Conductivity variation induced by solvent swelling of an elastomer-carbon black-graphite composite

Journal of Applied Polymer Science

Volumn 66, Issue 12, 1997, Pages 2221-2232

  Marquez, Alfredo ^a   Uribe, Jorge ^a   Cruz, Ricardo ^a  

^a CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE YUCATÁN   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Composite; Electric; Polymeric; Solvents; Swelling

Indexed keywords

CARBON BLACK; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS; GASOLINE; ORGANIC SOLVENTS; PERCOLATION (FLUIDS); POLYBUTADIENES; SEPARATION; SWELLING;

EFFECTIVE MEDIA PERCOLATION APPROACH;

GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS;

EID: 0031332296     PISSN: 00218995     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19971219)66:12<2221::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-I     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. M. C. Lonergan, E. J. Severin, B. J. Doleman, S.A. Beaber, R. H. Grubbs, and N. S. Lewis, Chem. Mater., 8, 2298 (1996).
2. B. Lundberg and B. Sundqvist, J. Appl. Phys., 60, 1074 (1986).
3. T. Kudo, U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,995 (1995).
4. Y. Ijiri, T. Kudo, and Y. Shiraiwa, US Pat. No. 1,173,684 (1992).
5. J. Akiba, U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,527 (1990).
6. A. Marquez, U.S. Pat. No. 5, 288,458 (1994).
7. K. Sherman, L. Middenman, and S. Jacobs, Polym. Eng. Sci., 23, 36 (1983).
8. M. Blaszkiewcz, D. McLachlang, and R. E. Newnham, Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 421 (1992).
9. F. Lux, Polym. Eng. Sci., 33, 334 (1993).
10. R. Zalllen, in The Physics of Amorphous Solids, Wiley, New York, 1983, and references therein.
11. S. Kirpatrick, Rev. Mod. Phys., 45, 574 (1973).
12. J. Jansen, J. Appl. Phys., 46, 966 (1975).
13. G. E. Pike and C. H. Seager, Phys. Rev., 10, 1421 (1974).
14. G. E. Pike and C. H. Seager, Phys. Rev., B10, 1435 (1974).
15. F. S. Clarke, J. W. Orton, and J. Guest, Phys. Rev., 18, 1814 (1978).
16. X. Quan, J. Polym. Sci. B, Polym. Phys., 25, 1557 (1987).
17. S. Etemand, X. Quan, and N. A. Sanders, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48, 607 (1986).
18. J. I. Yamaki, O. Maeda, and Y. Kayayama, Rev. Elec. Commun. Lab., 26, 616 (1978).
19. S. M. Aharoni, J. Appl. Phys., 43, 2463 (1972).
20. J. Gurland, Trans. Met, Soc. AIME, 236, 642 (1966).
21. R. M. Scasbrick, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 6, 2098 (1973).
22. F. Buech, J. Appl. Phys., 43, 4837 (1972).
23. T. A. Ezqierra, M. Kulescza, C. Santa Cruz, and F. J. Balta Calleja, Adv. Mater., 2, 597 (1990).
24. L. Benguigui, J. Yacubowicz, and M. Narkis, J. Polym. Sci. B, Polym. Phys., 25, 127 (1987).
25. S. Reich, J. Mater. Sci., 22, 3391 (1987).
26. J. Yacubowicz and M. Narkis, Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, 1568 (1986).
27. A. Andreatta, S. Tokito, P. Smith, and A. J. Heeger, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 189, 169 (1990).
28. A. Andreatta, A. J. Heeger, and P. Smith, Polym. Commun., 31, 275 (1990).
29. S. Hotta, S. D. D. V. Rughooputh, and A. J. Heeger, Synth. Met., 22, 79 (1987).
30. M. Aldissi, Synth. Met., 13, 87 (1986).
31. M. Sumita, K. Sakata, S. Asai, K. Miyasaka, and H. Nakagawa, Polym. Bull., 25, 265 (1991).
32. M. Sumita, S. Asai, K. Miyadera, E. Jojima, and K. Miyasaka, Coll. Polym. Sci., 264, 212 (1986).
33. M. Sumita, H. Abe, H. Kayaki, and K. Miyasaka, J. Macromol. Sci. Phys., B25, 171 (1986).
34. K. Miyasaka, K. Watanabe, E. Jojima, H. Aida, M. Sumita, and K. Ishikawa, J. Mater. Sci., 17, 1610 (1982).
35. B. Wessling, Synth. Met., 28, C849 (1989).
36. B. Wessling, H. Volk, W. R. Mathew, and V. G. Kulkarni, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 160, 205 (1988).
37. B. Wessling, Synth. Met., 27, A83 (1988).
38. B. Wessling, G.B. Pat. 8901424.5 (1988).
39. B. Wessling and H. Volk, Synth. Met., 18, 671 (1987).
40. B. Wessling, Makromol. Chem, 185, 1265 (1984).
41. B. Wessling and H. Voke, Synth. Met., 15, 183 (1986).
42. B. Wessling, in Electronic Properties of Polymers, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988, p. 407.
43. B. Wessling, Kunststoffe, 80, 323 (1990).
44. S. Radhakrishnan, Polym. Commun., 26, 153 (1985).
45. T. Slupkowski, Phys. Status Solids, A83, 329 (1984).
46. C. Rajagopal and M. Satyam, J. Appl. Phys., 49, 5536 (1978).
47. A. Malliaris and D. T. Turner, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 614 (1971).
