Wholly aromatic liquid-crystalline polyesters

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 22, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 1431-1502

  Han, Haesook ^a   Bhowmik, Pradip K ^a  

^a University of Detroit Mercy   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC POLYMERS; COPOLYMERIZATION; CRYSTAL MICROSTRUCTURE; GLASS TRANSITION; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION; NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS; ORGANIC SOLVENTS; POLYESTERS; SOLUBILITY; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS;

DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE; MESOGENS;

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS;

EID: 0031339291     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00028-7     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Carfagna, C., Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1994.
2. Platé, N. A., Liquid-Crystal Polymers. Plenum Press, New York, 1993.
3. Donald, A. M. and Windle, A. H., Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
4. Collyer, A. A., Liquid Crystal Polymers: From Structures to Applications. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 1992.
5. Ciferri, A., Liquid Crystallinity in Polymers. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1991.
6. Weiss, R. A. and Ober, C. K., Liquid-Crystalline Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 435. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1990.
7. Collings, P. J., Liquid Crystals. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1990.
8. McArdle, C. B., Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers. Chapman and Hall, New York, 1989.
9. Vertogen, G. and De Jeu, W. H., Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Fundamentals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988.
10. Gray, G. W., Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Crit. Rep. Appl. Chem. Vol. 22. John Wiley, New York, 1987.
11. Chapoy, L. L., Recent Advances in Liquid Crystalline Polymers. Elsevier, London, 1985.
12. Blumstein, A., Polymeric Liquid Crystals. Plenum Press, New York, 1985.
13. White, J. L. and Onogi, S. (Eds.), U.S.-Japan Seminar on Polymer Liquid Crystals. John Wiley, New York, 1985.
14. Ciferri, A., Krigbaum, W. R. and Meyer, R. B., Polymer Liquid Crystals. Academic Press, New York, 1982.
15. Dobb, M. G. and McIntyre, J. E., Adv. Polym. Sci., 1984, 60/61, 61.
16. Chung, T.-S., Polym. Eng. Sci., 1986, 26, 901.
17. Varshney, S. K., JMS - Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1986, C26, 551.
18. Noël, C., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1988, 22, 95.
19. Chiellini, E. and Lenz, R. W., in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Vol. 5, eds. G. Allen and J. C. Bevington. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989, p. 701.
20. Noël, C. and Navard, P., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1991, 16, 55.
21. Sirigu, A., Liq. Cryst., 1993, 14, 15.
22. Lee, J. B., Kato, T., Yoshida, T. and Uryu, T., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 4989.
23. East, A. J., Charbonneau, L. F. and Calundann, G. W., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1988, 157, 615.
24. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Linzer, V., J. Macromol Sci., Pure Appl. Chem., 1995, A32, 311.
25. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Domschke, A., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1994, 195, 957.
26. Lai, Y.-C., DeBona, B. T. and Prevorsek, D. C., in Liquid-Crystalline Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 435, eds. R. A. Weiss and C. K. Ober. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1990, p. 102.
27. Kawabe, M., Yamaoka, I. and Kimura, M., Liquid-Crystalline Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 435, eds. R. A. Weiss and C. K. Ober. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1990, p. 115.
28. Yu, L. P. and Bao, Z., Adv. Mater., 1994, 6, 156.
29. Cottis, S. G., Layton, R. and Field, N., US Patent No. 4 563 508, 1986.
30. Cottis, S. G., US Patent No. 4 639 504, 1987.
31. Duska, J. J., Finestone, A. B. and Maher, J. B., US Patent No. 4 626 557, 1986.
32. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Döring, V., Polymer, 1992, 33, 5321.
33. Bhowmik, P. K. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1994, 32, 651.
34. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Lübbers, D., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1991, 12, 691.
35. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Engelhardt, J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1990, 28, 1335.
36. Higashi, F., in New Methods for Polymer Synthesis, ed. W. I. Mijs. Plenum Press, New York, 1992, p. 211.
37. Moore, J. S. and Stupp, S. I., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 65.
38. Korshak, V. V. and Vashnev, V. A., in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Vol. 5, eds. G. Allen and J. C. Bevington. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989, p. 167.
39. Morgan, P. W., Condensation Polymers by Interfacial and Solution Methods. Interscience, New York, 1965.
40. Nayak, S., Banthia, A. K. and Banerjee, P. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1990, 39, 73.
41. Wissbrun, K. F., Br. Polym. J., 1980, 12, 163.
42. Onogi, S. and Asada, T., in Rheology, Vol. 1, eds. G. Astarita, G. Marrucci and L. Nicolais. Plenum Press, New York, 1980, p. 127.
