'Martial' Indian aristocrats and the military system of the Raj: The imperial cadet corps, 1900-14

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 415-439

  Sundaram, Chandar S ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031286421     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539708583007     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Amar Singh Diary, 24 March 1903.
2. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
3. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
4. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
5. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
6. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
7. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
8. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
9. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
10. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
11. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
12. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
13. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
14. At the time of writing no published work has dealt specifically with the ICC. Works on princely India, such as Sir William Lee-Warner, The Native States of India (London, 1910); Barbara N. Ramusack, The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: The Dissolution of a Patron-Client Relationship, 1914-1939 (Columbus, Ohio, 1978); and S.R. Ashton, British Policy towards the Indian States, 1905-1939 (London, 1982) contain nothing about the ICC. The same is true of works on the Indian Army, such as Philip Mason A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers, and Men, 1600-1947 (London, 1974); V. Longer, Red Coats to Olive Green: The Indian Army, 1600-1974 (Bombay, 1974); David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940 (London, 1994); and T.A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester and New York, 1995). What we do have are brief, passing references in the following: Byron Farwell, Armies of the Raj: From the Great Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947 (New York, 1990); DeWitt Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat in Imperial Service: Ambiguous Relationships', Indo-British Review, 15, 1988; Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley, 1971); B.P.N. Sinha and Sunil Chandra, Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy (New Delhi, 1992), and articles by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph (see note 25 below). Although G.F. MacMunn, The Armies of India (London, 1911), contains nothing on the Corps, one of its illustrations depicts Sir Pratap Singh, Amar Singh's patron, in the full-dress white and blue ICC uniform.
15. On Curzon, see David Dilks' two-volume Curzon in India (London, 1969-70); and Nayana Goradia, Curzon: The Last of the British Moguls (New Delhi, 1993); Hamilton's role in the formation of Britain's India policy has not yet been closely studied by historians.
16. On Curzon, see David Dilks' two-volume Curzon in India (London, 1969-70); and Nayana Goradia, Curzon: The Last of the British Moguls (New Delhi, 1993); Hamilton's role in the formation of Britain's India policy has not yet been closely studied by historians.
17. See Chandar S. Sundaram, 'A Grudging Concession: The Origins of the Indianization of the Indian Army's Officer Corps, 1817-1917' (Unpub. PhD, McGill University, 1996), 64-71.
18. For a good summary of the growth and self-awareness of this class, see Jim Masselos, Indian Nationalism: An History (New Delhi, 3rd ed., 1993), chs. 3-4.
19. L/MIL/17/5/2202:-Military Education for the Natives of India, by Lieutenant-General Sir George Chesney, 23 Jan. 1888, British Library (Oriental and India Office Collections [hereafter BL(OIOC)]. In this memorandum, Chesney summarized his considerable, though unsuccessful, efforts towards Indianization over the previous three years. For a detailed analysis, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', 86-143. The Indian Army was, and still is, unique in having a three-tiered rank structure. At the bottom were the Indian rank-and-file, the sepoys. Above them were the Viceroy Commissioned Officers (VCOs), Indians who rose up from the ranks within their regiment, and provided the liaison between the British officers and the ordinary sepoys. Above the VCOs were the British officers, who held ranks from Second-Lieutenant up. Only British officers could hold the Queen's (or King's) Commission.
20. L/MIL/17/5/2202:-Military Education for the Natives of India, by Lieutenant-General Sir George Chesney, 23 Jan. 1888, British Library (Oriental and India Office Collections [hereafter BL(OIOC)]. In this memorandum, Chesney summarized his considerable, though unsuccessful, efforts towards Indianization over the previous three years. For a detailed analysis, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', 86-143. The Indian Army was, and still is, unique in having a three-tiered rank structure. At the bottom were the Indian rank-and-file, the sepoys. Above them were the Viceroy Commissioned Officers (VCOs), Indians who rose up from the ranks within their regiment, and provided the liaison between the British officers and the ordinary sepoys. Above the VCOs were the British officers, who held ranks from Second-Lieutenant up. Only British officers could hold the Queen's (or King's) Commission.
