The rhetoric of a health technology: The microprocessor patient card

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 865-902

  Godin, Benoît ^a  

^a CENTRE URBANISATION CULTURE SOCIÉTÉ   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANADA; HISTORY; HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM; MANAGEMENT; MEDICAL RECORD; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PATIENT;

AMBULATORY CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS; CANADA; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; MEDICAL RECORDS; PATIENT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS; PATIENTS; TECHNOLOGY, MEDICAL;

EID: 0031301158     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631297027006002     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1959), 70.
2. Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Michel Callon, Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986); Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satellite System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1985).
3. Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Michel Callon, Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986); Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satellite System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1985).
4. Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Michel Callon, Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986); Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satellite System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1985).
5. Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Michel Callon, Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986); Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satellite System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1985).
6. Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Michel Callon, Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986); Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satellite System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1985).
7. Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992); Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Michel Callon, Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986); Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satellite System (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990); MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes, Bucks. & Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1985).
8. Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 2, 3.
9. Callon, Law & Rip (eds), op. cit. note 2; Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers in Society (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press; Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1987).
10. Callon, Law & Rip (eds), op. cit. note 2; Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers in Society (Milton Keynes, Bucks.: Open University Press; Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press, 1987).
11. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
12. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
13. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
14. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
15. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
16. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
17. Jean D. Moss, Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993); Alan G. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Lawrence J. Prelli, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989); Marcello Pera and William R. Shea (eds), Persuading Science: The Art of Scientific Rhetoric (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991); Pera (ed.), trans. Clarissa Botsford, The Discourses of Science (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); John A. Schuster and Richard R. Yeo (eds), The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986); Brian Vickers and Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric and the Pursuit of Truth: Language Change in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
18. Geoffrey Cantor, 'The Rhetoric of Experiment', in David Gooding, Trevor Pinch and Simon Schaffer (eds), The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 159-80; Steven Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); H.M. Collins, Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985; 2nd edn, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992).
19. Geoffrey Cantor, 'The Rhetoric of Experiment', in David Gooding, Trevor Pinch and Simon Schaffer (eds), The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 159-80; Steven Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); H.M. Collins, Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985; 2nd edn, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992).
20. Geoffrey Cantor, 'The Rhetoric of Experiment', in David Gooding, Trevor Pinch and Simon Schaffer (eds), The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 159-80; Steven Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); H.M. Collins, Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985; 2nd edn, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992).
21. Geoffrey Cantor, 'The Rhetoric of Experiment', in David Gooding, Trevor Pinch and Simon Schaffer (eds), The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 159-80; Steven Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); H.M. Collins, Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985; 2nd edn, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1992).
22. J. Law and R.J. Williams, 'Putting Facts Together: A Study of Scientific Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November 1982), 535-58; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Steven Yearley, 'Textual Persuasion: The Role of Social Accounting in the Construction of Scientific Arguments', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 409-35; Peter Dear (ed.), The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument: Historical Studies (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991); Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); G. Nigel Gilbert, 'Referencing as Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1977), 113-22.
23. J. Law and R.J. Williams, 'Putting Facts Together: A Study of Scientific Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November 1982), 535-58; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Steven Yearley, 'Textual Persuasion: The Role of Social Accounting in the Construction of Scientific Arguments', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 409-35; Peter Dear (ed.), The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument: Historical Studies (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991); Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); G. Nigel Gilbert, 'Referencing as Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1977), 113-22.
24. J. Law and R.J. Williams, 'Putting Facts Together: A Study of Scientific Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November 1982), 535-58; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Steven Yearley, 'Textual Persuasion: The Role of Social Accounting in the Construction of Scientific Arguments', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 409-35; Peter Dear (ed.), The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument: Historical Studies (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991); Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); G. Nigel Gilbert, 'Referencing as Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1977), 113-22.
