International experience of marine protected areas and their relevance to South Africa

South African Journal of Marine Science

Volumn , Issue 18, 1997, Pages 311-332

  Attwood, C G ^a   Harris, J M ^b   Williams, A J ^c  

^a MARINE AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT   (South Africa)

^b EZEMVELO KZN WILDLIFE   (South Africa)

^c CAPENATURE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MARINE PROTECTED AREA; SOUTH AFRICA;

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; MARINE PARK; PROTECTED AREA;

SOUTH AFRICA;

ANTHOZOA; RHIZOPHORACEAE;

EID: 0031350305     PISSN: 02577615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2989/025776197784161162     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. ALCALA, A. C. 1988 - Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundance and yields of Phillipine coral reefs. Ambio 17(3): 194-199.
2. ALCALA, A. C. and G. R. RUSS 1990 - A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer 47: 40-47.
3. ALVERSON, D. L., FREEBERG, M. H., MURAWSKI, S. A. and J. G. POPE 1994 - A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards. F.A.O. Fish. tech. Pap. 339: 233 pp.
4. ANON. 1995 - Convention for the Protection, Management, and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region and Related Protocols. New York; United Nations: 40 pp.
5. ARMSTRONG, D. A., WAINWRIGHT, T. C., JENSEN, G. C., DINNEL, P. A. and H. B. ANDERSEN 1993 - Taking refuge from bycatch issues: red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and trawl fisheries in the Eastern Bering Sea. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 50: 1993-2000.
6. ASAVA, W. W. 1994 - Local fishing communities and marine national parks and protected areas in Kenya. Parks 4: 26-34.
7. ATTWOOD, C. G. and B. A. BENNETT 1994 - Variation in dispersal of galjoen (Coracinus capensis) (Teleostei: Coracinidae) from a marine reserve. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 51: 1247-1257.
8. ATTWOOD, C. G. and B. A. BENNETT 1995 - Modelling the effect of marine reserves on the recreational shore-fishery of the South-Western Cape. South Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 16: 227-240.
9. ATTWOOD, C. G., MANN, B. Q., BEAUMONT, J. and J. M. HARRIS 1997 - Review of the state of Marine Protected Areas in South Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 18: 341-367.
10. BALLANTINE, B. 1987 - New Zealand's course for marine reserves. New Scient. 114(1563): 54-55.
11. BALLANTINE, W. J. 1991 - Marine Reserves for New Zealand. Auckland; University of Auckland: 196 pp.
12. BALLANTINE, W. J. 1995 - Marine reserves in New Zealand: principles and lessons. Presented to the Centre for Marine Conservation Workshop, Bahamas, 1995: 19 pp.
13. BALLANTINE, W. J. 1997 - Design principals for systems of 'no take' marine reserves. Presented to the Design and Monitoring of Marine Reserves Workshop, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1995: 18 pp.
14. BARLEY, G. 1993 - Integrated coastal management. The Florida Keys example from an activist citizen's point of view. Oceanus 36(3): 15-18.
15. BARNES, K.N., RYAN, P. G. and C. BOIX-HINZEN 1997 -The impact of the hake Merluccius spp. longline fishery off South Africa on procellariiform seabirds. Biol. Conserv. 82: 227-234.
16. BATISSE, M. 1993 - Development and implementation of the Biosphere Reserve concept and its applicability to coastal regions. In Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Marine Areas. Price, A. R. G. and S. L. Humphrey (Eds). Gland, Switzerland; World Conservation Union (IUCN): 1-12.
17. BEAUMONT, J. 1997 - Community participation in the establishment and management of Marine Protected Areas: a review of selected international experience. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 18: 333-340.
18. BELL, J. D. 1983 - Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. J. appl. Ecol. 20: 357-369.
19. BENNETT, B. A. and C. G. ATTWOOD 1991 - Evidence for recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 75(2&3): 173-181.
20. BEUTTLER, T. M. 1994 - Marine nature reserves in France: legal framework, management, and comparative notes for the U.S. Marine Sanctuary Program. Coast. Mgmt 22: 1-24.