21. The actual phrase is Chesney's, in Indian Polity (London, 3rd ed., 1894), 302. For a sample of 'Native' newspaper editorials, see Swadesamitran, 25 Sept. 1884, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/104; Bharat Mihir, 28 Aug. 1883, and Sahachar, 10 June 1885, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/9. Besides pointing out that barring Indians from higher commissions in the Crown's Indian military service went against the 1858 Proclamation, Indian newspapers argued that, since the 1857 upheaval, Indians had proved their loyalty to the Crown; that replacing British QCOs with Indian QCOs would considerably lessen the burden to the Indian exchequer; that India had, in ages past, produced a very high standard of military leadership that former conquerors of India, such as the Mughals, had tapped into; and, finally, that the denial of military leadership skills and experience to Indians would be disastrous in the event of a British withdrawal, because it would leave the Indians defenceless against foreign invasions, just as the ancient Britons had been against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons after the Romans quit Britain in A.D. 410. This last fear was not as far-fetched as it might initially seem, for, in the early 1880s, the threat of a war with, and a possible invasion of India by, the Russians seemed very real to Indian officialdom. For more on this aspect, see M.A. Yapp, 'British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India', Modern Asian Studies, 21 (1985). A detailed discussion of Indian vernacular newspapers and the issue of Indianization in the 1880s appears in Sundaram, 'Grudging', 81-85.
22. The actual phrase is Chesney's, in Indian Polity (London, 3rd ed., 1894), 302. For a sample of 'Native' newspaper editorials, see Swadesamitran, 25 Sept. 1884, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/104; Bharat Mihir, 28 Aug. 1883, and Sahachar, 10 June 1885, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/9. Besides pointing out that barring Indians from higher commissions in the Crown's Indian military service went against the 1858 Proclamation, Indian newspapers argued that, since the 1857 upheaval, Indians had proved their loyalty to the Crown; that replacing British QCOs with Indian QCOs would considerably lessen the burden to the Indian exchequer; that India had, in ages past, produced a very high standard of military leadership that former conquerors of India, such as the Mughals, had tapped into; and, finally, that the denial of military leadership skills and experience to Indians would be disastrous in the event of a British withdrawal, because it would leave the Indians defenceless against foreign invasions, just as the ancient Britons had been against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons after the Romans quit Britain in A.D. 410. This last fear was not as far-fetched as it might initially seem, for, in the early 1880s, the threat of a war with, and a possible invasion of India by, the Russians seemed very real to Indian officialdom. For more on this aspect, see M.A. Yapp, 'British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India', Modern Asian Studies, 21 (1985). A detailed discussion of Indian vernacular newspapers and the issue of Indianization in the 1880s appears in Sundaram, 'Grudging', 81-85.
23. The actual phrase is Chesney's, in Indian Polity (London, 3rd ed., 1894), 302. For a sample of 'Native' newspaper editorials, see Swadesamitran, 25 Sept. 1884, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/104; Bharat Mihir, 28 Aug. 1883, and Sahachar, 10 June 1885, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/9. Besides pointing out that barring Indians from higher commissions in the Crown's Indian military service went against the 1858 Proclamation, Indian newspapers argued that, since the 1857 upheaval, Indians had proved their loyalty to the Crown; that replacing British QCOs with Indian QCOs would considerably lessen the burden to the Indian exchequer; that India had, in ages past, produced a very high standard of military leadership that former conquerors of India, such as the Mughals, had tapped into; and, finally, that the denial of military leadership skills and experience to Indians would be disastrous in the event of a British withdrawal, because it would leave the Indians defenceless against foreign invasions, just as the ancient Britons had been against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons after the Romans quit Britain in A.D. 410. This last fear was not as far-fetched as it might initially seem, for, in the early 1880s, the threat of a war with, and a possible invasion of India by, the Russians seemed very real to Indian officialdom. For more on this aspect, see M.A. Yapp, 'British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India', Modern Asian Studies, 21 (1985). A detailed discussion of Indian vernacular newspapers and the issue of Indianization in the 1880s appears in Sundaram, 'Grudging', 81-85.