25. J. Law and R.J. Williams, 'Putting Facts Together: A Study of Scientific Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November 1982), 535-58; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Steven Yearley, 'Textual Persuasion: The Role of Social Accounting in the Construction of Scientific Arguments', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 409-35; Peter Dear (ed.), The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument: Historical Studies (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991); Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); G. Nigel Gilbert, 'Referencing as Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1977), 113-22.
26. J. Law and R.J. Williams, 'Putting Facts Together: A Study of Scientific Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November 1982), 535-58; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Steven Yearley, 'Textual Persuasion: The Role of Social Accounting in the Construction of Scientific Arguments', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 409-35; Peter Dear (ed.), The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument: Historical Studies (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991); Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); G. Nigel Gilbert, 'Referencing as Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1977), 113-22.
27. J. Law and R.J. Williams, 'Putting Facts Together: A Study of Scientific Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November 1982), 535-58; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Steven Yearley, 'Textual Persuasion: The Role of Social Accounting in the Construction of Scientific Arguments', Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 11 (1981), 409-35; Peter Dear (ed.), The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument: Historical Studies (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991); Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988); G. Nigel Gilbert, 'Referencing as Persuasion', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1977), 113-22.
28. G.N. Gilbert and Michael Mulkay, Opening Pandora's Box: A Sociological Analysis of Scientists' Discourse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Mulkay, The Word and the World: Explorations in the Form of Sociological Analysis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985); Steve W. Woolgar, 'Writing an Intellectual History of Scientific Development: The Use of Discovery Accounts', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 6, Nos 3/4 (October 1976), 395-422.
29. G.N. Gilbert and Michael Mulkay, Opening Pandora's Box: A Sociological Analysis of Scientists' Discourse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Mulkay, The Word and the World: Explorations in the Form of Sociological Analysis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985); Steve W. Woolgar, 'Writing an Intellectual History of Scientific Development: The Use of Discovery Accounts', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 6, Nos 3/4 (October 1976), 395-422.
30. G.N. Gilbert and Michael Mulkay, Opening Pandora's Box: A Sociological Analysis of Scientists' Discourse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Mulkay, The Word and the World: Explorations in the Form of Sociological Analysis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985); Steve W. Woolgar, 'Writing an Intellectual History of Scientific Development: The Use of Discovery Accounts', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 6, Nos 3/4 (October 1976), 395-422.
31. Michael Lynch and S.W. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge Among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985); D. Gooding, 'Magnetic Curves and the Magnetic Field: Experimentation and Representation in the History of Theory', in Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (eds), op. cit. note 6, 183-223; M. Lynch, 'Disciplines and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1985), 37-66; Michael Ruse and Peter Taylor (eds), 'Special Issue on Pictorial Representation in Biology', Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 6 (1991), 125-294; see also a series of articles in Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 637-727.
32. Michael Lynch and S.W. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge Among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985); D. Gooding, 'Magnetic Curves and the Magnetic Field: Experimentation and Representation in the History of Theory', in Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (eds), op. cit. note 6, 183-223; M. Lynch, 'Disciplines and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1985), 37-66; Michael Ruse and Peter Taylor (eds), 'Special Issue on Pictorial Representation in Biology', Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 6 (1991), 125-294; see also a series of articles in Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 637-727.
33. Michael Lynch and S.W. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge Among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985); D. Gooding, 'Magnetic Curves and the Magnetic Field: Experimentation and Representation in the History of Theory', in Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (eds), op. cit. note 6, 183-223; M. Lynch, 'Disciplines and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1985), 37-66; Michael Ruse and Peter Taylor (eds), 'Special Issue on Pictorial Representation in Biology', Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 6 (1991), 125-294; see also a series of articles in Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 637-727.
34. Michael Lynch and S.W. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge Among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985); D. Gooding, 'Magnetic Curves and the Magnetic Field: Experimentation and Representation in the History of Theory', in Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (eds), op. cit. note 6, 183-223; M. Lynch, 'Disciplines and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1985), 37-66; Michael Ruse and Peter Taylor (eds), 'Special Issue on Pictorial Representation in Biology', Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 6 (1991), 125-294; see also a series of articles in Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 637-727.