43. Wissbrun, K. F., J. Rheol., 1981, 25, 619.
44. La Mantia, F. P., Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymer Blends. Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, 1993.
45. Schoffeleers, H. M., Tacx, J. C. J. F., Kingma, J. A. and Vulić, I., Polymer, 1993, 34, 557.
46. Jackson, W. J. Jr., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 169, 23.
47. Calundann, G. W. and Jaffe, M., in Proceedings of the Robert A. Welch Foundation Conference on Chemical Research XXVI. Synthetic Polymers, Texas, U.S.A., 1982, p. 247.
48. Noël, C., Friedrich, C., Lauprêtre, F., Billard, J., Bosio, L. and Strazielle, C., Polymer, 1984, 25, 263.
49. Sinta, R., Gaudiana, R. A., Minns, R. A. and Rogers, H. G., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 2374.
50. Heitz, W. and Schmidt, H.-W., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1990, 38, 149.
51. Navarro, F. and Serrano, J. L., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1992, 30, 1789.
52. Bhowmik, P. K. and Han, H., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 5287.
53. Bhowmik, P. K. and Han, H., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1993, 34 (2), 382.
54. Collyer, A. A., Mater. Sci. Technol., 1989, 5, 309.
55. Bhowmik, P. K., Han, H. and Garay, R. O., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1994, 32, 333.
56. Butzbach, G. D., Wendorff, J. H. and Zimmerman, H. J., Polymer, 1986, 27, 1337.
57. Bhowmik, P. K., Atkins, E. D. T. and Han, H., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1995, 36 (2), 326.
58. Bhowmik, P. K., Atkins, E. D. T., Lenz, R. W. and Han, H., Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 1910.
59. Krigbaum, W. R., Hakemi, H. and Kotek, R., Macromolecules, 1985, 18, 965.
60. Irwin, R. S., Sweeny, W., Gardner, K. H., Gochanour, C. R. and Weinberg, M., Macromolecules, 1989, 22, 1065.
61. Hatke, W., Land, H.-T., Schmidt, H.-W. and Heitz, W., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1991, 12, 235.
62. Bhowmik, P. K., Atkins, E. D. T. and Lenz, R. W., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 440.
63. Han, H., Bhowmik, P. K. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1994, 32, 343.
64. Roviello, A. and Sirigu, A., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Lett., 1975, 13, 455.
65. Griffin, A. C. and Havens, S. J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn, 1981, 19, 951.
66. Bosio, L., Fayolle, B., Friedrich, F., Laupêtre, F., Meurisse, P., Nöel, C. and Virlet, J., in Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids, Vol. 4, eds. A. C. Griffin and J. F. Johnson. Plenum Press, New York, 1985, p. 401.
67. Krigbaum, W. R., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Appl. Polym. Symp., 1985, 41, 105.
68. Stupp, S. I., Chemical Engineering Progress, December 1987, 17.
69. Gray, G. W. and Goodby, J. W. G., Smectic Liquid Crystals. Leonard Hill, London, 1984.
70. Demus, D. and Richter, L., Textures of Liquid Crystals. Verlag-Chemie, Weinheim, 1978.
71. Kelker, H. and Katz, R., Handbook of Liquid Crystals. Verlag-Chemie, Weinheim, 1980.
72. Nehring, J. and Saupe, J., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1972, II68, 1.
73. Bhowmik, P. K. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1993, 31, 2115.
74. Han, H. and Bhowmik, P. K., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1995, 33, 211.
75. Galli, G., Laus, M., Angeloni, A. S., Ferruti, P. and Chiellini, E., Eur. Polym. J., 1985, 21, 727.
76. Dubois-Violette, E. and Parodi, O., J. Phys. Colloq., 1969, 30, C4-57.
77. Meyer, R. B., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1969, 22, 918.
78. Bhowmik, P. K., Atkins, E. D. T. and Lenz, R. W., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 447.
79. Rojstaczer, S. and Stein, R. S., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1988, 157, 293.
80. Hashimoto, T., Nakai, A., Shiwaku, T., Hasegawa, H., Rojstaczer, S. and Stein, R. S., Macromolecules, 1989, 22, 422.
81. Jin, J.-I., Chang, J.-H. and Shim, H.-K., Macromolecules, 1989, 22, 93.
82. Marsano, E., Carpaneto, L. and Ciferri, A., Mol. Cryst., Liq. Cryst., 1987, 158, 267.
83. Ernst, B. and Navard, P., Macromolecules, 1989, 22, 1419.
84. Gleeson, J. T., Larson, R. G., Meads, D. W., Kiss, G. and Cladis, P. E., Liq. Cryst., 1992, 11, 341.
85. Bhowmik, P. K. and Han, H., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1995, 33, 415.
86. Martin, P. G. and Stupp, S. I., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 1222.
87. Wunder, S. L., Ramachandran, S., Gochanour, C. R. and Weinberg, M., Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 1696.