21. BOEHLERT, G. W. 1996 - Biodiversity and the sustainability of marine fisheries. Oceanography 9: 28-35.
22. BOHNSACK, J. A. and J. S. AULT 1996 - Management strategies to conserve marine biodiversity. Oceanography 9: 73-82.
23. BJÖRKLUND, M. I. 1974 - Achievements in marine conservation. I. Marine parks. Environ. Conserv. 1: 205-223.
24. BUXTON, C. D. 1993 - Life-history changes in exploited reef fishes on the east coast of South Africa. Environ. Biol. Fishes 36: 47-63.
25. BUXTON, C. D. 1996 - Life history characteristics of temperate reef fishes and their implications for fisheries management. In Condition of the World's Aquatic Habitat. Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress. Theme 1. Armantrout, N. B. and R. J. Wolotira (Eds). New Delhi; Oxford & IBH Publishing: 105-121.
26. BUXTON, C. D. and M. J. SMALE 1989 - Abundance and distribution patterns of three temperate marine reef fish (Teleostei: Sparidae) in exploited and unexploited areas off the Southern Cape coast. J. appl. Ecol. 26: 441-151.
27. CARR, M. H. and D. C. REED 1993 - Conceptual issues relevant to marine harvest refuges: examples from temperate reef fishes. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 50(9): 2019-2028.
28. CASTILLA, J. C. and R. H. BUSTAMANTE 1989 - Human exclusion from rocky intertidal of Los Cruces, central Chile: effects on Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyta, Durvilleales). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 50: 203-214.
29. CASTILLA, J. C. and R. L. DURAN 1985 - Human exclusion from the intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda). Oikos 45: 391-399.
30. CAUSEY, B. D. 1995 - Enforcement in marine protected areas. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed.). London; Chapman & Hall: 119-148.
31. CLARK, B. M., BENNETT, B. A., ATTWOOD, C. G. and C. L. GRIFFITHS 1996 - Assessment of stocks of exploited marine species at Rein's Nature Reserve, Gouriqua. Unpublished Report, University of Cape Town: 22 pp.
32. CLARK, C. W. 1996 - Marine reserves and the precautionary management of fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 6: 369-370.
33. COLE, R. G., AYLING, A. M. and R. G. CREESE 1990 - Effects of marine reserve protection at Goat Island, northern New Zealand. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res. 24: 197-210.
34. DAVIDSON, R. J. and W. L. CHADDERTON 1994 - Marine reserve site selection along the Abel Tasman National Park coast, New Zealand: consideration of subtidal rocky communities. Aquat. Conserv. mar. Freshwat. Ecosystems 4: 153-167.
35. DAVIS, G. E. 1989 - Designated harvest refugia: the next stage of marine fishery management in California. Rep. Calif. coop. oceanic Fish. Invest. 30: 53-58.
36. DAWSON, S. M. and E. SLOOTEN 1993 - Conservation of Hector's dolphins: the case and process which led to establishment of the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary. Aquat. Conserv. mar. Freshwat. Ecosystems 3: 207-221.
37. DeMARTINI, E. E. 1993 - Modelling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fishery Bull., Wash. 91(3): 414-427.
38. DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION 1994 - Marine Reserves. A Guide for Prospective Applicants. Wellington; Department of Conservation: 32 pp.
39. DIXON, J. A. 1993 - Economic benefits of marine protected areas. Oceanus 36(3): 35-40.
40. DIXON, J. A., SCURA, L. F. and T. VAN'T HOF 1993 -Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. Ambio 22: 117-125.
41. DUGAN, J. E. and G. E. DAVIS 1993 - Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 50(9): 2029-2042.
42. ELDER, D. 1993 - Setting boundaries for marine Biosphere Reserves. In Application of the Biosphere Reserve Concept to Marine Areas. Price, A. R. G. and S. L. Humphrey (Eds). Gland, Switzerland; World Conservation Union (IUCN): 67-73.
43. ELDREGE, M. 1993 - Stellwagen Bank. New England's first sanctuary. Oceanus 36(3): 72-74.
44. EHLER, C. N. and D. J. BASTA 1993 - Integrated management of coastal areas and marine sanctuaries. A new paradigm. Oceanus 36(3): 6-14.
