Strategy for survival: The Cold War and Hong Kong's policy towards Kuomintang and Chinese communist activities in the 1950s

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 294-317

  Tsang, Steve ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0031287835     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539708583002     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Mao Tse-tung, Mao Tse-tung Hsuan-chi (Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung), IV (Peking, 1970), 1362.
2. Rhodes House Library (Oxford), Arthur Creech Jones Papers, Box 57, File 1, Cabinet paper CP(49)177, 19 Aug. 1949.
3. FO 371/75873, F7961/1192/10g, Commonwealth Relations Office to High Commissioners, top secret and personal 407 to Canberra (other numbers to other High Commissions), 27 May 1949. Unless otherwise stated, all numbers of British documents are those of telegrams.
4. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary (New York and London, 1983), 673.
5. Feng Zhong-ping, The British Government's China Policy 1945-1950 (Keele, 1994), 120. The description "Berlin of the East' was in fact used publicly by the British in the early 1950s though it might have been seen as provocative in Peking. Governor Grantham, for example, repeatedly used it as a title when he lectured about Hong Kong in the United States. Alexander Grantham, Via Ports: From Hong Kong to Hong Kong (Hong Kong, 1965), 171.
6. Feng Zhong-ping, The British Government's China Policy 1945-1950 (Keele, 1994), 120. The description "Berlin of the East' was in fact used publicly by the British in the early 1950s though it might have been seen as provocative in Peking. Governor Grantham, for example, repeatedly used it as a title when he lectured about Hong Kong in the United States. Alexander Grantham, Via Ports: From Hong Kong to Hong Kong (Hong Kong, 1965), 171.
7. Nancy Tucker, Uncertain Friendships: Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States, 1945-1992 (New York, 1994), 201.
8. Christopher Rand, Hong Kong: The Island Between (New York, 1952), 9. Rand ignored the fact that Hong Kong itself was a Crown Colony that did not enjoy democracy.
9. Tucker, Uncertain Friendships, 202.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Peter G. Boyle (ed.), The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955 (Chapel Hill and London, 1990), 210.
13. Keven Ruane, '"Containing America": Aspects of British Foreign Policy and the Cold War in South-East Asia', Diplomacy & Statecraft, 7,1 (1996), 142.
14. CAB 129/69, C(54)250, 22 July 1954.
15. Martin Gilbert, Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill 1949-1965 (London, 1988), 994.
16. Michael Dockrill, 'Britain and the First Chinese Off-Shore Islands Crisis, 1954-55', in Michael Dockrill and J.W. Young (eds.), British Foreign Policy, 1945-56 (Basingstoke, 1989), 184-6.
17. Boyle, The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 204.
18. Truman Library (Independence), Harry S. Truman Archives, Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 257, CIA Reports - ORE 1949, ORE78-49 of 4 Oct. 1949, 2.
19. Qiang Zhai, The Dragon, the Lion, and the Eagle: Chinese-British-American Relations, 1949-1958 (Kent, Ohio, 1994), 83. See also Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 253, NIEs, 'NIE-10 Communist China', 17 Jan. 1951.
20. Qiang Zhai, The Dragon, the Lion, and the Eagle: Chinese-British-American Relations, 1949-1958 (Kent, Ohio, 1994), 83. See also Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 253, NIEs, 'NIE-10 Communist China', 17 Jan. 1951.
21. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 206, [NSC] Meeting 47, 20 Oct. 1949, 'NSC55/2 A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretary of Defence', 17 Oct. 1949.
22. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 206, NSC Meeting 47, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense, 15 July 1949.
23. Ibid., NSC Meeting 47, Memorandum for the Executive Secretary NSC, 17 Oct. 1949.
24. For an example of such a policy statement, see Eisenhower Library, David D. Eisenhower Archives, Eisenhower Papers, White House Office: Special Assistant to NSC: Policy Papers Box 21, NSC5717, US Policy on Hong Kong, 17 July 1957.
25. Eisenhower Papers, White House Office: Special Assistant to NSC: Policy Papers Box 21, NSC 5717, Operations Coordination Board's Report on Hong Kong (NSC 5717), 24 June 1959.
26. Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York, 1990), 503.
27. Eisenhower Papers, White House Office: Special Assistance to NSC: Policy Papers Box 28, NSC6007/1-HK, 'US Policy on Hong Kong (NSC6007/1)', 11 June 1960, 2.
28. Grantham, Via Ports, 171. Grantham's view is another factor which has led Tucker to the conclusion that there was an American undertaking to assist in the defence of Hong Kong.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Michael Y.M. Kau and John K. Leung (eds.), The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976: Volume I September 1949 - December 1955 (Armonk, NY, 1986), 98.
32. CO 537/5310, Colonial Political Intelligence Summary no.11 (1950), 18-9. Chiang Kaishek had both before and after the PRC intervention offered to send 33,000 troops to fight the Communists in Korea but was turned down by the UN.
33. Hung Hsieh-chi, K'ang-meiyuan-ch'ao chan-cheng hui-i (Recollections of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea) (Peking, 1990), 2 and 29. Both the 13th Army which was the first Chinese units to enter the Korean War and the 15th Army which was the garrison in Kwangtung were part of the 4th Field Army that conquered Canton in 1949. The 4th Field Army was rated 'the best trained and equipped' Chinese force by United States military intelligence. MacArthur Library, Douglas MacArthur Papers, RE-6: FECOM, Intelligence, Order of Battle, Chinese Communist Fourth Field Army, 7 Nov. 1950.
34. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 164, Truman-Attlee Talks Dec. 1950 folder 2, Minutes of first meeting on 4 Dec. 1950, 4.
35. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 161, China Lobby, paper entitled 'Chinese Nationalists', undated, early 1951; and Harry Truman, Memoirs of Harry S. Truman 1946-52: Years of Trial and Hope (New York, 1956), 415-16.
36. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 161, China Lobby, paper entitled 'Chinese Nationalists', undated, early 1951; and Harry Truman, Memoirs of Harry S. Truman 1946-52: Years of Trial and Hope (New York, 1956), 415-16.
37. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 164, Truman-Attlee Talks Dec. 1950 folder 2, Minutes of first meeting on 4 Dec. 1950, 5.
38. Truman Papers, President's Secretary's Files Box 211 (NSC Files), Meeting 82 of 1 Feb. 1951, NSC93 dated 12 Dec. 1950, 8.
39. Mao Tse-tung, Chien-kuo yi-lai Mao Tse-tung wen-kao (The Writings of Mao Tse-tung since the founding of the [People's] Republic) VI (Peking, 1992), 142-3.
40. Steve Tsang, 'Unwitting Partners: Relations between Britain and Taiwan (1950-58)', East Asian History, 1 (1994), 113-4.
41. CO 1030/596, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 130, 3 March 1959.
42. CO 1030/430, Hong Kong to London no.70, 24 Jan. 1958.
43. For the British Government's assessment of Hong Kong as a smaller colony, see Steve Tsang, Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China, and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1945-1952 (Hong Kong, 1988), 119-24.
44. For an example of Hong Kong's efforts to minimize control from London, in this case, over its finances, see Steve Tsang (ed.), A Documentary History of Hong Kong: Government and Politics (Hong Kong, 1995), 146-7.
45. CO 1030/430, Hong Kong to London no.70, 24 Jan. 1958.
46. CO 129/283, J.H. Stewart Lockhart (Colonial Secretary) to Sun Yat-sen, letter of 4 Oct. 1897.
47. CO 129/401, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, confidential dispatch of 2 May 1913.
48. For details see Po-yin S. Chung, 'Chinese Business Groups in Hong Kong and Political Changes in South China (1900s-1920s)', (Oxford University D.Phil, thesis, 1995); and Norman Miners, 'From Nationalistic Confrontation to Regional Collaboration: China-Hong Kong-Britain, 1926-41', in M.K. Chan (ed.), Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain, 1842-1992 (Hong Kong, 1994), 59-70.
