Geothermal energy from the earth: Its potential impact as an environmentally sustainable resource

Annual Review of Energy and the Environment

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 305-356

  Mock, John E ^a   Tester, Jefferson W ^a   Wright, P Michael ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

District heating; Drilling; Electricity generation; Geothermal energy; Heat pumps; Renewable energy

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; COSTS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRILLING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOSSIL FUELS; GEOTHERMAL PROSPECTING; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS;

DISTRICT HEATING; ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE;

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY;

EID: 0031339051     PISSN: 10563466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.22.1.305     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Brown LR, Flavin C, Postel S. 1990. Picturing a Sustainable Society: State of the World, A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. New York/London: Norton. 17pp.
2. Gore A. 1993. Earth in the Balance-Ecology and the Human Spirit. New York: Penguin Group. 408 pp.
3. McLeod JT. 1995. Sustainable management of geothermal resources - a New Zealand scenario. Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. 1995, 1:569-73. Florence: Int. Geotherm. Assoc.
4. Serageldin I, Steer A, eds. 1994. Making development sustainable - from concepts to action. Environmentally Sustainable Dev. Occas. Pap. No. 2. Washington, DC: World Bank. 40 pp.
5. Nelson RH. 1995. Sustainability and God: economic values of the sustainability debate. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26:135-34
6. Herzog HJ, Drake EH. 1994. Carbon dioxide recovery and disposal from large energy systems. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 21:145-66
7. Brundtland Commission. 1987. Our Common Future: World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission). New York: Oxford Univ. Press
8. Schmidheiny S. 1992. Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective on Development and Environment. Bus. Counc. Sustainable Dev., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
9. Wright PM. 1995. The sustainability of production from geothermal resources. Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. 1995, 4:2825-36. Florence: Int. Geotherm. Assoc.
10. Rowley JC. 1982. Worldwide geothermal resources. See Ref. 57, pp. 44-176
11. Armstead HCH, Tester JW. 1987. Heat Mining. London: E & FN Spon. 478 pp.
12. Kozloff KL, Dower RC. 1993. A New Power Base - Renewable Energy Policies for the Nineties and Beyond. Washington, DC: World Resour. Inst. 196 pp.
13. Armstead HCH. 1983. Geothermal Energy. London: E & FN Spon. 404 pp. 2nd ed.
14. DiPippo R. 1980. Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity. Washington, DC: US Gov. Print. Off. 370 pp.
15. Duchane D. 1994. Geothermal energy. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 12:512-39. New York: Wiley
16. Kruger P, Otte C. 1972. Geothermal Energy Resources, Production, Stimulation. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press. 360 pp.
17. Geo-Heat Center. 1988. Geothermal direct use developments in the United States. GHC Tech. Rep., Oregon Inst. Technol., Klamath Falls, OR
18. Lienau PJ, Lunis BC, eds. 1991. Geothermal Direct Use Engineering and Design Guidebook. Klamath Falls, OR: Oregon Inst. Technol. Geo-Heat Cent. 445 pp.
19. Lienau PJ, Lund JW, Culver GG. 1995. Geothermal direct use in the United States update: 1990-1994. GHC Q. Bull. 16 (No. 2):1-6
20. Bloomquist G. 1991. Regulatory and commercial aspects. See Ref. 18, pp. 395-435
21. Wright PM. 1991. Exploration for direct heat resources. See Ref. 18, pp. 55-98
22. Rafferty K. 1994. Greenhouse heating equipment selection spreadsheet. GWC Q. Bull. 16(No. 1):12-15
23. Rafferty K. 1994. A spreadsheet for geothermal direct use cost evaluation. GHC Tech. Rep., Geo-Heat Cent., Oregon Inst. Technol., Klamath Falls, OR
24. Lienau PJ, Ross HP, Wright PM. 1995. Low-temperature resource assessment. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 19:63-68
25. Lienau PJ, Ross HP. 1996. Low-temperature resource assessment program. Final Rep., Geo-Heat Cent., Oregon Inst. Technol., Klamath Falls, OR