24. The actual phrase is Chesney's, in Indian Polity (London, 3rd ed., 1894), 302. For a sample of 'Native' newspaper editorials, see Swadesamitran, 25 Sept. 1884, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/104; Bharat Mihir, 28 Aug. 1883, and Sahachar, 10 June 1885, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/9. Besides pointing out that barring Indians from higher commissions in the Crown's Indian military service went against the 1858 Proclamation, Indian newspapers argued that, since the 1857 upheaval, Indians had proved their loyalty to the Crown; that replacing British QCOs with Indian QCOs would considerably lessen the burden to the Indian exchequer; that India had, in ages past, produced a very high standard of military leadership that former conquerors of India, such as the Mughals, had tapped into; and, finally, that the denial of military leadership skills and experience to Indians would be disastrous in the event of a British withdrawal, because it would leave the Indians defenceless against foreign invasions, just as the ancient Britons had been against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons after the Romans quit Britain in A.D. 410. This last fear was not as far-fetched as it might initially seem, for, in the early 1880s, the threat of a war with, and a possible invasion of India by, the Russians seemed very real to Indian officialdom. For more on this aspect, see M.A. Yapp, 'British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India', Modern Asian Studies, 21 (1985). A detailed discussion of Indian vernacular newspapers and the issue of Indianization in the 1880s appears in Sundaram, 'Grudging', 81-85.
25. The actual phrase is Chesney's, in Indian Polity (London, 3rd ed., 1894), 302. For a sample of 'Native' newspaper editorials, see Swadesamitran, 25 Sept. 1884, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/104; Bharat Mihir, 28 Aug. 1883, and Sahachar, 10 June 1885, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/9. Besides pointing out that barring Indians from higher commissions in the Crown's Indian military service went against the 1858 Proclamation, Indian newspapers argued that, since the 1857 upheaval, Indians had proved their loyalty to the Crown; that replacing British QCOs with Indian QCOs would considerably lessen the burden to the Indian exchequer; that India had, in ages past, produced a very high standard of military leadership that former conquerors of India, such as the Mughals, had tapped into; and, finally, that the denial of military leadership skills and experience to Indians would be disastrous in the event of a British withdrawal, because it would leave the Indians defenceless against foreign invasions, just as the ancient Britons had been against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons after the Romans quit Britain in A.D. 410. This last fear was not as far-fetched as it might initially seem, for, in the early 1880s, the threat of a war with, and a possible invasion of India by, the Russians seemed very real to Indian officialdom. For more on this aspect, see M.A. Yapp, 'British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India', Modern Asian Studies, 21 (1985). A detailed discussion of Indian vernacular newspapers and the issue of Indianization in the 1880s appears in Sundaram, 'Grudging', 81-85.
26. The actual phrase is Chesney's, in Indian Polity (London, 3rd ed., 1894), 302. For a sample of 'Native' newspaper editorials, see Swadesamitran, 25 Sept. 1884, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/104; Bharat Mihir, 28 Aug. 1883, and Sahachar, 10 June 1885, BL(OIOC), L/R/5/9. Besides pointing out that barring Indians from higher commissions in the Crown's Indian military service went against the 1858 Proclamation, Indian newspapers argued that, since the 1857 upheaval, Indians had proved their loyalty to the Crown; that replacing British QCOs with Indian QCOs would considerably lessen the burden to the Indian exchequer; that India had, in ages past, produced a very high standard of military leadership that former conquerors of India, such as the Mughals, had tapped into; and, finally, that the denial of military leadership skills and experience to Indians would be disastrous in the event of a British withdrawal, because it would leave the Indians defenceless against foreign invasions, just as the ancient Britons had been against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons after the Romans quit Britain in A.D. 410. This last fear was not as far-fetched as it might initially seem, for, in the early 1880s, the threat of a war with, and a possible invasion of India by, the Russians seemed very real to Indian officialdom. For more on this aspect, see M.A. Yapp, 'British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India', Modern Asian Studies, 21 (1985). A detailed discussion of Indian vernacular newspapers and the issue of Indianization in the 1880s appears in Sundaram, 'Grudging', 81-85.
27. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
28. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
29. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
30. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
31. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
32. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
33. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
34. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
35. Given that it was one of the key ideological components of the colonial state in South Asia which governed recruitment into the Indian Army, and thus was a crucial area of collaboration, the 'Martial Races' of India have not come under much scrutiny by historians. It is significant that, apart from G.F. MacMunn's imperialist The Martial Races of India (London, 1935), and P.D. Bonarjee, A Handbook of the Fighting Races of India (Calcutta, 1899), there has been no monograph-length treatment of the topic as a whole. What we do have are ethnically and chronologically delimited studies. See Lionel Caplan, "The Bravest of the Brave": Representations of the Gurkha in British Military Writings', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991), and his Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination (Providence and Oxford, 1995); Mary Des Chene, 'Soldiers, Sovereignty, and Silences: Gorkhas as Diplomatic Currency', South Asia Bulletin, 13 (1993); Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley, 1985); Douglas M. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25 (1991); and David Omissi, 'Martial Races: Ethnicity and Security in Colonial India, 1858-1939', War & Society, 9 (1991). Cynthia Enloe's Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (Harmondsworth, 1980) contains useful insights.
36. That these liberal values were exactly the ones which had permeated the babus was no accident. See Jim Masselos, Indian Nationalism: an History, (New Delhi, 3rd ed., 1993), chs. 3-4.
37. See 'Note by Sir Ashley Eden, 8 Feb. 1886', in Enclosures to Secretary of State for India's Military Despatch No. 88 of 1886 [15 Apr. 1886], BL(OIOC), L/MIL/3/950; 'Memorandum by Sir Ashley Eden on the Government of India's Despatch No. 47, dated 21st March, 1885 [on native officers], 6 July 1885', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1723; and General Sir Frederick Roberts, 'Military Education for Natives, 16 July 1890', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1615, part VI. For a detailed discussion of the views of Chesney, Roberts, and Eden, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', ch. 2.
38. See 'Note by Sir Ashley Eden, 8 Feb. 1886', in Enclosures to Secretary of State for India's Military Despatch No. 88 of 1886 [15 Apr. 1886], BL(OIOC), L/MIL/3/950; 'Memorandum by Sir Ashley Eden on the Government of India's Despatch No. 47, dated 21st March, 1885 [on native officers], 6 July 1885', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1723; and General Sir Frederick Roberts, 'Military Education for Natives, 16 July 1890', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1615, part VI. For a detailed discussion of the views of Chesney, Roberts, and Eden, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', ch. 2.
39. See 'Note by Sir Ashley Eden, 8 Feb. 1886', in Enclosures to Secretary of State for India's Military Despatch No. 88 of 1886 [15 Apr. 1886], BL(OIOC), L/MIL/3/950; 'Memorandum by Sir Ashley Eden on the Government of India's Despatch No. 47, dated 21st March, 1885 [on native officers], 6 July 1885', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1723; and General Sir Frederick Roberts, 'Military Education for Natives, 16 July 1890', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1615, part VI. For a detailed discussion of the views of Chesney, Roberts, and Eden, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', ch. 2.