49. For details see Po-yin S. Chung, 'Chinese Business Groups in Hong Kong and Political Changes in South China (1900s-1920s)', (Oxford University D.Phil, thesis, 1995); and Norman Miners, 'From Nationalistic Confrontation to Regional Collaboration: China-Hong Kong-Britain, 1926-41', in M.K. Chan (ed.), Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain, 1842-1992 (Hong Kong, 1994), 59-70.
50. CAB 129/35, CP(49)120, 23 May 1949.
51. Ibid.
52. Waichiaopu (Foreign Ministry) Archives (Taipei), Waichiaopu 305, Enclosure to Head of Kuomintang Propaganda Department to Foreign Minister, letter of 20 Aug. 1947. Unless otherwise specified, all translations of Waichiaopu documents are mine.
53. FO 371/75779, F124/1016/10, enclosure to C.B.B. Heathcote-Smith (Hong Kong Government) to L.H. Lamb (Nanking Embassy), letter of 2 Dec. 1948 (confidential memo by H.C. Bough).
54. Ibid.
55. For Britain's recognition of the PRC, see James Tang, Britain's Encounter with Revolutionary China, 1949-54 (London, 1992), 31-68, and Zhong-ping Feng, op.cit., 111-34.
56. For Britain's recognition of the PRC, see James Tang, Britain's Encounter with Revolutionary China, 1949-54 (London, 1992), 31-68, and Zhong-ping Feng, op.cit., 111-34.
57. For a summary account of the long list of measures taken by the Hong Kong Government in anticipation of a Communist victory in China, see CO 537/4847, Enclosure to Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 31, 17 Oct. 1949.
58. For Taiwan's military preparedness, see Steve Tsang, 'Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang's Policy to Reconquer the Chinese Mainland, 1949-1958', in Steve Tsang (ed.), In the Shadow of China: Political Developments in Taiwan since 1949 (London, 1993), particularly 58-9.
59. CO 537/5628, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.230, 5 March 1950.
60. For a detailed account of the whole incident, see Tseng Jui-sang (Steve Tsang), 'Liang-Hang shih-chien nei-mu (The inside story of the two airlines incident)', in Lu Yen, et al (eds.), Hsiang-kang chang-ku (Hong Kong Anecdotes) volume XI (Hong Kong, 1987), 105-24.
61. For the role played by Chennault and Willauer, see W.M. Leary Jr., 'Aircraft and Anti-Communists: CAT in Action, 1949-52', The China Quarterly, 52 (1972), 654-69.
62. Truman Archives, Clark Clifford Papers Box 2, China 1 (1948-50) File, Claire Chennault to Clark Clifford, letter of 14 Aug. 1950.
63. CO 537/5629, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.319, 26 March 1950; CO 537/5628, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.230, 5 March 1950. For a typical example of support for Hong Kong in the Colonial Office, see ibid., J.J. Paskin's minutes of 11 March 1950.
64. CAB 129/39, CP(50)61, 3 April 1950, Annex A.
65. Truman Archives, Dean Acheson Papers, Box 66, Memoranda of Conversations: March 27 March 1950.
66. Ibid., CO 537/5629, Washington to Foreign Office, no.1010, 28 March 1950, and CO 537/5632, Washington to Foreign Office, no.1243, 21 April 1950. In March the secretary of state, Dean Acheson, said that Congress could put the two aid programmes in jeopardy; in April he stated the American Government could not defend Britain's position over this matter in Congress unless American interest were protected.
67. CAB 129/39, CP(50)61, 3 April 1950, and CP(50)74, 21 April 1950; CAB 128/17, CM4(50)2, 6 April 1950, and CM24 (50)6, 24 April 1950.
68. Grantham, Via Ports, 163.
69. Waichiaopu 305.25 volume 1, Resources Commission to Foreign Ministry (39)3182, 24 Oct. 1950;FO 371/83452, FC1391/16, Staff Officer (Intelligence) Hong Kong to Director of Naval Intelligence, Admiralty, no.363F/1444, 24 March 1950. Its original Japanese name was 'Kurusio Maru'.