26. Reed MJ, ed. 1983. Assessment of low-temperature geothermal resources of the United States - 1982. US Geol. Surv. Circ. 892. 73 pp.
27. Rafferty K. 1996. A capital cost comparison of commercial ground-source heat pump systems. Proc. Geotherm. Prog. Rev. 14th , ed. AJ Jelacic, pp. 261-65. Washington, DC: DOE
28. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. 1995. Geothermal Heating, Cooling, and Water Healing Systems. Stillwater, OK: IGSHPA
29. Pratsch LW. 1995. Geothermal: a household word by the year 2000. Presented at Int. Energy Environ. Congr. Assoc. Energy Eng., Richmond, VA
30. L'Ecuyer ML, Zoi C, Hoffman J. 1993. Space conditioning: the next frontier, EPA Rep. 430-R-93-004, Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC
31. Keller JG. 1977. Heat pumps: primer for use with low-temperature geothermal resources. INEL Rep. GP-118. Idaho Natl. Eng. Lab., Idaho Falls
32. Bloomquist RG. 1981. Proc. Low Temperature Utilization, Heat Pump Applications, District Heating. WAONG-81-05. Olympia, WA: Washington State Energy Off.
33. Painter J. 1984. Warm-water well cuts power costs. Public Power Jan./Feb:34-35
34. The Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. 1995. National Earth Comfort Program: Technology, Elements, Goals, and Objectives. Washington, DC: GHPC
35. Brook CA, Mariner RH, Mabey DR, Swanson JR, Guffanti M, Muffler LPJ. 1979. Hydrothermal convection systems with reservoir temperatures > = 90°C. See Ref. 88, pp.
36. Wright PM. 1991. Exploration potential for new hydrothermal resources for electrical power generation in the 48 contiguous states. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 15:217-28
37. Wright PM. 1996. IEA Task V - sustainability of geothermal energy utilization. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 20:271-72
38. Tester JW. 1982. Energy conversion and economic issues for geothermal energy. See Ref. 57, pp.
39. Meidav T, Pigott J. 1994. The impact of geothermal energy development on employment. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 18:55-60
40. US Dep. Energy/Energy Information Admin. 1995. Renewable Energy Annual - 1995. DOE/EIA-0603(95). Washington, DC: US DOE/EIA. 158pp.
41. Geothermal Energy Association. 1995. Geothermal Energy - Clean, Sustainable Energy for the Benefit of Mankind and the Environment. Brochure. Washington, DC: GEA. 6 pp.
42. US Dep. Energy/Energy Information Admin. 1996. Emissions in Greenhouse Gases in the United States - 1995. DOE/EIA-0603(95). Washington, DC: DOE/EIA. 140pp.
43. Goddard WB, Goddard CB, McClain DW. 1989. Future air quality maintenance and improvements through the expanded use of geothermal energy. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 13:27-32
44. Goddard WB, Goddard CB. 1990. Energy fuel sources and their contribution to recent global air pollution trends. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 14:643-49
45. Enedy SL, Enedy KL, Maney J. 1991. Reservoir response to injection in the Southeast Geysers. In Monograph on the Geysers Geothermal Field. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Spec. Rep. No. 17, pp. 211-19
46. Voge E, Koenig B, Smith BJS, Enedy S, Beall JJ, et al. 1994. Initial findings of The Geysers Unit 18 cooperative injection project. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 18:353-57
47. Pruess K, Enedy S. 1993. Numerical modeling of injection experiments at The Geysers. Proc. 18th Workshop Geotherm. Reservoir Eng., pp. 63-67. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 26-28 Jan., 1996
48. Dellinger M. 1996. Turning community wastes into sustainable geothermal energy - the S.E. Geysers effluent pipeline project. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 20:205-8
49. Geothermal Energy Association. 1993. Geothermal Energy in Developing Countries - Opportunities for Export of U.S. Goods and Services. Brochure. Washington, DC: Natl. Geotherm. Assoc. 4 pp.
50. Ehara S, Fujimitsu Y. 1995. The nature and occurrence of geothermal resources in Japan - a review. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 19:311-16
51. Muffler LJP, Gaffanti M, eds. 1978. Assessment of geothermal resources in the United States. US Geol. Surv. Circ. 790
52. Sass JH. 1996. Hot dry rock and the U.S. Geological Survey: a question of priorities. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Bull. 25(8):313-15
