The Effect of Reportable and Unreportable Hints on Anagram Solution and the Aha! Experience

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 545-573

  Bowden, Edward M ^a  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBLEM SOLVING; TIME;

ADULT; AWARENESS; HUMANS; PROBLEM SOLVING; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0031306952     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1997.0325     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Bargh J. A., Pietromonaco P. Automatic information processing and social perception: The influence of trait information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 43:1982;437-444.
2. Bornstein R. F., Leone D. R., Galley D. J. The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 53:1987;1070-1079.
3. Bowden E. M. Information access in problem solving: Constraints on search in the problem space. Memory & Cognition. 13:1985;280-286.
4. E. M. Bowden, May, 1986, The role of unconscious information in insight.
5. E. M. Bowden, April, 1990, Insight in the solution of anagrams.
6. Bowers K. S., Regehr G., Balthazard C., Parker K. Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive Psychology. 22:1990;72-110.
7. Brown A. L., Kane M. J. Preschool children can learn to transfer: Learning to learn and learning from example. Cognitive Psychology. 20:1988;493-523.
8. Catrambone R., Holyoak K. J. Overcoming contextual limitations on problem-solving transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 15:1989;1147-1156.
9. Cermak L. S., Talbot N., Chandler K., Wolbarst L. R. The perceptual priming phenomenon in amnesia. Neuropsychologia. 23:1985;615-622.
10. Cheesman J., Merikle P. M. Word recognition and consciousness. Reading research. 1985;Academic Press, New York. p. 311-352.
11. Davidson J. E. The suddenness of insight. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;125-155 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
12. Dawson M. E., Schell A. M. Electrodermal responses to attended and nonattended significant stimuli during dichotic listening. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 8:1982;315-324.
13. Dominowski R. L. Comment on an examination of the alleged role of 'fixation' in the solution of 'insight' problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 110:1981;199-203.
14. Dominowski R. L., Dallob P. Insight and problem solving. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;33-62 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
15. Dorfman J., Shames V. A., Kilhstrom J. F. Intuition, incubation, and insight: implicit cognition in problem solving. Underwood G. Implicit cognition. 1996;257-296 The Oxford University Press, Oxford.
16. Doyle J. R. Detectionless processing with semantic activation? A footnote to Greenwald, Klinger, and Liu (1989). Memory & Cognition. 18:1990;428-429.
17. Duncker K. On problem solving. Psychological Monographs. 58:1945.
18. Eich J. E. Memory for unattended events: Remembering with and without awareness. Cognition. 12:1984;105-111.
19. Ellen P. Direction, past experience, and hints in creative problem solving: Reply to Weisberg and Alba. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 111:1982;316-325.
20. Fink T. E., Weisberg R. W. The role of phonemic information in the solution of anagrams. Memory & Cognition. 9:1981;402-410.
21. Forster K. I., Davis C. Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 10:1984;680-698.
22. Fowler C. A., Wolford G., Slade R., Tassinary L. Lexical access with and without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 110:1981;341-362.
23. Gentner D. The mechanisms of analogical learning. Vosniadou S., Ortony A. Similarity and analogical reasoning. 1989;199-241 Cambridge University Press, New York.
24. Gick M. L., Holyoak K. J. Analogical problem solving. Cognitive Psychology. 12:1980;306-355.
25. Gick M. L., Lockhart R. S. Cognitive and affective components of insight. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;197-228 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
26. Graf P., Schacter D. L. Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal subjects and amnesic patients. Memory & Cognition. 11:1985;501-518.
27. Graf P., Squire L. R., Mandler G. The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 10:1984;164-178.
28. Greenwald A. G., Klinger M. R., Liu T. J. Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory & Cognition. 17:1989;35-47.
29. Havell J. H., Cooper A., Loiselle R. H. Effect of the number of pre-utilization functions on functional fixedness in problem solving. Psychological Reports. 4:1958;343-350.
30. Holender D. Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 9:1986;1-66.
31. Holyoak K. J., Koh K. Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer. Memory & Cognition. 15:1987;332-340.
32. Isaak M. I., Just M. A. Constraints on thinking in insight and invention. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;281-325 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
33. Kaplan C. A., Simon H. A. In search of insight. Cognitive Psychology. 22:1990;374-419.
34. Kihlstrom J. F., Barnhardt T. M., Tataryn D. J. Implicit perception. Bornstein P. J., Pittman T. S. Perception without awareness. 1992;17-54 Guilford Press, New York.
35. Kohler W. Gestalt psychology. 1947;Liveright, New York.
36. Kohler W. The mentality of apes. 1956;Harcourt Brace, New York.
37. Kohler W. The task of Gestalt psychology. 1969;Princeton University Press, Princeton.
38. Kunst-Wilson W. R., Zajonc R. B. Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science. 207:1980;557-558.
39. Langley P., Jones R. A computational model of scientific insight. Sternberg R. J. The nature of creativity. 1988;171-201 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
40. Luchins A. S. Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. Psychological Monographs. 54:1942.
41. Luchins A. S., Luchins E. H. Rigidity of behavior. 1959;University of Oregon Press, Eugene.
42. MacKay D. Aspects of the theory of comprehension, memory, and attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 25:1973;22-40.
43. Maier N. R. F. Reasoning in humans I: On direction. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 12:1931;181-194.
44. Maier R. N. F. The behavior mechanisms concerned with problem solving. Psychological Review. 47:1940;43-53.
45. Maier R. N. F., Janzen J. C. Functional values as aids and distractors in problem solving. Psychological Reports. 22:1968;1021-1034.