88. Sawyer, L. C. and Jaffe, M., J. Mater. Sci., 1986, 21, 1897.
89. Bhowmik, P. K., Beaucage, G., Bhattacharya, S. K. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn, 1994, 32, 1023.
90. Maret, G. and Blumstein, A., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1982, 88, 295.
91. Ianneli, P., Roviello, A. and Sirigu, A., Eur. Polym. J., 1982, 18, 745.
92. Ianneli, P., Roviello, A. and Sirigu, A., Eur. Polym. J., 1982, 18, 753.
93. Krigbaum, W. R., Watanabe, J. and Ishikawa, T., Macromolecules, 1983, 16, 1271.
94. Stamatoff, J. B., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1984, 110, 75.
95. Noël, C., Lauprêtre, F., Friedrich, C., Fayolle, B. and Bosio, L., Polymer, 1984, 25, 808.
96. Roviello, A. and Sirigu, A., Makromol. Chem., 1982, 183, 895.
97. Gutierrez, G. A., Blackwell, J. and Chivers, R. A., Polymer, 1985, 26, 348.
98. Blackwell, J., Gutierrez, G. A., Chivers, R. A. and Biswas, A., J. Macromol. Sci., Phys., 1985/1986, B24, 39.
99. Blackwell, J. and Biswas, A., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1986, 2, 21.
100. Blackwell, J., Cheng, H.-M. and Biswas, A., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 39.
101. Biswas, A. and Blackwell, J., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 3146.
102. Economy, J., Storm, R. S., Matkovich, M. I., Cottis, S. G. and Nowak, B. E., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1976, 14, 2207.
103. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Schwarz, G., Makromol. Chem., 1983, 184, 475.
104. Schwarz, G. and Kricheldorf, H. R., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1988, 9, 717.
105. Kricheldorf, H. R., Conradi, A., Pakull, R. and Schwarz, G., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1989, 26, 25.
106. Yoon, H. N., Charbonneau, L. F. and Calundann, G. W., Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 206.
107. Griffin, B. P. and Cox, M. K., Br. Polym. J., 1980, 12, 147.
108. Calundann, G. W., Charbonneau, L. F. and Benicewicz, B. K., US Patent No. 4 473 682, 1985.
109. Ringsdorf, H. and Schneller, A., Br. Polym. J., 1981, 13, 43.
110. Blumstein, A., Vilasagar, S., Ponrathnam, S., Clough, S. B. and Blumstein, R. B., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn., 1982, 20, 877.
111. Ober, C. K., Lenz, R. W., Galli, G. and Chiellini, E., Macromolecules, 1983, 16, 1034.
112. Ober, C. K., Jin, J.-I., Zhou, Q.-F. and Lenz, R. W., Adv. Polym. Sci., 1984, 59, 103.
113. Bhaskar, C., Kops, J., Marcher, B. and Spanggaard, H., in Recent Advances in Liquid Crystalline Polymers, ed. L. L. Chapoy. Elsevier, London, 1985, p. 79.
114. Kwolek, S. L. and Luise, R. R., Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 1789.
115. Osman, M. A., Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 1824.
116. Onwumere, F. C. and Polk, M. B., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn, 1986, 24, 2239.
117. Clausen, J., Kops, J., Rasmussen, K., Rasmussen, K. H. and Sonne, J., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 2660.
118. Bhowmik, P. K., Garay, R. O. and Lenz, R. W., Makromol. Chem., 1991, 192, 415.
119. Han, C. D., Chang, S. and Kim, S. S., Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 7699.
120. Thammongkol, V., Warner, S. B. and Polk, M. B., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1995, 33, 189.
121. Kuhfuss, H. F. and Jackson, W. J. Jr., US Patent No. 3 778 410, 1973.
122. Kuhfuss, H. F. and Jackson, W. J. Jr., US Patent No. 3 804 805, 1974.
123. Jackson, W. J. Jr. and Kuhfuss, H. F., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn, 1976, 14, 2043.
124. Jackson, W. J. Jr. and Kuhfuss, H. F., US Patent No. 4 140 846, 1979.
125. Acierno, D., La Mantia, F. P., Polizzotti, G., Ciferri, A., Krigbaum, W. R. and Kotek, R., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn., 1983, 21, 2027.
