at the harmonic frequencies," Phys. Fluids, vol. 21, pp. 2354-2364, 1978.
134. B. Levush, A. Bondeson, W.M. Manheimer, and E. Ott, "Theory of a quasioptical gyrotron and gyroklystron operating at higher harmonics of the cyclotron frequency," Int.J. Electron., vol. 54, pp. 650-659, 1983.
135. P. Latham, B. Levush, G.S. Nusinovich, and S. Parikh, "Theory of phase-locked gyrotrons operating at cyclotron harmonics," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sei, vol. 22, pp. 818-824, 1994.
136. G.S. Nusinovich, B. Levush, and O. Dumbrajs, "Optimization of mul-tistage harmonic gyrodevices," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 3, pp. 3133-3144, 1996.
137. G.P. Saraph, T.M. Antonsen, Jr., G. S. Nusinovich, and B. Levush, "Nonlinear theory of stable operation of a gyrotron at cyclotron harmonics," Phys. Fluids, vol. B5, pp. 4473-44485, 1993.
138. "A study of parametric instability in a harmonic gyrotron: Designs of third harmonic gyrotrons at 94 GHz and 210 GHz," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 2, pp. 2839-2846, 1995.
139. P.E. Latham and G.S. Nusinovich, "Theory of realtivistic gyrotraveling wave devices," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 2, pp. 3494-3510, 1995.
140. "Stability analysis of relativistic gyro-traveling wave devices," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 2, pp. 3511-3522, 1995.