70. Wen Hui Pao (Hong Kong), 10, 13 and 19 April 1951; CAB 128/19, CM23(51)4, 2 April 1951.
71. CAB 128/19, CM23(51)4, 2 April 1951.
72. Ibid., and CM24(51)2, 5 April 1951.
73. Waichiaopu 305.25 volume 2, Ministry of Communications to Foreign Ministry, 00424, 25 June 1953.
74. Creech Jones Papers, Box 57, file 1, CP49 (135), 18 June 1949; FO 371/120910, FC1041/11, Peter Dalton to Con O'Neil, letter of 22 June 1955; and CO 1030/292, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 1127, 25 June 1956.
75. 71 FO 371/83298, FC1024/59, A.A.E. Franklin's minutes of 9 Aug. 1950. For an analysis of Britain's plan to defend Hong Kong in 1949, see Tseng Jui-sang (Steve Tsang), 'Yingkuo "fang-wai Hsiang-kang cheng-ts'e" te yen-pien (The evolution of Britain's policy to defend Hong Kong)', Kuang-chiao-ching (The Wide Angle), 200, (1989), 68-80. A shorter, more superficial and less analytical account on the same subject in English can be found in Zhong-ping Feng, op. cit., 117-22.
76. FO 371/83298, FC1024/59, A.A.E. Franklin's minutes of 9 Aug. 1950. For an analysis of Britain's plan to defend Hong Kong in 1949, see Tseng Jui-sang (Steve Tsang), 'Yingkuo "fang-wai Hsiang-kang cheng-ts'e" te yen-pien (The evolution of Britain's policy to defend Hong Kong)', Kuang-chiao-ching (The Wide Angle), 200, (1989), 68-80. A shorter, more superficial and less analytical account on the same subject in English can be found in Zhong-ping Feng, op. cit., 117-22.
77. For an insider account of the work and nature of the NCNA in Hong Kong, see Hsu Chia-tun, Hsu Chia-tun Hsiang-kang Hui-i-lu (Memoirs of Hsu Chia-tun in Hong Kong), 2 vols, (Taipei, 1993). Hsu was a former Central Committee member of the Communist Party and was head of its Hong Kong branch and the NCNA for seven years.
78. CO 131/121, Minutes of the Hong Kong Executive Council, 29 March 1949.
79. FO 371/83260, FC10112/16, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no. 181, 22 Feb. 1950.
80. FO 371/92351, FC1674/6, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, savingram 139, 10 Sept. 1951.
81. FO 371/99362, FC1672/23, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, no.429, 25 May 1952; FC1672/24, minutes of C.H. Johnston, 27 May 1952; and FC1672/27, Peking to Foreign Office, no.446, 30 May 1952.
82. FO 371/99362, FC1672/23, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.429, 25 May 1952; FC1672/32, Johnston's minutes of 26 June 1952.
83. There are a number of directly relevant files in the British archives, the most important ones being FO 371/92351 and FO 371/99362.
84. CO 537/4452, FE(O)(49)25, 16 May 1949; and CO 537/6045, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.372, 11 April 1950.
85. Waichiaopu 362.1 Li Ta-chao to Kuo Te-hua (T.W. Kwok), letter 279, 24 May 1949; Kuo to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute 464, 15 July 1949; Li to Yeh Kung-chao (George Yeh), letter 377, 8 July 1949.
86. Waichiaopu 362.1, Li to Yeh, telegram substitute 13582, 15 Aug. 1949 (and enclosure).
87. FO 371/75806, F12048/10129/10g, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 24, 3 Aug.
88. CO 537/1651, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, confidential dispatch, 22 Oct. 1946; and 'Confidential memorandum on Kuomintang activities', 27 Nov. 1946. See also FO 371/53635, F10572/113/g10, memorandum The Future of Hong Kong' by K. V. Kitson, (third draft) 18 July 1946, and Lanxin Xiang, Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-1949 (Armonk, NY, 1995).
89. CO 537/1651, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, confidential dispatch, 22 Oct. 1946; and 'Confidential memorandum on Kuomintang activities', 27 Nov. 1946. See also FO 371/53635, F10572/113/g10, memorandum The Future of Hong Kong' by K. V. Kitson, (third draft) 18 July 1946, and Lanxin Xiang, Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-1949 (Armonk, NY, 1995).