40. See 'Note by Sir Ashley Eden, 8 Feb. 1886', in Enclosures to Secretary of State for India's Military Despatch No. 88 of 1886 [15 Apr. 1886], BL(OIOC), L/MIL/3/950; 'Memorandum by Sir Ashley Eden on the Government of India's Despatch No. 47, dated 21st March, 1885 [on native officers], 6 July 1885', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1723; and General Sir Frederick Roberts, 'Military Education for Natives, 16 July 1890', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1615, part VI. For a detailed discussion of the views of Chesney, Roberts, and Eden, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', ch. 2.
41. Two articles on the Imperial Service contingents are F.G. Cardew, 'The India Imperial Service Troops', Blackwood's, 160 (1896); and Edward S. Haynes, 'The political Role of the Armed Forces of the Indian States after World War I', Journal of Asian Studies, 24 (1990).
42. Two articles on the Imperial Service contingents are F.G. Cardew, 'The India Imperial Service Troops', Blackwood's, 160 (1896); and Edward S. Haynes, 'The political Role of the Armed Forces of the Indian States after World War I', Journal of Asian Studies, 24 (1990).
43. Lieutenant-General Sir George Chesney, 'Memorandum on the Employment of Native States' Troops, 21 Jan. 1885', paras. 1-4, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/6/76
44. See Chandar S. Sundaram, 'Preventing "Idleness"': The Maharaja of Cooch Behar's Proposal for Officer Commissions in the British Army for the Sons of Indian Princes and Gentlemen, 1897-1898', South Asia Bulletin, 18 (1995).
45. Elgin to Hamilton, 5 Feb. 1898, BL(OIOC), MSS. Eur. F. 111/253 [Curzon Papers]. See also Sundaram 'Grudging', 143-55.
46. Elgin to Hamilton, 5 Feb. 1898, BL(OIOC), MSS. Eur. F. 111/253 [Curzon Papers]. See also Sundaram 'Grudging', 143-55.
47. Sundaram, 'Preventing "Idleness"', 130; For the British perception of this early phase of Indian nationalism, see J.R. McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton, 1977).
48. Sundaram, 'Preventing "Idleness"', 130; For the British perception of this early phase of Indian nationalism, see J.R. McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton, 1977).
49. Hamilton to Curzon, 19 Jan. 1900, in Hamilton Papers, BL(OIOC): MSS. Eur. C. 126/2.
50. Ibid.; for a fuller discussion, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', 157-9.
51. Ibid.; for a fuller discussion, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', 157-9.
52. Leonard Mosley, Curzon: the End of an Epoch (London, 1960), 60; Curzon's books were Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London, 1889); Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892); and Problems in the Far East (London, 1894).
53. Leonard Mosley, Curzon: the End of an Epoch (London, 1960), 60; Curzon's books were Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London, 1889); Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892); and Problems in the Far East (London, 1894).
54. Leonard Mosley, Curzon: the End of an Epoch (London, 1960), 60; Curzon's books were Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London, 1889); Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892); and Problems in the Far East (London, 1894).
55. Leonard Mosley, Curzon: the End of an Epoch (London, 1960), 60; Curzon's books were Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London, 1889); Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892); and Problems in the Far East (London, 1894).
56. Lord Curzon's Memorandum of 4 June 1900 [hereafter 'Curzon's Memo, 4 June 1900], para. 32, in 'Government of India's Confidential Despatch No. 103 of 1900 (19 July 1900)', BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
57. Hamilton to Curzon, 8 Aug. 1900, Hamilton Papers, BL(OIOC), MSS. Eur. C. 126/2. For the details of the offers from princely India, see Government of India, Foreign Department Proceedings, P5950 (Jan.-Feb. 1900), progs. 164-313.
58. Hamilton to Curzon, 8 Aug. 1900, Hamilton Papers, BL(OIOC), MSS. Eur. C. 126/2. For the details of the offers from princely India, see Government of India, Foreign Department Proceedings, P5950 (Jan.-Feb. 1900), progs. 164-313.