35. Michael Lynch and S.W. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge Among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985); D. Gooding, 'Magnetic Curves and the Magnetic Field: Experimentation and Representation in the History of Theory', in Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (eds), op. cit. note 6, 183-223; M. Lynch, 'Disciplines and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1985), 37-66; Michael Ruse and Peter Taylor (eds), 'Special Issue on Pictorial Representation in Biology', Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 6 (1991), 125-294; see also a series of articles in Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 637-727.
36. Michael Lynch and S.W. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988); Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge Among Gentlemanly Specialists (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985); D. Gooding, 'Magnetic Curves and the Magnetic Field: Experimentation and Representation in the History of Theory', in Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (eds), op. cit. note 6, 183-223; M. Lynch, 'Disciplines and the Material Form of Images: An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (February 1985), 37-66; Michael Ruse and Peter Taylor (eds), 'Special Issue on Pictorial Representation in Biology', Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 6 (1991), 125-294; see also a series of articles in Isis, Vol. 84 (1993), 637-727.
37. See, for example, Robert W. Smith, The Space Telescope: A Study of NASA, Science, Technology and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); W. Henry Lambright, 'The Political Construction of Space Satellite Technology', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1994), 47-69.
38. See, for example, Robert W. Smith, The Space Telescope: A Study of NASA, Science, Technology and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); W. Henry Lambright, 'The Political Construction of Space Satellite Technology', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1994), 47-69.
39. Stephen E. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958); Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyleca, La Nouvelle rhétorique: Traité de l'argumentation (Brussels: Éditions de l'université de Bruxelles, 1988), published in English trans. by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver, as The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation (Notre Dame, IN & London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969); Perelman, The New Rhetoric and the Humanities (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979).
40. Stephen E. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958); Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyleca, La Nouvelle rhétorique: Traité de l'argumentation (Brussels: Éditions de l'université de Bruxelles, 1988), published in English trans. by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver, as The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation (Notre Dame, IN & London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969); Perelman, The New Rhetoric and the Humanities (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979).
41. Stephen E. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958); Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyleca, La Nouvelle rhétorique: Traité de l'argumentation (Brussels: Éditions de l'université de Bruxelles, 1988), published in English trans. by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver, as The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation (Notre Dame, IN & London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969); Perelman, The New Rhetoric and the Humanities (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979).
42. Stephen E. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958); Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyleca, La Nouvelle rhétorique: Traité de l'argumentation (Brussels: Éditions de l'université de Bruxelles, 1988), published in English trans. by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver, as The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation (Notre Dame, IN & London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969); Perelman, The New Rhetoric and the Humanities (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979).
43. Thomas M. Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1990).
44. C. Perelman, The Realm of Rhetoric (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982), 12.
45. Perelman & Olbrecht-Tyleca (1969), op. cit. note 11, 66. Since 'preferable' is not an English noun, and 'preferables' does not appear as a word in English translations of Perelman's work, I will use the term 'preferences'.
46. Alban Bouvier, 'La Catégorisation de l'action dans les argumentations politiques', L'Année sociologique, Vol. 44 (1994), 175-207.
47. E. Goffman, Forms of Talk (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981).
48. Goffman, op. cit. note 1; E. Goffman, Interaction Ritual: An Essay on Face-to-Face Behavior (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967).
49. Goffman, op. cit. note 1; E. Goffman, Interaction Ritual: An Essay on Face-to-Face Behavior (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967).
50. A. Bouvier, L'Argumentation philosophique: Étude de sociologie cognitive (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995).
51. John R. Searle, 'A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts', in his Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); John L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).
52. John R. Searle, 'A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts', in his Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); John L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).
53. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); Shapin, 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England', Isis, Vol. 79 (1988), 373-404; Mario Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993). See also Larry R. Stewart. The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Jan V. Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
54. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); Shapin, 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England', Isis, Vol. 79 (1988), 373-404; Mario Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993). See also Larry R. Stewart. The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Jan V. Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
55. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); Shapin, 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England', Isis, Vol. 79 (1988), 373-404; Mario Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993). See also Larry R. Stewart. The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Jan V. Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
56. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); Shapin, 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England', Isis, Vol. 79 (1988), 373-404; Mario Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993). See also Larry R. Stewart. The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Jan V. Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
57. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1994); Shapin, 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England', Isis, Vol. 79 (1988), 373-404; Mario Biagioli, Galileo Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1993). See also Larry R. Stewart. The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Jan V. Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
58. For samples and a survey, see, for example: Charles Bazerman, Craig Waddell, Jeanne Fahnestock, Carolyn R. Miller and Steve Woolgar, 'Symposium: Rhetoricians on the Rhetoric of Science', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter 1989), 3-49; Malcolm Ashmore, Greg Myers and Jonathan Potter, 'Discourse, Rhetoric, Reflexivity: Seven Days in the Library', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1995), 321-42.
59. For samples and a survey, see, for example: Charles Bazerman, Craig Waddell, Jeanne Fahnestock, Carolyn R. Miller and Steve Woolgar, 'Symposium: Rhetoricians on the Rhetoric of Science', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter 1989), 3-49; Malcolm Ashmore, Greg Myers and Jonathan Potter, 'Discourse, Rhetoric, Reflexivity: Seven Days in the Library', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen and Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA, London & New Delhi: Sage, 1995), 321-42.
60. J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Vol. 1 (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1984), 25-26.
61. Adriano Carugo and Alistair C. Crombie, 'Galilée et l'art de la rhétorique', XVIIe siècle, Vol. 163 (1989), 145-66.
62. A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 2.
63. Maurice A. Finocchiaro, Galileo and the Art of Reasoning: Rhetorical Foundations of Logic and Scientific Method (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980); Moss, op. cit. note 5; Pera (ed.), op. cit. note 5.
64. Maurice A. Finocchiaro, Galileo and the Art of Reasoning: Rhetorical Foundations of Logic and Scientific Method (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980); Moss, op. cit. note 5; Pera (ed.), op. cit. note 5.
65. Maurice A. Finocchiaro, Galileo and the Art of Reasoning: Rhetorical Foundations of Logic and Scientific Method (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980); Moss, op. cit. note 5; Pera (ed.), op. cit. note 5.
66. Max Black, Models and Metaphors (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962); Mary B. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966); Paul Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: Seuil, 1975).
67. Max Black, Models and Metaphors (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962); Mary B. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966); Paul Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: Seuil, 1975).
68. Max Black, Models and Metaphors (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962); Mary B. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966); Paul Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: Seuil, 1975).
69. Claudia Wild and Walter Peissl, 'Patient Cards: An Assessment of a New Information Technology in Health Care', Project Appraisal, Vol. 7 (1992), 67-78.
70. Unless we have good reason to do so: see Dudley Shapere, Reason and the Search for Knowledge: Investigations in the Philosophy of Science (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1984).
71. Some exceptions are: J.V. Golinski, 'Utility and Audience in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry: Case Studies of Willam Cullen and Joseph Priestley', British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 21 (1988), 1-31 and, to a lesser extent, T. Pinch, M. Ashmore and M. Mulkay, 'Technology, Testing, Text: Clinical Budgeting in the UK National Health Service', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 2, 265-89.
72. Some exceptions are: J.V. Golinski, 'Utility and Audience in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry: Case Studies of Willam Cullen and Joseph Priestley', British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 21 (1988), 1-31 and, to a lesser extent, T. Pinch, M. Ashmore and M. Mulkay, 'Technology, Testing, Text: Clinical Budgeting in the UK National Health Service', in Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 2, 265-89.
73. Bouvier, op. cit. note 18.
74. Projet Carte Santé: plan préliminaire d'évaluation (Quebec City: équipe d'évaluation du projet carte santé, Université Laval, September 1992).