90. FO 371/75806, F3662/10129/10g, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 8, 24 Feb. 1949.
91. For the 1952 incident, see Steve Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 180-1; for the 1956 incident, see Report on the Riots in Kowloon and Tsuen Wan October 10th to 12th, 1956 (Hong Kong, 1957).
92. For the 1952 incident, see Steve Tsang, Democracy Shelved, 180-1; for the 1956 incident, see Report on the Riots in Kowloon and Tsuen Wan October 10th to 12th, 1956 (Hong Kong, 1957).
93. CO 1030/794, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, no.74, 1957.
94. Waichiaopu 301.1, Wu Wen-hui (Hong Kong) to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute FM(46)642, 23 Nov. 1957. For Hong Kong's records of specific cases involving Kuomintang agents, see CO 1030/676.
95. For details see Steve Tsang, Target Zhou Enlai: The "Kashmir Princess" Incident of 1955', The China Quarterly, 139 (1994), 766-82.
96. Waichiaopu 312.4, Tui-yu Hsiang-kang chih-te chung-shih te wen-ti' (Issues concerning Hong Kong which deserve attention) by Li Ta-chao.
97. Waichiaopu 363, Free China Association to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute (41)7791, 5 Nov. 1952; and Submission to the [Foreign] Minister, 12 Dec. 1952. Also Waichiaopu 363.1, submission to Foreign Ministry by Lo Yuan-ming (Hong Kong) FM(50)0911, 11 July 1961.
98. FO 371/75780, F6727/1016/10g, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 16, 3 May 1949.
99. CO 537/6320, Extract from COS(50) 99th meeting, minute 11, 28 June 1950.
100. CO 1030/292, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 1127, 25 June 1956.
101. CO 1030/595, Colonial Office to Hong Kong, no.589, 9 July 1958.
102. CO 1030/596, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 130, 3 March 1959.
103. Ibid.
104. CO 1030/292 Hong Kong to Colonial Office, dispatch 1127, 25 June 1956.
105. Steve Tsang, 'Unwitting Partners: Relations between Britain and Taiwan (1950-58)', 114.
106. Waichiaopu 305.21, Kuo to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute 17, 23 Feb. 1950; and Waichiaopu 310.13, George Yeh to Grantham, letter (English), 14 Jan. 1956.
107. Waichiaopu 301.2, Wu Wen-hui to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute (47)372, 15 July 1958; Waichiaopu 301.3, Wu Wen-hui to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute (47)140, 9 Oct. 1958, and telegram substitute (47)676, 11 Dec. 1958.
108. Waichiaopu 301.2, Wu Wen-hui to Foreign Ministry, letter 002002, 18 Aug. 1958.
109. For the experiences of one such agent, see Kao Ming-fei, Ch'ing-chih tan-an (The Intelligence and Security Files) (Taipei, 1995), 279-85.
110. FO 371/110196, FC1016/7, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.640, 14 Aug. 1954.
111. Waichiaopu 310.13, Wu Wen-hui to Foreign Ministry, telegram substitute (45)167, 26 June 1956.
112. For the distance local Communists kept from the Hong Kong Government, see Eric Chou, A Man Must Choose (London, 1963), 210. Chou worked for the PRC and defected to Britain in 1961.
113. FO 371/115138, FC1383/135, Peking to Foreign Office no.491, 16 May 1955, and Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.427, 17 May 1955.
114. Tsang, 'Target Zhou En-lai: the "Kashmir Princess" Incident of 1955', 778.
115. FO 371/115138, FC1383/137, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.413, 12 May 1955; FO 371/115140, FC1383/179, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.532, 8 June 1955; and FO 371/115142, FC1383/225, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.675, 18 July 1955.
116. Waichiaopu 322.3, Leung to Foreign Ministry, telegram 2 Feb. 1956.
117. FO 371/120965, FC1382/1, Peking to Foreign Office no.77, 31 Jan. 1956.
118. I have found no confirmatory evidence to prove that two aircraft were involved.
119. FO 371/120965, FC1382/9, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.79, 31 Jan. 1956.
120. FO 371/120965, FC1382/5, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, no.84, 1 Feb. 1956.
121. Ibid.
122. FO 371/120965, FC1382/8, Foreign Office to Ottawa (for Prime Minister) no.196, 3 Feb. 1956.
123. Ibid.
124. FO 371/120939, FC1092/2, Draft Cabinet paper (undated, around 22 Feb. 1956, by the Foreign office), a detailed legal exposition is in its annex 'The Legal Aspects of the Recognition of Belligerency'.
