Leaderless resistance

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 80-95

  Kaplan, Jeffrey ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031318725     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559708427417     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Ehud Sprinzak, 'Right-Wing Terrorism in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Delegitimation', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 7/1 (Spring 1995) pp.17-43. The essay is reprinted in Tore Bjørgo (ed.), Terror from the Extreme Right (London: Frank Cass 1995).
2. Ehud Sprinzak, 'Right-Wing Terrorism in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Delegitimation', Terrorism and Political Violence (hereafter TPV) 7/1 (Spring 1995) pp.17-43. The essay is reprinted in Tore Bjørgo (ed.), Terror from the Extreme Right (London: Frank Cass 1995).
3. This theory is best articulated by the author of the most influential tract on leaderless resistance, Louis R. Beam, Jr. See Louis R. Beam, 'Revolutionary Majorities', e-text available from the Aryan Crusader's Library 〈http://www.io.com/-wlp/aryan-page〉. The original essay was published in Beam's On Revolutionary Majorities', Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert 4(1984).
4. This theory is best articulated by the author of the most influential tract on leaderless resistance, Louis R. Beam, Jr. See Louis R. Beam, 'Revolutionary Majorities', e-text available from the Aryan Crusader's Library 〈http://www.io.com/-wlp/aryan-page〉. The original essay was published in Beam's On Revolutionary Majorities', Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert 4(1984).
5. A good flavor of the era's NS agitprop may be found in The Best of Attack!: Revolutionary Voice of the National Alliance (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books 1984, 1992), which features the work of the erstwhile propagandist of George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party, William Pierce. For the best of the era's histrionic style, see George Lincoln Rockwell, This Time the World (Arlington, VA: Parliament House 1963); and idem., White Power (n.p.: 1967, 1977). The latter volume offers pictorial evidence of the 'decline of Western civilization'.
6. A good flavor of the era's NS agitprop may be found in The Best of Attack!: Revolutionary Voice of the National Alliance (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books 1984, 1992), which features the work of the erstwhile propagandist of George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party, William Pierce. For the best of the era's histrionic style, see George Lincoln Rockwell, This Time the World (Arlington, VA: Parliament House 1963); and idem., White Power (n.p.: 1967, 1977). The latter volume offers pictorial evidence of the 'decline of Western civilization'.
7. A good flavor of the era's NS agitprop may be found in The Best of Attack!: Revolutionary Voice of the National Alliance (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books 1984, 1992), which features the work of the erstwhile propagandist of George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party, William Pierce. For the best of the era's histrionic style, see George Lincoln Rockwell, This Time the World (Arlington, VA: Parliament House 1963); and idem., White Power (n.p.: 1967, 1977). The latter volume offers pictorial evidence of the 'decline of Western civilization'.
8. George Lincoln Rockwell, This Time the World (note 3), p.193.
9. Interview with James Mason, 28 Nov. 1996.
10. Ibid.
11. On the meeting, and for reprints of Tommasi's writings, see James Mason, Siege (Denver, CO: Storm Books 1992). On the formation of thė NSLF, letter from James Mason, 16 Dec. 1996.
12. Letter from James Mason, 16 Dec. 1996. Mason was responding to the suggestion that this core/peripheral membership was at the root of differing claims by Tommasi of the level that NSLF support was either more than 40 or only 4.
13. One such contribution is provided by the special double issue of the NSLF's newsletter which offered a 'how to' manual for those seeking to organize their own NS combatant organizations. See Karl Hand, 'Special Double Issue: How to Organize a Local Unit', National Socialist Observer (Feb. & March 1985) pp.1-12.