75. Ibid.
76. Marie-France Maheu, Rapport synthèse d'étude de marché (Quebec City: Université Laval, 1991).
77. Eric Dewailly, Projet pilote d'implantation d'une carte santé (Laval, Québec: DSC du CHUL, 1987).
78. Gouvernement du Québec, Rapport de la Commission d'enquête sur les services de santé et les services sociaux (Quebec City, 1988).
79. Réjeun Cantin, Sylvie Dillard, Jean-Marie Albert, Georges Boileau, Pierre St-George and Jean-Paul Fortin, Carte santé: rapport de mission en France (26 February-2 March 1990).
80. See, for example, Pinch, Ashmore & Mulkay, op. cit. note 29; David H. Flaherty, 'Privacy, Confidentiality, and the Use of Canadian Health Information for Research and Statistics', Canadian Public Administration, Vol. 35 (1992), 75-93.
81. See, for example, Pinch, Ashmore & Mulkay, op. cit. note 29; David H. Flaherty, 'Privacy, Confidentiality, and the Use of Canadian Health Information for Research and Statistics', Canadian Public Administration, Vol. 35 (1992), 75-93.
82. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 3rd edn, 1983); Michael Q. Patton, Utilization-Focused Evaluation (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988); Peter H. Rossi and Howard E. Freeman, Evaluation: A Systematic Approach (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 4th edn, 1989).
83. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 3rd edn, 1983); Michael Q. Patton, Utilization-Focused Evaluation (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988); Peter H. Rossi and Howard E. Freeman, Evaluation: A Systematic Approach (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 4th edn, 1989).
84. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 3rd edn, 1983); Michael Q. Patton, Utilization-Focused Evaluation (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988); Peter H. Rossi and Howard E. Freeman, Evaluation: A Systematic Approach (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 4th edn, 1989).
85. James G. Anderson and Stephen J. Jay (eds), Use and Impact of Computers in Clinical Medicine (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987), especially the paper by Pamela J. Fischer, William C. Stratman, Henry P. Lundsgaarde and David J. Steele, 'User Reaction to PROMIS: Issues Related to Acceptability of Medical Innovations', 284-301.
86. James G. Anderson and Stephen J. Jay (eds), Use and Impact of Computers in Clinical Medicine (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987), especially the paper by Pamela J. Fischer, William C. Stratman, Henry P. Lundsgaarde and David J. Steele, 'User Reaction to PROMIS: Issues Related to Acceptability of Medical Innovations', 284-301.
87. G. Cresson, F. Decroly, T. Lebrun, J.-C. Sailly, J.L. Lanoe and Y. Souteyrand, 'Les cartes à mémoire en France', Revue française des affaires sociales, Vol. 43 (1989), 49-67; R.J. Hopkins and M.S. Hall, Report on the Care Card Trial (Exeter, UK: Exeter University, 1990).
88. G. Cresson, F. Decroly, T. Lebrun, J.-C. Sailly, J.L. Lanoe and Y. Souteyrand, 'Les cartes à mémoire en France', Revue française des affaires sociales, Vol. 43 (1989), 49-67; R.J. Hopkins and M.S. Hall, Report on the Care Card Trial (Exeter, UK: Exeter University, 1990).
89. An Evaluation of the Use of Smart Cards (Willowdale, Ontario: Green Shield Prepaid Services Inc., 1990).
90. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Privacy and Data Protection: Issues and Challenges (Paris: OECD, 1994); Colin J. Bennett, 'Computers, Personal Data, and Theories of Technology: Comparative Approaches to Privacy Protection in the 1990s', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 1991), 51-60.
91. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Privacy and Data Protection: Issues and Challenges (Paris: OECD, 1994); Colin J. Bennett, 'Computers, Personal Data, and Theories of Technology: Comparative Approaches to Privacy Protection in the 1990s', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter 1991), 51-60.