48. S. K. Bhattacharya and A. C. D. Chaklader, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 19, 21 (1982).
49. K. Yoshida, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 59, 4087 (1990).
50. F. M. Fowkes, Ind. Eng. Chem., 56, 40 (1964).
51. R. L. McCullough, Comp. Sci. Technol., 22, 3 (1985).
52. M. A. Berger and R. L. McCullough, Comp. Sci. Technol., 22, 81 (1985).
53. B. Schulz, High Temp. High Press., 13, 649 (1981).
54. G. Ondracek, Metall., 36, 523 (1982).
55. G. Ondracek, Metall., 36, 1288 (1982).
56. G. Ondracek, Metall., 37, 1016 (1983).
57. I. E. Nielsen, Ind. Engng. Chem. Fund., 13, 17 (1974).
58. S. Ahmed and F. R. Jones, J. Mater. Sci., 25, 4933 (1990).
59. S. Tokito, P. Smith, and J. Heeger, Synth. Met., 36, 183 (1990).
60. D. M. Bigg, J. Rheol., 28, 501 (1984).
61. J. R. Harbour and M. J. Walzak, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 119, 150 (1987).
62. K. H. Möbius, Kunststoffe, 78, 53 (1988).
63. J. M. Machado, F. E. Karasz, and R. W. Lenz, Polymer, 29, 1412 (1988).
64. T. A. Ezquerra, R. K. Bayer, and F. J. Balta Calleja, J. Mater. Sci., 23, 4121 (1990).
65. K. A. Mazich, M. A. Samus, P. C. Killgoar, Jr., and H. K. Plummer, J. Rubber Chem. Tehcnol., 59, 623 (1986).
66. M. Y. Boluk and H. P. Schreiber, Polym. Compos., 10, 215 (1989).
67. A. Vidal and J. B. Donnet, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 75, 201 (1987).
68. T. A. Ezquerra, R. K. Bayer, and F. J. Balta Calleja, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 23, 4121 (1988).
69. J. Martinez Salazar, R. K. Bayer, T. A. Ezquerral, and F. J. Balta Calleja, Colloid Polym. Sci., 267, 409 (1989).
70. M. E. Galvin and G. E. Wnek, J. Polym. Sci., Chem. Ed., 21, 2727 (1983).
71. L. Watanabe, K. Hong, and F. Rubner, Langumir, 6, 1164 (1990).
72. B. D. Malhorta, S. Gosh, and R. Chandra, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 40, 1049 (1990).
73. J. R. Harbour, M. J. Walzak, and R. P. Veregin, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 138, 380 (1990).
74. L. Nicodemo, L. Nicolais, and E. Scafora, Polym. Eng. Sci. Len., 18, 293 (1978).
75. T. Noguchi, K. Gotoh, Y. Yamaguchi, and S. Deki, J. Mater. Sci., Len., 10, 477 (1991).
76. G. Geuskens, E. Dekezel, S. Blacher, and F. Brouers, Eur. Polym. J., 27, 1261 (1991).
77. J. Crank, in The Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford Science Publications, Uxbrigde, 1986.
78. K. L. Tan, B. T. G. Tan, S. H. Khor, K. G. Neoh, and E. T. Kang, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 52, 673 (1991).
79. K. Sichel and G. Sheng, in Carbon Black-Polymer Composites, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1993.
80. J. Simmons, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 1793 (1963).
81. P. Sheng, E. K. Sichel, and J. I. Gittleman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 40, 1197 (1978).
82. E. K. Sichel, J. I. Gittleman, and P. Sheng, Phys. Rev., B18, 5712 (1978).
83. A. Medalia, Rubber Chem. Technol., 59, 432 (1985).
84. C. G'sell and A. Marquez-Lucero, Polymer, 34, 2740 (1993).
85. J. Uribe, Chemical Engineering Thesis, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (1995).
86. D. J. Sommers, Tecnical Report S-39, Cabot Corporation, 125 High Street, Massachusetts 02120, 1994.
87. F. Lux, J. Mater. Sci., 28, 285 (1993).
88. A. Abo-hashem, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 45, 1733 (1992).
89. M. Narkis, A. Ram, and Z. Stein, Polym. Eng. Sci., 21, 1049 (1981).
90. Y. S. Touloukian, Ed., in Thermal Expansion-Non-Metallic Solids, Thermophysical Properties of Matter, vol. 13, Plenum Press, New York, 1977.
91. H. Barth, Mod. Plast. Encycl., 53, 10A (1976).
92. H. Tang, Z. Y. Liu, J. H. Piao, X. F. Chen, Y. X. Liu, and S. H. Li, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 51, 1159 (1994).
93. P. Bengtsson, J. Kubát, C. Klason, and D. McQueen, Polym. Eng. Sci., 33, 573 (1993).
94. P. Beadle and S. Armes, Macromolecules, 25, 2526 (1992).
95. B. Tieke and W. Gabriel, Polymer, 31, 20 (1990).
96. B. Lee, Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 36 (1992).
97. R. Crossman, Polym. Eng. Sci., 25, 507 (1985).
98. A. Sarkan, Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 305 (1992).
99. I. Chmutin, S. Letyagin, and A. Ponomarenko, Polym. Sci., 36, 576 (1994).
100. S. Asai. K. Sakata, M. Sumita, and K. Miyasaka, Polym. J., 24, 415 (1992).
101. A. Braton, CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and other Cohesion Parameters, CRC Pres Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1983.