45. EMANUEL, B. P., BUSTAMANTE, R. H., BRANCH, G. M., EEKHOUT, S. and F. J. ODENDAAL 1992 - A zoogeographic and functional approach to the selection of marine reserves on the west coast of South Africa. In Benguela Trophic Functioning. Payne, A. I. L., Brink, K. H., Mann, K. H. and R. Hilborn (Eds). S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 12: 341-354.
46. FARROW, S. 1996 - Marine protected areas: emerging economics. Mar. Policy 20: 439-446.
47. GARCIA-RUBIES, A. and M. ZABALA 1990 - Effects of total fishing prohibition on the rocky fish assemblages of Medes Islands marine reserve (NW Mediterranean). Scientia Mar., Barcelona 54: 317-328.
48. GIBSON, J. and L. WARREN 1995 - Legislative requirements. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed.). London; Chapman & Hall: 32-60.
49. GUBBAY, S. 1993 - Management of Marine Protected Areas in the UK: lessons from statutory and voluntary approaches. Aquat. Conserv. mar. Freshwat. Ecosystems 3: 269-280.
50. GUBBAY, S. 1995 - Marine protected areas - past, present and future. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed.). London; Chapman & Hall: 1-14.
51. HALE, L. Z. and S. B. OLSEN 1993 - Coral reef management in Thailand. A step toward integrated coastal management. Oceanus 36(3): 27-34.
52. HOCKEY, P. A. R. and G. M. BRANCH 1994 - Conserving marine biodiversity on the African coast: implications of a terrestrial perspective. Aquat. Conserv. mar. Freshwat. Ecosystems 4: 345-362.
53. HOCKEY, P. A. R. and G. M. BRANCH 1997 - Criteria, objectives and methodology for evaluating Marine Protected Areas in South Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 18: 369-383.
54. HOCKEY, P. A. R. and C. D. BUXTON 1989 - Conserving biotic diversity on southern Africa's coastline. In Biotic Diversity in Southern Africa: Concepts and Conservation. Huntley, B. J. (Ed.). Cape Town; Oxford University Press: 289-309.
55. HUNTSMAN, G. R. 1994 - Endangered marine finfish: neglected resources or beasts of fiction? Fisheries 19(7): 8-15.
56. IUCN 1992 - Caracas action plan. In Plenary Session and Symposium Papers of the 4th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, Venezuela. Gland, Switzerland; World Conservation Union (IUCN): 301-310.
57. JOHANNES, R. E. 1982 - Traditional conservation methods and protected marine areas in Oceania. Ambio 11: 258-261.
58. JONES, J. B. 1992 - Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: a review. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res. 26: 59-67.
59. KAYES, R. 1987 - Britain tests the water for marine conservation. New Scient. 114(1563): 48-52.
60. KAZA, S. 1995 - Marine education and interpretation. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed.). London; Chapman & Hall: 174-198.
61. KELLEHER, G. and R. A. KENCHINGTON 1982 - Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: making development compatible with conservation. Ambio 11: 262-267.
62. KELLEHER, G. and R. KENCHINGTON 1992 - Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland; World Conservation Union (IUCN): 79 pp.
63. KELLEHER, G., BLEAKLEY, C. and S. WELLS (Eds) 1995 -A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. 1. Antarctic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic and Baltic. 2. Wider Caribbean, West Africa and South Atlantic. 3. Central Indian Ocean, Arabian Seas, East Africa and East Asian Seas. 4. South Pacific, Northeast Pacific. Northwest Pacific, South Pacific and Australia/New Zealand. Washington, D. C.; World Conservation Union (IUCN): 219 pp. + Map Suppl. (Vol. 1), 93 pp. + Map Suppl, (Vol. 2), 147 pp. + Map Suppl. (Vol. 3), 212 pp. + Map Suppl. (Vol. 4).
64. KENCHINGTON, R. and G. KELLEHER 1995 - Making a management plan. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed.). London: Chapman & Hall: 85-102.
65. KENNEDY, A. D. 1990 - Marine reserve management in developing nations: Mida Creek - a case study from East Africa. Ocean, Shoreline Mgmt 14: 105-132.
66. KIMANI, E. N. 1995 - Coral reef resources of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania and the Seychelles. Naga October 1995: 4-7.