92. Flaherty, op. cit. note 37, 77.
93. The guiding principles would be published in the spring of 1992: Exigences minimales relatives à la sécurité des dossiers informatisés des usagers du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux (Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec, 1992).
94. Yves Gingras, 'Following Scientists through Society? Yes, But at Arm's Length!', in Jed Z. Buchwald (ed.), Scientific Practice: Theories and Stories of Doing Physics (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1995), 123-48; Gingras and Michel Trépanier, 'Constructing a Tokamak: Political, Economic and Technical Factors as Constraints and Resources', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 1 (February 1993), 5-36.
95. Yves Gingras, 'Following Scientists through Society? Yes, But at Arm's Length!', in Jed Z. Buchwald (ed.), Scientific Practice: Theories and Stories of Doing Physics (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1995), 123-48; Gingras and Michel Trépanier, 'Constructing a Tokamak: Political, Economic and Technical Factors as Constraints and Resources', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 1 (February 1993), 5-36.
96. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984); Pierre Bourdieu, Raisons pratiques: esquisse pour une théorie de la raison pratique (Paris: Seuil, 1994); Charles Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 25 (1971), 3-51.
97. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984); Pierre Bourdieu, Raisons pratiques: esquisse pour une théorie de la raison pratique (Paris: Seuil, 1994); Charles Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 25 (1971), 3-51.
98. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984); Pierre Bourdieu, Raisons pratiques: esquisse pour une théorie de la raison pratique (Paris: Seuil, 1994); Charles Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 25 (1971), 3-51.
99. Christopher Freeman, The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2nd edn, 1982); M.A. Maidique and B.J. Zirger, 'The New Product Learning Cycle', Research Policy, Vol. 14 (1985), 299-313; Ronald E. Rice and Everett M. Rogers, 'Reinvention in the Innovation Process', Knowledge, Vol. 1 (1980), 499-514; Eric Von Hippel, The Sources of Innovation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 11-27.
100. Christopher Freeman, The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2nd edn, 1982); M.A. Maidique and B.J. Zirger, 'The New Product Learning Cycle', Research Policy, Vol. 14 (1985), 299-313; Ronald E. Rice and Everett M. Rogers, 'Reinvention in the Innovation Process', Knowledge, Vol. 1 (1980), 499-514; Eric Von Hippel, The Sources of Innovation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 11-27.
101. Christopher Freeman, The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2nd edn, 1982); M.A. Maidique and B.J. Zirger, 'The New Product Learning Cycle', Research Policy, Vol. 14 (1985), 299-313; Ronald E. Rice and Everett M. Rogers, 'Reinvention in the Innovation Process', Knowledge, Vol. 1 (1980), 499-514; Eric Von Hippel, The Sources of Innovation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 11-27.
102. Christopher Freeman, The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2nd edn, 1982); M.A. Maidique and B.J. Zirger, 'The New Product Learning Cycle', Research Policy, Vol. 14 (1985), 299-313; Ronald E. Rice and Everett M. Rogers, 'Reinvention in the Innovation Process', Knowledge, Vol. 1 (1980), 499-514; Eric Von Hippel, The Sources of Innovation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 11-27.
103. Nathan Rosenberg, 'On Technological Expectations', in his Perspectives on Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 104-19.
104. Robert M. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984). For an interesting discussion of the prisoner's dilemma, see Barry Barnes, About Science (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), Chapter 5, 'Thoughts of the Future', esp. 134-37.
105. Robert M. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984). For an interesting discussion of the prisoner's dilemma, see Barry Barnes, About Science (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), Chapter 5, 'Thoughts of the Future', esp. 134-37.
106. Robert M. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984). For an interesting discussion of the prisoner's dilemma, see Barry Barnes, About Science (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), Chapter 5, 'Thoughts of the Future', esp. 134-37.
107. N. Rosenberg, 'Learning by Using', in his Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 120-40.
108. Bijker & Law (eds), op. cit. note 2.
109. Collins, op. cit. note 6.
110. Jean B. Grize, De la logique à l'argumentation (Geneva: Droz, 1982). This is not very different from the work of Shapin and Biagioli on etiquette and gentlemanliness.