125. FO 371/120939, FC1092/2, Draft Cabinet paper (undated, around 22 Feb. 1956, by the Foreign Office).
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. FO 371/115075, FC1091/26, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.121, 15 Feb. 1955.
129. FO 371/120965, FC1382/9, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.79, 31 Jan. 1956; and FC1382/8, Foreign Office to Ottawa (for Prime Minister) no.196, 3 Feb. 1956.
130. FO 371/120965, FC1382/12, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.90, 5 Feb. 1956.
131. Ibid.
132. FO 371/120965, FC1382/35, enclosure to Colonial Secretary to Prime Minister, minutes PM(56)14, 23 Feb. 1956.
133. Ibid.
134. FO 371/120965, FC1382/38, Colonial Office to Hong Kong no.174, 6 March 1956.
135. FO 371/120966, FC1382/40, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.190, 9 March 1956.
136. Ibid.
137. FO 371/120966, FC1383/43, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no. 198, 10 March 1956.
138. FO 371/120965, FC1382/37, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no. 167, 2 March 1956; FO 371/120966, FC1382/47, Peking to Foreign Office no.168, 16 March 1956.
139. FO 371/120966, FC1382/43, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.218, 17 March 1956.
140. FO 371/120966, FC1382/60, C.T. Crowe's minutes, 27 March 1956; and FC1382/61, Crowe's minutes, 6 April 1956.
141. FO 371/120967, FC1382/77, Tamsui to Foreign Office no.99, 25 Sept. 1956. The delay in Taipei's request was attributed to the fact that the aircraft was not actually owned by it but was on loan from the United States. The formal request was made only after the British consul in Tamsui confirmed legal ownership was a matter for the Kuomintang and the Americans to decide.
142. FO 371/127502, FCN1381/15, R.T.D. Ledward to P.G.F. Dalton, 25 March 1957; FO 371/120967, FC1382/94, Draft letter to Con O'Neill, Dec. 1956.
143. Wen Hui Pao, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 19 Oct. 1956; Jen Min Jih Pao, 18 Oct. 1956.
144. Wen Hui Pao, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 19 Oct. 1956; Jen Min Jih Pao, 18 Oct. 1956.
145. FO 371/120967m FC1382/79, Crowe minutes, 3 Oct. 1956; and FC1382/89, Crowe minutes, 7 Nov. 1956.
146. Richard Lamb, The Macmillan Years 1957-1963: The Emerging Truth (London, 1995), 25.
147. FO 371/127502, FCN1381/6, minutes by Dalton, 5 Feb 1957.
148. FO 371/120967, FC1382/65, Hong Kong to Colonial Office no.406, 25 May 1956.
149. CO 1030/6, Hong Kong to Colonial Office, savingram 1202, 19 July 1956.
150. CAB 128/15, Cabinet minutes CM38(49)3, 26 May 1949.
151. The best critical account of the incident is Malcolm Murfett, Hostage on the Yangtze: Britain, China, and the Amethyst Crisis of 1949 (Annapolis 1991).
152. CO 1030/825, Dalton to J.B. Johnson, 28 March 1957.
153. FO 371/83298, F1024/59, A.A.E. Franklin's paper 'C.O.S. Committee Meeting on Thursday, August 10th, to consider COS(50)290, Defence Policy for Hong Kong', 9 Aug. 1950. Earlier full assessments of the military requirements for the defence of Hong Kong can be foundin PRO, Ministry of Defence archives DEFE 6/9, Annex to JP(49)50(Final), 17 May 1949; and CAB 129/35, CP(49)118, 24 May 1949; and Creech Jones papers Box 57, file 1, CP49(177), 19 Aug. 1949.
154. CO 537/4452, Annex to FE(0)(49)25, 16 May 1949.