126. Kwolek, S. L., US Patent No. 3 600 350, 1971.
127. Cottis, S. J., Economy, J. and Wohrer, L. C., US Patent No. 3 975 487, 1976.
128. Volksen, W., Lyerla, J. R. Jr., Economy, J. and Dawson, D. J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1983, 21, 2249.
129. Economy, J., Volksen, W., Viney, C., Geiss, R., Siemens, R. and Karis, T., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 2777.
130. Economy, J., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1989, 169, 1.
131. Calundann, G. W., Davis, H. L., Gorman, F. J. and Mininni, R. M., German Patent No. 2 721 787, 1977.
132. Calundann, G. W., Davis, H. L., Gorman, F. J. and Mininni, R. M., US Patent No. 4 083 829, 1978.
133. Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 067 852, 1978.
134. Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 130 545, 1978.
135. Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 161 470, 1979.
136. Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 184 996, 1980.
137. Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 256 624, 1981.
138. Jackson, W. J. Jr., Macromolecules, 1983, 16, 1027.
139. Finkelmann, H., in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Crit. Rep. Appl. Chem. Vol. 22, ed. G. W. Gray. John Wiley, New York, 1987, p. 145.
140. Kricheldorf, H. R., Ruhser, F. and Schwarz, G., Macromolecules, 1991, 24, 4990.
141. Choe, E. W. and Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 245 084, 1981.
142. Calundann, G. W. and Charbonneau, L. F., US Patent No. 4 224 433, 1980.
143. Charbonneau, L. F. and Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 355 134, 1982.
144. Irwin, R. S., US Patent No. 4 188 476, 1980.
145. Warner, S. B., Macromolecules, 1980, 13, 450.
146. Jackson, W. J. Jr., Contemp. Top. Polym. Sci., 1984, 5, 177.
147. Lenz, R. W. and Jin, J.-I., Macromolecules, 1981, 14, 1405.
148. McIntyre, J. E., Maj, P. E. P., Sills, S. A. and Tomka, J. G., Polymer, 1987, 28, 1971.
149. Schaefgen, J. R., Br. Patent No. 1 507 207, 1974.
150. Cai, R., Preston, J. and Samulski, E. T., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 563.
151. Heitz, T., Rohrback, P. and Höcker, H., Makromol. Chem., 1989, 190, 3295.
152. Payet, C. R., US Patent No. 4 159 365, 1979.
153. Harris, J. F. Jr., US Patent No. 4 294 955, 1981.
154. Khan, N., Price, D. M. and Bashir, Z., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn., 1994, 32, 2509.
155. Kricheldorf, H. R., Beuermann, I. and Schwartz, G., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1989, 10, 211.
156. Kricheldorf, H. R., Döring, V. and Eckhardt, V., Makromol. Chem., 1988, 189, 1425.
157. Kricheldorf, H. R., Döring, V., Beuermann, I. and Eckhardt, V., Makromol. Chem., 1988, 189, 1437.
158. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Erxleben, J., Polymer, 1990, 31, 944.
159. Kricheldorf, H. R. and Engelhardt, J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1990, 28, 2335.
160. Brügging, W., Kampsculte, U., Schmidt, H.-W. and Heitz, W., Makromol. Chem., 1988, 189, 2755.
161. Heitz, W., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1991, 47, 111.
162. Majnusz, J. and Lenz, R. W., Eur. Polym. J., 1983, 19, 1043.
163. Majnusz, J. and Lenz, R. W., Eur. Polym. J., 1989, 25, 847.
164. Majnusz, J., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1990, 193, 161.
165. Majnusz, J. and Lenz, R. W., Eur. Polym. J., 1992, 28, 253.
166. Majnusz, J. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1994, 32, 2775.
167. Ballauff, M., Rosenau-Eichin, R. and Fischer, E. W., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1988, 155, 211.
