Terrorism and democracy within one country: The case of Italy

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 98-108

  Eubank, William L ^a   Weinberg, Leonard B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031325336     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559708427390     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. William Lee Eubank and Leonard Weinberg, 'Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.417-35
2. See for example, Martha Crenshaw (ed.). Terrorism in Context (University Park, PA: Penn State UP 1995) pp.445-69.
3. Christopher Hewitt, 'Some Skeptical Comments on Large Cross-National Studies', TPV 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.439-41; Todd Sandier, 'On the Relationship between Democracy and Terrorism', TPV 7/4 (Winter 1995) pp.1-9.
4. Christopher Hewitt, 'Some Skeptical Comments on Large Cross-National Studies', TPV 6/4 (Winter 1994) pp.439-41; Todd Sandier, 'On the Relationship between Democracy and Terrorism', TPV 7/4 (Winter 1995) pp.1-9.
5. See, for example, Donatella della Porta and Maurizio Rossi, Cifre crudelli (Bologna: Istituto Cattaneo 1984) pp.11-39.
6. Cited in Leonard Weinberg and William Eubank, The Rise and Fall of Italian Terrorism (Boulder, CO: Westview 1987) p.5.
7. See, for example, F.L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (Turin: Einaudi 1966); Manlio Cancogni, Gli Squadristi (Milan: Longanesi 1980); Angelo Tasca, The Rise of Italian Fascism (NY: Howard Fertig 1966).
8. See, for example, F.L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (Turin: Einaudi 1966); Manlio Cancogni, Gli Squadristi (Milan: Longanesi 1980); Angelo Tasca, The Rise of Italian Fascism (NY: Howard Fertig 1966).
9. See, for example, F.L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (Turin: Einaudi 1966); Manlio Cancogni, Gli Squadristi (Milan: Longanesi 1980); Angelo Tasca, The Rise of Italian Fascism (NY: Howard Fertig 1966).
10. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: PUP 1993); see also Robert Putnam, Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Nanetti and Franco Pavoncello, 'Explaining Institutional Success: The Case of Italian Regional Government', American Political Science Review 77/1 (1983) pp.55-74
11. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: PUP 1993); see also Robert Putnam, Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Nanetti and Franco Pavoncello, 'Explaining Institutional Success: The Case of Italian Regional Government', American Political Science Review 77/1 (1983) pp.55-74
12. See for example, Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy (London: Penguin 1990) pp.327-8.
13. Putnam, Making Democracy Work (note 7); Putnam et al., 'Explaining Institutional Success' (note 7).
14. Putnam, Making Democracy Work (note 7); Putnam et al., 'Explaining Institutional Success' (note 7).
15. For an argument that Putnam's account of Italian history, particularly the South's, is seriously flawed see, Filippo Sabetti, 'Path Dependency and Civic Culture: Some Lessons from Italy About Interpreting Social Experiments', Politics and Society 24/1 (1996) pp.19-44. See also. Sidney Tarrow, 'Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time', American Political Science Review 90/2 (1996) pp.389-97.
16. For an argument that Putnam's account of Italian history, particularly the South's, is seriously flawed see, Filippo Sabetti, 'Path Dependency and Civic Culture: Some Lessons from Italy About Interpreting Social Experiments', Politics and Society 24/1 (1996) pp.19-44. See also. Sidney Tarrow, 'Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time', American Political Science Review 90/2 (1996) pp.389-97.
17. See Renzo De Felice, Mussolini il fascista: La conquista del potere, 1921-1925 (Turin: Einaudi editore 1966) pp.36-9.
18. Ibid., pp.8-11.
19. Mauro Galleni (ed.). Rapporto Sul Terrorismo: Le stragi, gli agguati, i sequestri, le sigle 1969-1980 (Milan: Rizzoli 1981) p.118.
20. We also used Pearson's r to correlate these measures. The results are not presented in the tables. Had they been, the r's in Table 1 would corroborate the results of the Spearman rho and the interpretation in the text. There would have been, however a disparity in the results for Table 2. First, the magnitude of the r's would be greatly reduced and second, all save the correlation betwen deaths and fourteenth century republicanism and civic traditions (1860-1920) were marginally or non-significant. The reason for this result lies in the data. In only a few regions are there large numbers of contemporary terrorist incidents. In two cases, deaths and woundings, seven and eleven regions respectively have zero incidents, and there is a grouping of regions into those with very high numbers of incidents and those with a low but non-zero number. The same, except for the large number of zero incidents, is the case for attacks and violence. Thus there is a case of heteroscedasticity of variance. In other words, the components of each measure's variance are isolated at different points in the range. This distorts the effects of outliers (extreme scores). It is precisely this sort of measurement difficulty that summaries based on ranks and orders are designed to deal with. Thus the similarity of the results in the two tables. .In all cases of Pearson's r the signs of the measures are negative, thus supporting the interpretation of Table 2. 15. See for example, Albert Szymanski, 'Fascism, Industrialism and Socialism', Comparative Studies in Society and History 15/4 (1973) pp.395-404.