67. KLIMA, E. F., MATTHEWS, G. A. and F. J. PATELLA 1986a -Synopsis of the Tortugas pink shrimp fishery, 1960-1983, and the impact of the Tortugas sanctuary. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt 6: 301-310.
68. KLIMA, E. F., ROBERTS, T. W. and A. C. JONES 1986b -Overview of the Tortugas sanctuary studies. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt 6: 297-300.
69. LEVIN, L. A. 1990 - A review of methods for labeling and tracking marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia 32: 115-144.
70. LUDWIG, D., HILBORN, R. and C. WALTERS 1993 -Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260: 17, 36.
71. MAN, A., LAW, R. and N. V. C. POLUNIN 1995 - Role of marine reserves in recruitment to reef fisheries: a metapopulation model. Biol. Conserv. 71: 197-204.
72. McCAY, B. J. 1988 - Muddling through the clam beds: cooperative management of New Jersey's hard clam spawner sanctuaries. J. Shellfish Res. 7: 327-340.
73. McCLANAHAN, T. R. and S. H. SHAFIR 1990 - Causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Oecologia 83: 362-370.
74. McMANUS, J. W. 1994 - The Spratly Islands: a marine park? Ambio 23: 181-186.
75. McNEILL, S. E. and P. G. FAIRWEATHER 1993 - Single large or several small marine reserves? An experimental approach with seagrass fauna. J. Biogeogr. 20: 429-440.
76. MILLER, D. G. M. 1991 - Conservation of Antarctic marine living resources: a review and South African perspective. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res. 21: 130-142.
77. NOAA 1996a - Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Final Management Plan/Environment Impact Statement. 1. The Management Plan. Washington, D. C.; National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration/US Department of Commerce: 319 pp.
78. NOAA 1996b - 1996 Program Overview for the National Marine Sanctuaries. Washington, D. C.; National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration/US Department of Commerce: 78 pp.
79. NOWLIS, J. S. and C. M. ROBERTS (in press) - You can have your fish and eat it, too: theoretical approaches to marine reserve design. In Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium.
80. NUHFER, A. J. and G. R. ALEXANDER 1994 - Growth, survival, and vulnerability to angling of three wild brook trout strains exposed to different levels of angling exploitation. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt 14: 423-434.
81. ODENDAAL, F. J., KROESE, M. and JAOMANANA 1995 -The strategic plan for the management of the coastal zone of the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Unpublished Report, Eco-Africa Environmental Consultants, Cape Town: 214 pp.
82. OLIVA, D. and J. C. CASTILLA 1986 - The effect of human exclusion on the population structure of key-hole limpets Fissurella crassa and F. limbata on the coast of central Chile. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N.I.) 7(3): 201-217.
83. O'NEILL, B. 1993 - Alternative support for protected areas in an age of deficits. Oceanus 36(3): 49-52.
84. PIPITONE, C., BADALAMENTI, F., D'ANNA, G. and B. PATTI 1996 - Divieto di pesca a strascico nel Golfo Di Castellammare (Sicilia Nord-Occidentale): alcune considerazioni. Biol. Mar. Medit. 3: 200-204.
85. PLAN DEVELOPMENT TEAM 1990 - The potential of marine fishery reserves for reef fish management in the U.S. Southern Atlantic. NOAA tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFC-261: 40 pp. + Appendices
86. POLACHECK, T. 1990 - Year around closed areas as a management tool. Nat. Resour. Modeling 4: 327-354.
87. POLUNIN, N. V. C. and C. M. ROBERTS 1993 - Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 100: 167-176.
88. PRITCHARD, P. C. 1993 - Undiscovered diamonds for the crown jewels. Oceanus 36(3): 3-5.
89. PUNT A. E. 1993 - Use of spawner-biomass-per-recruit in the management of linefisheries. In Fish, Fishers and Fisheries. Proceedings of the Second South African Marine Linefish Symposium, Durban, October 1992. Beckley, L. E. and R. P. van der Elst (Eds). Spec. Publ. oceanogr. Res. Inst. S. Afr. 2: 80-89.
90. QUINN, J. F., WING, S. R. and L. W. BOTSFORD 1993 -Harvest refugia in marine invertebrate fisheries: models and applications to the red sea urchin. Strongylocentrotus fransiscanus. Am. Zool. 33: 537-550.