111. Glenn C. Loury, 'Self-Censorship in Public Discourse', Rationality and Society, Vol. 6 (1994), 428-61, at 436.
112. Gingras, op. cit. note 45.
113. Golinski, op. cit. note 29. This duality is not without ambivalence, however: see J.V. Golinski, 'A Noble Spectacle: Phosphorus and the Public Culture of Science in the Early Royal Society', Isis, Vol. 80 (1989), 11-39.
114. Golinski, op. cit. note 29. This duality is not without ambivalence, however: see J.V. Golinski, 'A Noble Spectacle: Phosphorus and the Public Culture of Science in the Early Royal Society', Isis, Vol. 80 (1989), 11-39.
115. Philip Kitcher, 'Persuasion', in Pera (ed.), op. cit. note 5, 3-27; M. Pera, 'The Role and Value of Rhetoric in Science', in ibid., 29-54; Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyleca (1988), op. cit. note 11, 40-44.
116. Philip Kitcher, 'Persuasion', in Pera (ed.), op. cit. note 5, 3-27; M. Pera, 'The Role and Value of Rhetoric in Science', in ibid., 29-54; Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyleca (1988), op. cit. note 11, 40-44.
117. Philip Kitcher, 'Persuasion', in Pera (ed.), op. cit. note 5, 3-27; M. Pera, 'The Role and Value of Rhetoric in Science', in ibid., 29-54; Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyleca (1988), op. cit. note 11, 40-44.
118. M. Mulkay, 'The Rhetoric of Hope and Fear in the Great Embryo Debate', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 4 (November 1993), 721-42. This rhetoric is also studied in the literature under the rubric of 'optimism and pessimism'. For a particularly good study of polarities, see Geoffrey E.R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy: Two Types of Argumentation in Early Greek Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971).
119. M. Mulkay, 'The Rhetoric of Hope and Fear in the Great Embryo Debate', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 4 (November 1993), 721-42. This rhetoric is also studied in the literature under the rubric of 'optimism and pessimism'. For a particularly good study of polarities, see Geoffrey E.R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy: Two Types of Argumentation in Early Greek Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971).
120. James R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); Joseph J. Corn, Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Daniel Crevier, A1: The Tumultuous History (New York: Basic Books, 1993); Jennifer D. Slack and Fred Fejes (eds), The Ideology of the Information Age (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987).
121. James R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); Joseph J. Corn, Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Daniel Crevier, A1: The Tumultuous History (New York: Basic Books, 1993); Jennifer D. Slack and Fred Fejes (eds), The Ideology of the Information Age (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987).
122. James R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); Joseph J. Corn, Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Daniel Crevier, A1: The Tumultuous History (New York: Basic Books, 1993); Jennifer D. Slack and Fred Fejes (eds), The Ideology of the Information Age (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987).
123. James R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); Joseph J. Corn, Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Daniel Crevier, A1: The Tumultuous History (New York: Basic Books, 1993); Jennifer D. Slack and Fred Fejes (eds), The Ideology of the Information Age (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987).
124. Rob Kling, 'Computerization and Social Transformations', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Summer 1992), 342-67, at 354.
125. J.R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 20. This book offers a very good criticism of the rhetoric of studies in cognitive science, particularly of their assumptions on Cartesian dualism.
126. '[L]es efforts pour trouver dans la logique proprement linguistique des différentes formes d'argumentation, de rhétorique et de stylistique le principe de leur efficacité symbolique sont voués à l'échec aussi longtemps qu'elles n'établissent pas la relation entre les propriétés du discours, les propriétés de celui qui les prononce et les propriétés de l'institution qui l'autorise à les prononcer': P. Bourdieu, Ce que parler veut dire: l'économie des échanges linguistiques (Paris: Fayard, 1982), 109-11.