46. Mandler G., Nakamura Y., Van Zandt B. J. Nonspecific effects of exposure on stimuli that cannot be recognized. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 13:1987;646-648.
47. Marcel A. J. Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology. 15:1983;197-237.
48. Medin D. L., Ortony A. Psychological essentialism. Vosniadou S., Ortony A. Similarity and analogical reasoning. 1989;179-195 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
49. Metcalfe J. Feeling of knowing in memory and problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 12:1986a;288-294.
50. Metcalfe J. Premonitions of insight predict impending error. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 12:1986b;623-634.
51. Metcalfe J., Wiebe D. Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving. Memory & Cognition. 15:1987;238-246.
52. Novick L. R. Analogical transfer, problem similarity, and expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 14:1988;510-520.
53. L. R. Novick, Nov. 1994, Parallel processing may underlie expert anagram solution.
54. Ohlsson S. Restructuring revisited: I. Summary and critique of the Gestalt theory of problem solving. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 25:1984a;65-78.
55. Ohlsson S. Restructuring revisited: II. An information processing theory of restructuring and insight. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 25:1984b;117-129.
56. Ohlsson S. Information-processing explanations of insight and related phenomena. Keane M., Gilhooley K. Advances in the psychology of thinking. 1992;1-44 Harvester-Wheatsheaf, London.
57. Olson R., Schwartz R. Single and multiple solution five-letter words. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 2:1967.
58. Owens L. Dichoptic priming effects on ambiguous picture processing. British Journal of Psychology. 76:1985;437-447.
59. Perfetto G. A., Bransford J. D., Franks J. J. Constraints on access in a problem solving context. Memory and Cognition. 11:1983;24-31.
60. Posner M. Cognition. 1973;Scott Foresman and Company, Glenview.
61. Posner M. I., Snyder C. R. R. Attention and cognitive control. Solso R. L. Information processing and cognition. 1974;Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Potomac.
62. M. J. Rattermann, D. Gentner, 1987, Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness.
63. Rees H. J., Israel H. E. An investigation of the establishment and operation of mental sets. Psychometric Monographs. 46:1935.
64. Ross B. This is like that: The use of earlier problems and the separation of similarity effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 13:1987;629-637.
65. Ross B. Distinguishing types of superficial similarity: Different effects on the access and use of earlier problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 15:1989;456-468.
66. Safren M. Associations, sets, and the solution to word problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 64:1962;40-45.
67. Seifert C. M., Meyer D. E., Davidson N., Patalano A. L., Yaniv I. Demystification of cognitive insight: Opportunistic assimilation and the prepared-mind perspective. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;65-124 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
68. Scheerer P. M. Problem solving. Scientific American. 208:1963;118-128.
69. Schneider W., Shiffrin R. M. Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review. 84:1977;1-66.
70. Schooler J. W., Fallshore M., Fiore S. M. Epilouge: Putting insight into perspective. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;559-587 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
71. Schooler J. W., Ohlsson S., Brooks K. Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 122:1993;166-183.
72. Seamon J. G., Brody N., Kauff D. M. Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: Effects of shadowing, masking and cerebral laterality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition. 9:1983;544-555.
73. Schacter D. L., Graf P. Preserved learning in amnesic patients: Perspectives on research from direct priming. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 15:1986;3-12.
74. Schunn C. D., Dunbar K. Priming, analogy, and awareness in complex reasoning. Memory & Cognition. 24:1996;271-284.
75. Shimamura A. P., Squire L. R. Paired associate learning and priming effects in amnesia: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 113:1984;556-570.
76. Simonton D. K. Foresight in insight? A Darwinian answer. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;465-494 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
77. Smith S. M. Getting into and out of mental ruts: A theory of fixation, incubation and insight. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;229-251 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
78. Smith S. M., Blankenship S. E. Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving. American Journal of Psychology. 104:1991;61-87.
79. Spencer R. M., Weisberg R. W. Is analogy sufficient to facilitate transfer during problem solving? Memory and Cognition. 14:1986;442-449.
80. Stein B. S., Way K. R., Benningfield S. E., Hedgecough C. A. Constraints on spontaneous transfer in problem solving tasks. Memory and Cognition. 14:1986;432-441.
81. Sternberg R. J., Lubart T. I. Investing in creativity. American Psychologist. 51:1996;677-688.
82. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The mind of the puzzler. Psychology Today. 16:June, 1982;37-44.
83. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;The MIT Press, Cambridge.
84. Weisberg R., Alba J. An examination of the alleged role of "fixation" in the solution of "insight" problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 110:1981;169-192.
85. Weisberg R. W. Metacognition and insight during problem solving: Comment on Metcalfe. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 18:1992;426-431.
86. Weisberg R. W. Prolegomena to theories of insight problem solving: A taxonomy of problems. Sternberg R. J., Davidson J. E. The nature of insight. 1995;157-196 The MIT Press, Cambridge.
87. Weiskrantz L. Blindsight. 1986;Oxford University Press.
88. Wharton C. M., Holyoak K. J., Downing P. E., Lange T. E., Wickens T. D., Melz E. R. Below the surface: Analogical similarity and retrieval competition in reminding. Cognitive Psychology. 26:1994;64-101.
89. Woodworth R., Schlosberg H. Experimental psychology. 1954;Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
90. Yaniv I., Meyer D. E. Activation and metacognition of inaccessible stored information: Potential bases for incubation effects in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 13:1987;187-205.