59. Hamilton to Curzon, 19 Jan. 1900, and 8 March 1900, Hamilton Papers, BL(OIOC), MSS. Eur. C. 126/2. For more details, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', ch. 3.
60. Hamilton to Curzon, 19 Jan. 1900, and 8 March 1900, Hamilton Papers, BL(OIOC), MSS. Eur. C. 126/2. For more details, see Sundaram, 'Grudging', ch. 3.
61. See E.H.H. Collen, 'The Volunteer Force of India', Journal of the United Services Institution of India, 12 (1883). Indians had tried to join this force, but were firmly rebuffed. See Madhvi Yasin, 'The Volunteer Movement', Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, 24 (1985).
62. See E.H.H. Collen, 'The Volunteer Force of India', Journal of the United Services Institution of India, 12 (1883). Indians had tried to join this force, but were firmly rebuffed. See Madhvi Yasin, 'The Volunteer Movement', Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, 24 (1985).
63. Curzon wrote that he based his scheme on the following five principles: 1. that the provision of military education and advancement be confined to a small portion of the Indian nobility and gentry, whose eligibility was ensured by their noble birth; 2. that a screening process for applicants be included, so as to absolve the Government of India from the invidious task of nomination; 3. that English education, either in England or India, be stipulated as a prerequisite; 4. that the scheme come under the direct control of the Viceroy, thus ensuring a political, rather than a military focus for the scheme; and 5. that the scheme be cautious, but capable of expansion if successful in its early stages. See Curzon's Memo, 4 June 1900, para. 34, 36, 39, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
64. Ibid., para. 35, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
65. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne H. Rudolph are currently preparing for publication an edited version of the early years of Amar Singh's Diary. They have also written extensively on Amar Singh and his diary. See especially, 'A Bureaucratic Lineage in Princely India', Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (1975); 'Rajput Adulthood: Reflections on the Amar Singh Diary', Daedalus (1976); 'Becoming a Diarist: the Making of an Indian Personal Document', Indian Economic and Social History Review (1988); and 'Self as Other: Amar Singh's Diary as Reflexive "Native" Ethnography', Modern Asian Studies, 31 (1997).
66. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne H. Rudolph are currently preparing for publication an edited version of the early years of Amar Singh's Diary. They have also written extensively on Amar Singh and his diary. See especially, 'A Bureaucratic Lineage in Princely India', Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (1975); 'Rajput Adulthood: Reflections on the Amar Singh Diary', Daedalus (1976); 'Becoming a Diarist: the Making of an Indian Personal Document', Indian Economic and Social History Review (1988); and 'Self as Other: Amar Singh's Diary as Reflexive "Native" Ethnography', Modern Asian Studies, 31 (1997).
67. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne H. Rudolph are currently preparing for publication an edited version of the early years of Amar Singh's Diary. They have also written extensively on Amar Singh and his diary. See especially, 'A Bureaucratic Lineage in Princely India', Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (1975); 'Rajput Adulthood: Reflections on the Amar Singh Diary', Daedalus (1976); 'Becoming a Diarist: the Making of an Indian Personal Document', Indian Economic and Social History Review (1988); and 'Self as Other: Amar Singh's Diary as Reflexive "Native" Ethnography', Modern Asian Studies, 31 (1997).
68. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne H. Rudolph are currently preparing for publication an edited version of the early years of Amar Singh's Diary. They have also written extensively on Amar Singh and his diary. See especially, 'A Bureaucratic Lineage in Princely India', Journal of Asian Studies, 34 (1975); 'Rajput Adulthood: Reflections on the Amar Singh Diary', Daedalus (1976); 'Becoming a Diarist: the Making of an Indian Personal Document', Indian Economic and Social History Review (1988); and 'Self as Other: Amar Singh's Diary as Reflexive "Native" Ethnography', Modern Asian Studies, 31 (1997).