53. US Geological Survey. 1993. Potential of hot-dry-rock geothermal energy in the eastern United States. USGS Open File Rep. 93-377, USGS, Washington, DC
54. Brown LA, Kane H, Ayres E. 1993. Geothermal power gains. Vital Signs 1993 99:54-55
55. Huttrer GW. 1995. The status of world geothermal power production 1990-1994. Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. 1995. Florence. Taupo, New Zealand: Int. Geotherm. Assoc.
56. DiPippo R. 1995. Geothermal electric power production in the United States: a survey and update for 1990-1994. Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. 1995, Florence. Taupo, New Zealand: Int. Geotherm. Assoc.
57. Edwards LM, Chilingar GV, Rieke HH III, Fertl WH, eds. 1982. Handbook of Geothermal Energy. Houston: Gulf. 613 pp.
58. Wright PM. 1996. Overview of business considerations for geothermal projects in developing countries. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 20: 551-53
59. Knapp GM. 1996. Business and financial issues for international power projects. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 20: 529-50
60. Tester JW, Brown DW, Potter RM. 1989. Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy - A New Energy Agenda for the 21st Century. LA-11514-MS. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Natl. Lab.
61. Nadis S, MacKenzie JJ. 1993. Car Trouble. Washington, DC: World Resour. Inst.
62. Kruger P, Fioravanti MD. 1995. Excess baseload geothermal electricity for production of hydrogen. Presented at Int. Hydrogen Clean Energy Symp. '95, Tokyo
63. Salisbury DF. 1995. Kruger revives notion of hydrogen economy. Stanford Rep. 28th. No. 18, p. 1
64. Stucki S. 1991. The cost of electrolytic hydrogen from off-peak power. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 16(7):461-67
65. Braun GW, Suchard A, Martin J. 1991. Hydrogen and electricity as carriers of solar and wind energy for the 1990s and beyond. Solar Energy Mater. 24:62-75
66. Jonsson VK. 1992. Feasibility of using geothermal energy in hydrogen production. Geothermics 21(5/6):673-81
67. st WE-NET Int. Workshop, Tokyo
68. Duchane D, Brown DW, Albright J, Fehler M, Dash Z, et al. 1991-1993. Long-term flow-test operating plan and preliminary results in the phase II hot dry rock reservoir, Fenton Hill, NM. Memoranda and Draft Rep., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM
69. Sato Y, Ishibashi K. 1994. Technology developments in the Japanese HDR project at Hijiori. Trans. Geotherm. Resour. Counc.
70. Sato Y, Ishibashi K, Yamaguchi T. 1995. Status of Japanese HDR project at Hijiori. Proc. World Geotherm. Congr. 1995. Florence Taupo, New Zealand: Int. Geotherm. Assoc.
71. Kappelmeyer O, et al. 1991. European HDR Project at Soultz-sous-Forets General Presentation. Geotherm. Sci. Technol. 2(4):263-89
72. Batchelor AS. 1984. Hot dry rock geothermal exploitation in the United Kingdom. Mod. Geol. 9:1-41
73. Batchelor AS. 1987. Development of hot dry rock systems in the UK. IEE Proc. A 134(5):371-80
74. Parker R. 1989. Hot dry rock geothermal energy research at the Camborne School of Mines. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Bull. 18(9):3-7
75. Duchane D. 1991. International programs in hot dry rock technology development. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Bull. May:135-42
76. Tester JW, Herzog HJ. 1990. Economic Predictions for Heat Mining: A Review and Analysis of Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Geothermal Energy Technol. MIT-EL-90-001. MIT Energy Lab., Cambridge, MA
77. Tester JW, Herzog HJ. 1991. The economics of heat mining: an analysis of design options and performance requirements for hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal power systems. Energy Syst. Policy 25:33-63
78. Tester JW, Herzog HJ, Chen Z, Potter RM, Frank MG. 1994. Prospects for universal i geothermal energy from heat mining. Sci. Glob. Secur. 5:99-121
79. Herzog HJ, Tester JW, Frank MG. 1997. Economic analysis of heat mining. Energy Sources 19:19-33
80. RTZ Consultants Limited. 1991. Conceptual Design Study for a Hot Dry Rock Geothermal System. ETSU G 153. Harwell, UK: Dep. Energy
81. Colp J. 1982. Sandia Natl. Lab. Rep. SAND 82-2377, Sandia Natl. Lab., Albuquerque, NM
82. Gerlach TM. 1982. Analysis of magmathermal conversion of biomass to gaseous fuel. Sandia Natl. Lab. Rep. SAND 82-0031, Sandia Natl. Lab., Albuquerque, NM
83. Finger TJ. 1992. Proc. Geotherm. Progr. Rev. 10th, pp. 127-28. Washington, DC: DOE