168. Berger, K. and Ballauff, M., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1988, 157, 109.
169. Dicke, H.-R. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1983, 21, 2581.
170. Lenz, R. W., Furukawa, A., Bhowmik, P. K., Garay, R. O. and Majnusz, J., Polymer, 1991, 32, 1703.
171. Ballauff, M., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1986, 7, 407.
172. Ballauff, M. and Schmidt, G. F., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1987, 8, 93.
173. Ballauff, M. and Schmidt, G. F., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1987, 147, 163.
174. Stern, R., Ballauff, M. and Wegner, G., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1989, 23, 373.
175. Stern, R., Ballauff, M., Leiser, G. and Wegner, G., Polymer, 1991, 32, 2096.
176. Vogel, W. and Heitz, W., Makromol. Chem., 1990, 191, 829.
177. Schmidt, H.-W., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 1989, 26, 47.
178. Heitz, W. and Niessner, N., Makromol. Chem., 1990, 191, 225.
179. Gaudiana, R. A., Minns, R. A., Sinta, R., Weeks, N. and Rogers, H. G., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1989, 14, 47.
180. Jin, J.-I., Choi, E.-J. and Jo, B.-W., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 934.
181. Land, H.-T., Heitz, W., Karback, A. and Pielartzik, H., Makromol. Chem., 1992, 193, 2571.
182. Jackson, W. J. Jr., Gebeau, G. C. and Kuhfuss, H. F., US Patent No. 4 242 496, 1980.
183. Jackson, W. J. Jr. and Kuhfuss, H. F., US Patent No. 4 360 658, 1982.
184. Schwarz, G. and Kricheldorf, H. R., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 1568.
185. Calundann, G. W., US Patent No. 4 279 803, 1981.
186. Schaefgen, J. R., US Patent No. 4 118 372, 1978.
187. Schaefgen, J. R., Canadian Patent No. 1 080 393, 1980.
188. Jackson, W. J. Jr. and Kuhfuss, H. F., US Patent No. 4 238 600, 1980.
189. Lee, D. M., Hutchings, D. A., Sieloff, G. and Willard, G. F., US Patent No. 4 600 765, 1986.
190. Hutchings, D. A., Sieloff, G., Lee, D. M. and Willard, G. F., US Patent No. 4 614 790, 1986.
191. Hutchings, D. A., Sieloff, G., Lee, D. M. and Willard, G. F., US Patent No. 4 614 791, 1986.
192. Schmidt, H.-W. and Guo, D., Makromol. Chem., 1988, 189, 2029.
193. Hohlweg, M. and Schmidt, H.-W., Makromol. Chem., 1989, 190, 1587.
194. Erdemir, A. B., Johnson, D. J. and Tomka, J. G., Polymer, 1986, 27, 441.
195. Erdemir, A. B., Johnson, D. J., Caracan, I. and Tomka, J. G., Polymer. 1988, 29, 597.
196. Blundell, D. J., Chivers, R. A. and MacDonald, W. A., High Perform. Polym., 1989, 1, 97.
197. Johnson, D. J., Caracan, I. and Tomka, J. G., Polymer, 1990, 31, 8.
198. Tsai, H. B., Lee, C., Chang, N. S., Cheng, M. S. and Chang, S. J., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1990, 40, 1499.
199. Jin, J.-I., Lee, S. H. and Park, H., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1987, 28 (1), 122.
200. Jackson, W. J. Jr., Br. Polym. J., 1980, 12, 154.
201. Rosenau-Eichin, R., Ballauff, M., Grebowicz, J. and Fischer, E. W., Polymer, 1988, 29, 518.
202. Cai, R. and Samulski, E. T., Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 135.
203. McFarlane, F. E., Nicely, V. A. and Davis, T. G., Contemp. Top. Polym. Sci., 1977, 2, 109.
204. Jin, J.-I., Antoun, S., Ober, C. K. and Lenz, R. W., Br. Polym. J., 1980, 12, 132.
205. Lenz, R. W., Polym. J., 1985, 17, 105.
206. Lenz, R. W., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1985, 79, 21.
207. Kleinschuster, J. J., Pletcher, T. C. and Schaefgen, J. R., Belgian Patent No. 828 935, 1975.
208. Kleinschuster, J. J., Pletcher, T. C., Schaefgen, J. R. and Luise, R. R., German Patent No. 2 520 819, 1975.
209. Kleinschuster, J. J., Pletcher, T. C., Schaefgen, J. R. and Luise, R. R., German Patent No. 2 520 820, 1975.
210. Kleinschuster, J. J., US Patent No. 3 991 014, 1976.
211. Kleinschuster, J. J. and Pletcher, T. C., US Patent No. 4 066 620, 1978.
212. Leblanc, J. P., Tessier, M., Judas, D., Friedrich, C., Noël, C. and Maréchal, E., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4837.