69. Amar Singh Diary, 27 May 1905; 1 May 1902. The Jodhpur Lancers' participation in the China Expeditionary Force was confined to divisional and line of communication duties. See A. Harfield, The Indian Army of the Empress, 1861-1903 (Tunbridge Wells, 1990), 158-66. For a scholarly analysis of the imperial contexts of the Boxer Rising, see Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: a Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1983 (London, 2nd ed., 1984), 152-60.
70. Amar Singh Diary, 27 May 1905; 1 May 1902. The Jodhpur Lancers' participation in the China Expeditionary Force was confined to divisional and line of communication duties. See A. Harfield, The Indian Army of the Empress, 1861-1903 (Tunbridge Wells, 1990), 158-66. For a scholarly analysis of the imperial contexts of the Boxer Rising, see Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: a Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1983 (London, 2nd ed., 1984), 152-60.
71. Amar Singh Diary, 27 May 1905; 1 May 1902. The Jodhpur Lancers' participation in the China Expeditionary Force was confined to divisional and line of communication duties. See A. Harfield, The Indian Army of the Empress, 1861-1903 (Tunbridge Wells, 1990), 158-66. For a scholarly analysis of the imperial contexts of the Boxer Rising, see Bernard Porter, The Lion's Share: a Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1983 (London, 2nd ed., 1984), 152-60.
72. Amar Singh was encouraged to start a diary by his tutor, one Bharat Ram
73. Amar Singh was encouraged to start a diary by his tutor, one Bharat Ram Nathjee, and he assiduously kept it up until his death in 1942. See Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat'; and Suzanne Rudolph and Lloyd Rudolph, Essays on Rajputana: Reflections on History, Culture, and Administration (New Delhi, 1984), 180-3.
74. Ellinwood, 'A Rajput Aristocrat', 91.
75. 'Notes on Second Term', Amar Singh Diary, 29 Oct. 1902; Draft Rules, Rule xvii, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
76. United States War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, Military Information Division No. 9: The Military schools of Europe, and Other Papers Selected for Publication (Washington, 1896), 54-55, 30. [hereafter Military Schools].
77. Amar Singh Diary, 11 Jan. 1902.
78. Ibid., 3 Jan. 1902.
79. Notes on After-Dinner Lecture by Swami Prakash Nandjee, ibid., 8 May 1902.
80. A nineteenth-century headmaster at Harrow, quoted in Henry E. Cowper, 'British Education, Public and Private, in the British Empire, 1880-1930' (Unpub. PhD, University of Edinburgh, 1979), 42.
81. Amar Singh Diary, 6 Jan. 1902.
82. Notes on First Term, ibid., 21 April 1902.
83. J.R. Green, A Short History of the English People (New York, 1886), i.
84. Among the beneficial reforms cited by Green were the abolition of the East India Company's trading monopoly, which opened 'the East' to free trade. Ibid., 458, 798-9.
85. Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar, Forty-One Years in India, 2 vols. (London, 1897). The siege and storming of Delhi are covered in chs. 13-19.
86. John Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (London, 1976), 18-19. See also, Great Britain, War Office, Drill and Rifle Instruction for the Corps of Rifle Volunteers (Quebec, 1862); and W. Bennett Munro, High School Drill Manual (Toronto, 1898).
87. John Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (London, 1976), 18-19. See also, Great Britain, War Office, Drill and Rifle Instruction for the Corps of Rifle Volunteers (Quebec, 1862); and W. Bennett Munro, High School Drill Manual (Toronto, 1898).
88. John Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (London, 1976), 18-19. See also, Great Britain, War Office, Drill and Rifle Instruction for the Corps of Rifle Volunteers (Quebec, 1862); and W. Bennett Munro, High School Drill Manual (Toronto, 1898).