14. James Mason, Siege (note 7), p. 104. Interview with James Mason, 28 Nov. 1996.
15. Interview with R.N. Taylor, 11 June 1997. Even today, however, Taylor does not completely discount the utility of the leaderless resistance concept, given the unlikely possibility that the right person may emerge to carry on the fight: As for its [leaderless resistance's] effect on 'demonstrating resistance-however doomed it might appear'. This might be the case, and perhaps the only case in which something effective would be accomplished. It brings to mind the Catalan, Francisco Sabater, who conducted a one-man guerrilla war against Franco's government, for decades. He became something of a mythic Robin Hood figure in Spain. I'm sure his activities and the publicity generated by them, helped to serve as a sort of torch or beacon... What made Sabater the legend he was? I'm sure it was based on his daring, his determination and flair. He wasn't a madman, he wasn't a pervert - he was an idealistic patriot and nationalist of the highest order. So, if someone like that were to conduct some one man war, it might well capture the popular imagination. But nothing less than that.
16. On the Order, see Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood (New York: Signet 1990). On the movement's suspicion of the Order as a federal government sting operation see Rick Cooper, 'Warning', NSV Report (July/Sept. 1984) p.6. Too late. Cooper would realize his mistake and publish a eulogy to the Order. See NSV Report (April/June 1985) pp.1-5.
17. On the Order, see Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood (New York: Signet 1990). On the movement's suspicion of the Order as a federal government sting operation see Rick Cooper, 'Warning', NSV Report (July/Sept. 1984) p.6. Too late. Cooper would realize his mistake and publish a eulogy to the Order. See NSV Report (April/June 1985) pp.1-5.
18. On the Order, see Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood (New York: Signet 1990). On the movement's suspicion of the Order as a federal government sting operation see Rick Cooper, 'Warning', NSV Report (July/Sept. 1984) p.6. Too late. Cooper would realize his mistake and publish a eulogy to the Order. See NSV Report (April/June 1985) pp.1-5.
19. Robert Miles, From the Mountain (March-April 1987-March-April 1988). The Ft. Smith coverage filled all the issues in the given months.
20. Jess Walter, Every Knee Shall Bow: The Truth and Tragedy of Ruby Ridge and Randy Weaver Family (New York: Regan Books 1995).
21. Stuart Wright (ed.), Armageddon at Waco (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 1995).
22. Pete Peters, Special Report on the Meeting of Christian Men Held in Estes Park, Colorado October 23, 24, 25, 1992 Concerning the Killing of Vickie and Samuel Weaver by the United States Government (Laporte, CO: Scriptures for America, n.d.).
23. All of these texts are considered in a more general context in Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press 1997).
24. Andrew Macdonald [William Pierce], The Turner Diaries (Arlington, VA: National Vanguard Books 1978). Such is the influence of this text that CNN broadcast an interview with Pierce on 1 June 1997, and offered an interactive forum with the author on its web site on the same day.
25. Andrew Macdonald [William Pierce], Hunter (Arlington, VA: National Vanguard Books 1989).
26. Franklin is currently serving a life term in Utah for the murder of two mixed race couples. He is suspected of several more racially motivated murders. A former member of the NSWPP, Franklin was apparently much affected by the 1969 Mobilization against the War in Vietnam and, breaking with the conservative majority of the NSWPP, single-handedly attacked the New Mobe headquarters with gas bombs. For a laudatory review of Franklin's life and works, see James Mason, Siege (note 7), pp. 194-9. Mason helpfully includes an entire section on the movement's lone wolves in this text.
27. Andrew Macdonald [William Pierce], Hunter (note 19), p.259.
28. Richard Kelly Hoskins, Vigilantes of Christendom (Lynchburg, VA: Virginia Publishing Co. 1990). For a discussion of the importance of this text to the world of the radical right, see my review in Syzygy 1/3 (Summer 1992).
29. Richard Kelly Hoskins, Vigilantes of Christendom (Lynchburg, VA: Virginia Publishing Co. 1990). For a discussion of the importance of this text to the world of the radical right, see my review in Syzygy 1/3 (Summer 1992).