84. Crewdson RA, Martin WF, Taylor DL, Bakhtar K. 1991. An evaluation of technology and economics of extracting energy from magma resources for electric power generation. Rep. Mine Dev. Eng. Co., Bakersfield, CA
85. Beeland GV. 1986. A decade of geothermal development in the United States. GRC Bull. 15(8):27-33
86. Negus-de Wys J. 1992. Geopresssured-geothermal energy: the untapped resource. INEL Rep. BP633-0792. Idaho Natl. Eng. Lab, Idaho Falls
87. Lombard DB, Goldsberry FL. 1988. Geopressured brine well tests. Geotherm. Sci. Technol. 1(3):225-51
88. Muffler LJ, ed. 1979. Assessment of geothermal resources of the United States. US Geol. Surv. Circ. 790. Washington, DC: USGS
89. Wallace RH, Kraemer TF, Taylor RE, Wesselman JB. 1979. Assessment of geopressured-geothermal resources in the northern Gulf of Mexico basin. See Ref. 88, pp. 132-55
90. US Dep. Energy. 1991. Geothermal energy program overview. DOE Rep. No. DOE-CH 10093-95
91. Mock JE, ed. 1992. Proceedings geothermal energy and the utility market, San Francisco. DOE Rep. CONF/920378, Dep. Energy, Washington, DC
92. Eaton BA, Featherston CR, Meahl TE. 1992. Geothermal well operations and automation in a competitive market. See Ref. 91, pp. 169-75
93. Negus-de Wys J. 1992. Technology transfer, reaching the market for geopressured-geothermal resources. See Ref. 91, pp. 187-90
94. Campbell RG, Hattar MM. 1991. Design and operation of a geopressured-geothermal hybrid cycle power plant. Holt Rep. 30008, Ben Holt Co., Pasadena, CA
95. Negus-de Wys J, ed. 1990. Proc. Indus. Consortium Utilization Geopressured-Geothermal Resour., Vol. 2. Idaho Falls, ID: Idaho Natl. Eng, Lab.
96. Tester JW, Holgate HR. 1993. Supercritical water oxidation technology: a review of process development and fundamental research. In Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management, ed. DW Tedder, FG Pohland. ACS Symp. Ser. 518, Ch 3. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
97. Evans J. 1989. Supercritical oxidation. Energy Stud. 14(4). Austin, TX: Univ. Texas, Cent. Energy Stud.
98. Deuten JM. 1993. Foreword. See Ref. 101, p. iii
99. Cambel AB, Mock JE. 1995. Expediting technology transfer with multimedia. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 48:1-5
100. Mock JE. 1990. Lessons learned from successful R&D cooperative agreements. Presented at Stevenson-Wydler 10 Years Later, Fed. Lab. Fall Meet., Atlanta
101. Mock JE, Kenkeremath DC, Janis FT. 1993. Moving R&D to the Marketplace: A Guidebook for Technology Transfer Managers. Washington, DC: DOE
102. Falcone S. 1995. Technology transfer impact profiles. UNM Rep. AM 3455, Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque
103. Schochet DN, Mock JE. 1994. How the Department of Energy loan guaranty program paved the way for the growth of the geothermal industries. Geotherm. Resour. Counc. Bull. Sept./Oct:297-302
104. Mock JE. 1994. Over 20 years of transfer of DOE/industry geothermal technology developments enhance the nation's ability to meet environmental goals. Presented at DOE 12th Annu. Geotherm. Prog. Rev., San Francisco
105. Dellinger M. 1996. Turning community wastes into sustainable energy. Presented at DOE 14th Annu. Geothermal Prog. Rev., Berkeley, CA
106. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1993. Office of Utility Technologies success stories. DOE Rep. 92001193, Natl. Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO
107. Sandia National Lab. 1996. FY97 Geothermal R&D Program Plan. SNL Rep., Sandia Natl. Lab., Albuquerque, NM. 225 pp.
108. Mock JE, Beeland GV. 1992. U.S. Department of Energy support of growth in industrial use of geothermal energy. Geothermics 11:939-46
109. US Dep. Energy. 1993. The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, DC: USDOE
110. US Dep. Energy. 1993. Preface. See Ref. 109
111. US Dep. Energy. 1993. See Ref. 109, p. 5
112. Wright PM. 1994. A study of the geothermal industry's R&D priorities. Trans Geotherm. Resour. Counc. 18:139-48
113. Wright PM. 1996. Geothermal energy R&D - investment in America's future: statement of the geothermal energy association. Presented before Subcomm. Energy Water Dev., Comm. Appropr., US House Represent., Feb. 29. 5 pp.
114. NADET. 1993.A Proposed National Program for Advanced Drilling and Excavation Technologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Energy Lab.