Health evaluation of free-ranging and hand-reared macaws (Ara spp.) in Peru

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 368-377

  Karesh, William B ^a   Del Campo, Alvaro ^b   Braselton, W Emmett ^c   Puche, Helena ^a   Cook, Robert A ^a  

^a WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

^b Proyecto Psitácidos ^*  (Peru)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Disease; Hematology; Macaw; Psittacine herpesvirus; Salmonella; Serology

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; ENZYME; METAL; VIRUS ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; ARTICLE; BIRD DISEASE; BLOOD; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD EXAMINATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; HEALTH STATUS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; PARASITOLOGY; PERU; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PSITTACINE; WILD ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; ANIMALS, WILD; ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; BIRD DISEASES; BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; COHORT STUDIES; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; ENZYMES; HEALTH STATUS; HEMATOLOGIC TESTS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; METALS; PARASITIC DISEASES, ANIMAL; PERU; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PSITTACIFORMES;

EID: 0031298261     PISSN: 10427260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. Bennett, G. F., A. A. Aguirre, and R. S. Cook. 1991. Blood parasites of some birds from northeastern Mexico. J. Parasitol. 77: 38-41.
2. Brand, C. J. 1987. Duck plague. In: Friend, M. (ed.). Field Guide to Wildlife Diseases, vol. 1. General Field Procedures and Diseases of Migratory Birds. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Pp. 117-127.
3. Calle, P. P., and C. A. Stewart. 1987. Hematologic and serum chemistry values of captive hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). J. Zoo Anim. Med. 18: 98-99.
4. Clubb, S. L., R. M. Schubot, K. Joyner, J. G. Zinkl, S. Wolf, J. Escobar, and M. B. Kabbur. 1991. Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals in juvenile macaws (Ara sp. [sic]). J. Assoc. Avian Vet. 5: 154-162.
5. Cooper, J. E. 1993. Historical survey of disease in birds. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24: 256-264.
6. Dein, F. J., A. Wilson, D. Fischer, and J. Langenberg. 1994. Avian leucocyte counting using the hemocytometer. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 25: 432-437.
7. Friend, M. (ed.). 1987. Field Guide to Wildlife Diseases, vol. 1. General Field Procedures and Diseases of Migratory Birds. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
8. Gabaldon, A., G. Ulloa, and A. Gomez de Montcourt. 1975. Encuesta sobre malaria aviaria en Venezuela: resultados del segundo año. Bol. Dir. Malariol. Sancamiento Ambiental 15: 73-92.
9. Gerlach, H. 1986. Viral diseases. In: Harrison, G. J., and L. R. Harrison (eds.). Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pp. 408-433.
10. Gerlach, H. 1994. Bacteria. In: Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison (eds.), Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida. Pp. 949-983.
11. Gerlach, H. 1994. Viruses. In: Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison (eds.). Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida. Pp. 862-948.
12. Gilardi, K. V. K., L. J. Lowenstine, J. D. Gilardi, and C. A. Munn. 1995. A survey for viral, chlamydial and parasitic diseases in wild dusky-headed parakeets (Aratinga weddellii) and tui parakeets (Brotogeris sanctithomae) in Peru. J. Wildl. Dis. 31: 523-528.
13. Grazyck, T. K., M. R. Cranfield, J. J. Brossy, J. F. Cockrem, P. Jouventin, and P. J. Seddon. 1995. Detection of avian malaria infections in wild and captive penguins. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 62: 135-141.
14. Greiner, E. C., and B. W. Ritchie. 1994. Parasites. In: Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison (eds.), Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida. Pp. 1007-1029.
15. Harrison, G. J., and L. R. Harrison (eds.). 1986. Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
16. Hochleithner, M. 1994. Biochemistries. In: Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison (eds.). Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida. Pp. 221-245.
17. Holmes, J. C. 1982. Impact of infectious disease agents on the population growth and geographical distribution of animals. In: Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May (eds.). Population Biology of Infectious Diseases. Dahlem Konferenzen. Springer Verlag, New York, New York. Pp. 37-51.
18. Howe, F. P. 1992. Effects of Protocalliphora brauri (Diptera: Calliphoridae) parasitism and inclement weather on nestling sage thrashers. J. Wildl. Dis. 28: 141-143.
19. Karesh, W. B., and R. A. Cook. 1995. Application of veterinary medicine to in situ conservation efforts. Oryx 29: 244-252.
20. Nycander v. M. E., D. H. Blanco Z., K. M. Holle F., A. del Campo, C. A. Munn, J. L. Moscoso G., and D. G. Ricalde R. 1995. Nesting success and techniques for increasing reproduction in wild macaws in southeastern Peru. In: Abramson, J., J. B. Thomsen, and B. Speer (eds.). The Large Macaws: Their Care, Breeding, and Conservation. Raintree Publications, Fort Bragg, California. Pp. 426-430.
21. Phalen, D. N., V. G. Wilson, and D. L. Graham. 1993. Organ distribution of avian polyomavirus DNA and virus-neutralizing antibody titers in healthy adult budgerigars. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54: 2040-2047.
22. Ramis, A., N. Majó, M. Pumarola, D. Fonevila, and L. Ferrer. 1994. Herpesvirus hepatitis in two eagles in Spain. Avian Dis. 38: 197-200.
23. Raphael, B. L. 1980. Hematology and blood chemistries of macaws. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 1980: 97-98.
24. Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison (eds.). 1994. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida.
25. Sokol, R. R., and F. J. Rolf. 1981. Biometry, The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, New York.
26. Spalding, M. G., and D. J. Forrester. 1993. Disease monitoring of free-ranging and released wildlife. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24: 271-280.
27. Spencer, E. L. 1991. Common infectious diseases of psittacine birds seen in practice. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 21: 1213-1230.
28. Stowe, H. D., W. E. Braselton, J. B. Kaneene, and M. Slanker. 1985. Multielement assays of bovine tissue specimens by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46: 561-565.
29. Stroud, R. K., and M. Friend. 1987. Avian salmonellosis. In: Friend, M. (ed.). Field Guide to Wildlife Diseases, vol. 1. General Field Procedures and Diseases of Migratory Birds. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Pp. 101-106.
30. White, E. M., E. C. Greiner, G. F. Bennet, and C. M. Herman. 1978. Distribution of the hematozoa of neotropical birds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 26: 43-102.