30. Ibid., front cover.
31. In the rescue world, Paul Hill, currently on death row in Florida for killing an abortionist and his bodyguard, cites the example of Phineas to justify his act. See Paul J. Hill, 'Should We Defend Born and Unborn Children With Force?' Prayer + Action Weekly News 28, e-text, no page numbers . For a case in Spokane, Wahington, that suggests some Identity/rescue cross-over, see Nicholas K. Geranios, 'Three Bomb Suspects Nabbed', Associated Press, 10 Oct. 1996; and James Brook, 'Arrests Add to Idaho's Reputation as Supremacists' Haven', New York Times, 27 Oct. 1996.
32. In the rescue world, Paul Hill, currently on death row in Florida for killing an abortionist and his bodyguard, cites the example of Phineas to justify his act. See Paul J. Hill, 'Should We Defend Born and Unborn Children With Force?' Prayer + Action Weekly News 28, e-text, no page numbers . For a case in Spokane, Wahington, that suggests some Identity/rescue cross-over, see Nicholas K. Geranios, 'Three Bomb Suspects Nabbed', Associated Press, 10 Oct. 1996; and James Brook, 'Arrests Add to Idaho's Reputation as Supremacists' Haven', New York Times, 27 Oct. 1996.
33. In the rescue world, Paul Hill, currently on death row in Florida for killing an abortionist and his bodyguard, cites the example of Phineas to justify his act. See Paul J. Hill, 'Should We Defend Born and Unborn Children With Force?' Prayer + Action Weekly News 28, e-text, no page numbers . For a case in Spokane, Wahington, that suggests some Identity/rescue cross-over, see Nicholas K. Geranios, 'Three Bomb Suspects Nabbed', Associated Press, 10 Oct. 1996; and James Brook, 'Arrests Add to Idaho's Reputation as Supremacists' Haven', New York Times, 27 Oct. 1996.
34. Beam's writings are both voluminous and engaging. For his early analysis of the ZOG discourse, see his untitled article, Louis Beam, The Seditionist 1 (Winter 1988). On his earlier attempts to bring the Ku Klux Klan into what he called the 'Fifth Era', see John C. Calhoun and Louis R. Beam, 'The Perfected Order of the Klan', Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert 5 (1984), the letters cited had no page numbers. On computers, see idem., 'Computers and Patriots', The Seditionist 10 (Summer 1991) p.8.
35. Beam's writings are both voluminous and engaging. For his early analysis of the ZOG discourse, see his untitled article, Louis Beam, The Seditionist 1 (Winter 1988). On his earlier attempts to bring the Ku Klux Klan into what he called the 'Fifth Era', see John C. Calhoun and Louis R. Beam, 'The Perfected Order of the Klan', Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert 5 (1984), the letters cited had no page numbers. On computers, see idem., 'Computers and Patriots', The Seditionist 10 (Summer 1991) p.8.
36. Beam's writings are both voluminous and engaging. For his early analysis of the ZOG discourse, see his untitled article, Louis Beam, The Seditionist 1 (Winter 1988). On his earlier attempts to bring the Ku Klux Klan into what he called the 'Fifth Era', see John C. Calhoun and Louis R. Beam, 'The Perfected Order of the Klan', Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert 5 (1984), the letters cited had no page numbers. On computers, see idem., 'Computers and Patriots', The Seditionist 10 (Summer 1991) p.8.
37. Louis R. Beam, 'Leaderless Resistance', The Seditionist 12 (Feb. 1992). Beam's text is available today through a number of web sites.
38. Louis R. Beam, 'Leaderless Resistance'.
39. Ibid.
40. David Lane, 'Wotan Is Coming', WAR (April 1993), e-text, no page numbers. Cf. Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America (note 17), pp.95-6.
41. David Lane, 'Wotan Is Coming', WAR (April 1993), e-text, no page numbers. Cf. Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America (note 17), pp.95-6.
42. This material was made available to potential witnesses for the defense in the penalty phase of the McVeigh trial. All references below are to these documents.
43. This is drawn from a fragment of an essay printed by the Keystone Second Amendment Association of Curwensville, PA. McVeigh writes on page 47 of the piece 'Read all - start here, just "catch up" - subject Waco'.