213. Kaito, A., Kyotani, M. and Nakayama, K., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 1035.
214. McIntyre, J. E., Maj, P. E. P., Sills, S. A. and Tomka, J. G., Polymer, 1988, 29, 1095.
215. Skovby, M. H. B., Lessél, R. and Kops, J. J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1990, 28, 75.
216. Skovby, M. H. B., Heilmann, C. A. and Kops, J., in Liquid-Crystalline Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 435, eds. R. A. Weiss and C. K. Ober. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1990, p. 46.
217. Garay, R. O., Bhowmik, P. K. and Lenz, R. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Edn., 1993, 31, 1001.
218. Irwin, R. S., US Patent No. 4 487 916, 1984.
219. Irwin, R. S., US Patent No. 4 496 712, 1985.
220. Irwin, R. S., US Patent No. 4 499 259, 1985.
221. Irwin, R. S. and Logullo, M. Sr., US Patent No. 4 500 699, 1985.
222. Bhowmik, P. K. and Han, H., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1993, 34 (2), 338.
223. Bhowmik, P. K. and Han, H., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1994, 35 (2), 609.
224. Rutledge, G. C., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 3984.
225. Irwin, R. S., US Patent No. 4 245 082, 1981.
226. Irwin, R. S., US Patent No. 4 269 965, 1981.
227. Gardner, K. H., Gochanour, C. R., Irwin, R. S., Sweeny, W. and Weinberg, M., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1988, 155, 239.
228. Krigbaum, W. R., Asrar, J., Toriumi, H., Ciferri, A. and Preston, J., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Edn., 1982, 20, 109.
229. Krigbaum, W. J. and Watanabe, J., Polymer, 1983, 24, 1299.
230. Watanabe, J. and Krigbaum, W. R., Macromolecules, 1984, 17, 2288.
231. Watanabe, J. and Hayashi, M., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 278.
232. Kotek, R. and Krigbaum, W. R., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn., 1988, 26, 1173.
233. Watanabe, J. and Hayashi, M., Macromolecules, 1989, 22, 4083.
234. Jackson, W. J. Jr. and Morris, J. C., in Liquid-Crystalline Polymers, ACS Symposium Series 435, eds. R. A. Weiss and C. K. Ober. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1990, p. 16.
235. Frazer, A. H., US Patent No. 4 226 970, 1980.
236. Vriesema, B. K. and Miniaci, F., US Patent No. 4 876 327, 1989.
237. Frosini, V., Levita, G., Landis, J. and Woodward, A. W., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Edn., 1977, 15, 239.
238. Jin, J.-I., Kang, C.-S., Lee, I.-H. and Yun, Y.-K., Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 2664.
239. Bhowmik, P. K. and Han, H., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1994, 35 (2), 611.
240. Han, H. and Bhowmik, P. K., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 1994, 35 (2), 613.
241. Duran, D., Ballauff, M., Wenzel, M. and Wegner, G., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 2897.
242. Sinta, R., Minns, R. A., Gaudiana, R. A. and Rogers, H. G., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Edn., 1987, 25, 11.
243. Polk, M. B., Bota, K. B., Akubuiro, E. C. and Phingbodhipakkiya, M., Macromolecules, 1981, 14, 1626.
244. Polk, M. B., Bota, K. B., Nandu, M., Phingbodhipakkiya, M. and Edeogu, C., Macromolecules, 1984, 17, 129.
245. Ogata, N., Sanui, K., Zao, A., Watanabe, M. and Hanaoka, T., Polym. J., 1988, 20, 529.
246. Greiner, A., Rochefort, W. F., Greiner, K., Schmidt, H.-W. and Pearson, D. S., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1992, 13, 25.
247. Lin, J., Sherrington, D. C., Nield, E. and Richards, R. W., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 7107.
248. Lin, J., Sherrington, D. C., Nield, E. and Richards, R. W., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 7113.
249. Preston, J., Angew. Makromol. Chem., 1982, 109/110, 1.
250. Kwolek, S. L., Morgan, P. W. and Schaefgen, J. R., in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 9, 2nd edn, eds. H. F. Marks and J. I. Kroschwitz. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1988, p. 1.
251. Vollbracht, L., in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Vol. 5, eds. G. Allen and J. C. Bevington. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989, p. 375.
252. Northolt, M. G. and Sikkema, D. J., Adv. Polym. Sci., 1991, 98, 115.
253. Lin, J. and Sherrington, D. C., Adv. Polym. Sci., 1994, 111, 177.