91. RAY, G. C. 1976 - Critical marine habitats. IUCN Publ., New Series 37: 15-63.
92. RICE, M. A., HICKOX, C. and I. ZEHRA 1989 - Effects of intensive fishing effort on the population structure of quahogs. Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus 1758), in Narregansett Bay. J. Shellfish Res. 8: 345-354.
93. RICKER, W. E. 1981 - Changes in the average size and average age of Pacific salmon. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 38(12): 1636-1656.
94. RIGNEY, H. 1990 - Marine reserves - blueprint for protection. Aust. Fish. December 1990: 18-22.
95. ROBERTS, C. M. 1997 - Ecological advice for the global fisheries crisis. Trends Ecol. Evolution 12: 35-38.
96. ROBERTS, C. M. and N. V. C. POLUNIN 1991 - Are marine reserves effective in management of reef fisheries? Revs Fish Biol. Fish. 1(1): 65-91.
97. ROWLEY, R. J. 1994 - Marine reserves in fisheries management. Aquat. Conserv. mar. Freshwat. Ecosystems 4: 233-254.
98. RUSS, G. R. and A. C. ALCALA 1989 - Effects of intense fishing pressure on an assemblage of coral reef fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 56: 13-27.
99. RUSS, G. R. and A. C. ALCALA 1996 - Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 132: 1-9.
100. SALM, R. V. 1983 - Coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean: a threatened heritage. Ambio 12: 349-353.
101. SALM, R. V. and J. R. CLARK 1984 - Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers. Gland, Switzerland; World Conservation Union (IUCN): 79 pp.
102. SALM, R. V. and A. PRICE 1995 - Selection of manne protected areas. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed.). London; Chapman & Hall: 15-31.
103. SHEPHERD, S. A. and L. D. BROWN 1993 - What is an abalone stock: implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 50: 2001-2009.
104. SILVA, M. E., GATELY, E. M. and I. DESILVESTRE 1986 - A bibliographical listing of coastal and marine protected areas: a global survey. Tech. Rep. Woods Hole oceanogr. Instn WHOI-86-11: 156 pp.
105. SIMBERLOFF, D. 1988 - The contribution of population and community biology to conservation science. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 473-511.
106. SOBEL, J. 1993 - Conserving biological diversity through marine protected areas. A global challenge. Oceanus 36(3): 19-26.
107. SMITH, E. J., JOHNSON, T. H. and D. ZEINER 1989 - The marine life refuges and reserves of California. Mar. Res. Inf. Bull. Dept Fish Game, Calif. 1: 63 pp.
108. TEGNER, M. J. 1993 - Southern California abalones: can stocks be rebuilt using marine harvest refugia? Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 50: 2010-2018.
109. TILNEY, R. L., NELSON, G., RADLOFF, S. E. and C. D. BUXTON 1996 - Ichthyoplankton distribution and dispersal in the Tsitsikamma National Park marine reserve. South Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 17: 1-14.
110. VAN JAARSVELD, A. S. and S. L. CHOWN 1996 - Strategies and time-frames for implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity: biological requirements. S. Afr. J. Sci. 92: 459-464.
111. VERLAAN, P. 1995 - UNEP. Now we are twelve: The Northwest Pacific joins UN Environment Programme's Regional Seas Programme. Intl J. mar. coastl Law 10: 426-430.
112. WEIL, E. M. and G. LAUGHLIN 1984 - Biology, population dynamics and reproduction of the queen conch Strongus gigas Linne in the Archipelago De Los Roques National Park. J. Shellfish Res. 4: 45-62.
113. WELLS, S. and A. T. WHITE 1995 - Involving the community. In Marine Protected Areas: Principles and Techniques for Management. Gubbay, S. (Ed). London; Chapman & Hall: 61-84.
114. WHITE, A. T. 1986 - Marine reserves: how effective are management strategies for Philippine. Indonesian and Malaysian coral reef environments? Ocean Mgmt 10: 137-159.
115. WHITE, A. T. 1988 - The effect of community-managed marine reserves in the Philippines on their associated coral reef fish populations. Asian Fish. Sci. 2: 27-41.
116. ZENYK, Y. 1988 - The Sea of Azov is closed to save its fish. Fishg News Intl 27(3): p. 42.