89. See 'Table E: Weekly Details of Studies and Drills [at Sandhurst]', in Military Schools, 46-47, 53.
90. For a definition of these terms, see Munro, High School Drill Manual, passim.
91. Amar Singh states that his class did the 'Recruits' Course in Musketry'. See Notes on Sixth Term, Amar Singh Diary, 26 Nov. 1904. The new weapon Amar Singh mentioned was probably the Lee-Enfield .303 bolt-action magazine rifle, which was the basic small-arm of the British Army from 1895 to 1945. However, Indian regiments of the Indian Army were not issued these weapons until the advent of World War I. See Edward Spiers, The Late Victorian Army, 1868-1902 (Manchester, 1992), 238-41.
92. Amar Singh states that his class did the 'Recruits' Course in Musketry'. See Notes on Sixth Term, Amar Singh Diary, 26 Nov. 1904. The new weapon Amar Singh mentioned was probably the Lee-Enfield .303 bolt-action magazine rifle, which was the basic small-arm of the British Army from 1895 to 1945. However, Indian regiments of the Indian Army were not issued these weapons until the advent of World War I. See Edward Spiers, The Late Victorian Army, 1868-1902 (Manchester, 1992), 238-41.
93. Munro, High School Drill Manual, passim.
94. Results of the Summer Examination, 1902, Amar Singh Diary, 10 Aug. 1902; Results of the Summer Examination, 1903, for the Senior Class, ibid., 29 May 1904.
95. Results of the Summer Examination, 1902, Amar Singh Diary, 10 Aug. 1902; Results of the Summer Examination, 1903, for the Senior Class, ibid., 29 May 1904.
96. The Clery book referred to here is Major Francis Clery, Minor Tactics (London, 1875); Amar Singh Diary, 29 August 1903. Since these were the texts used at Sandhurst at that time, there is a very good chance that the ICC used the same texts. Military Schools of Europe, 53.
97. The Clery book referred to here is Major Francis Clery, Minor Tactics (London, 1875); Amar Singh Diary, 29 August 1903. Since these were the texts used at Sandhurst at that time, there is a very good chance that the ICC used the same texts. Military Schools of Europe, 53.
98. The Clery book referred to here is Major Francis Clery, Minor Tactics (London, 1875); Amar Singh Diary, 29 August 1903. Since these were the texts used at Sandhurst at that time, there is a very good chance that the ICC used the same texts. Military Schools of Europe, 53.
99. Keegan, The Face of Battle 19.
100. Amar Singh Diary, 9 Feb. 1902; 29 Oct. 1902; 3 Jan. 1902.
101. Major-General J.G. Elliot, Field Sports in India, 1800-1947 (London, 1973), 15; Amar Singh Diary, 15 March 1902; 5 Aug. 1902
102. Major-General J.G. Elliot, Field Sports in India, 1800-1947 (London, 1973), 15; Amar Singh Diary, 15 March 1902; 5 Aug. 1902
103. Notes on First Term, ibid., 21 April 1902.
104. Ibid.; the furniture supplied by the Government of India consisted of a table, a chest of drawers, two chairs, an easy chair, and a bed. Imperial Cadets had to supply their own matting and carpets. See Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902.
105. Ibid.; the furniture supplied by the Government of India consisted of a table, a chest of drawers, two chairs, an easy chair, and a bed. Imperial Cadets had to supply their own matting and carpets. See Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902.
106. Ibid., 4 Jan. 1902.
107. Notes on First Term, ibid., 21 April 1902.
108. Notes on Second Term, ibid., 24 Oct. 1902.
109. Notes on Third Term, ibid., 24 March 1903.
110. Notes on Fourth Term, ibid., 29 Aug. 1903.
111. Ibid., 14 July 1902.
112. Ibid 17 July 1902; Note: Dismissal of Karan Sinhji, ibid., 1 Nov. 1902.
113. Ibid 17 July 1902; Note: Dismissal of Karan Sinhji, ibid., 1 Nov. 1902.
114. Amar Singh records the following reasons why the cadets came to this conclusion: Karan Sinhji left suddenly, without even so much as a word to his servants; no one was sick in his family; Karan Sinhji was stripped of his uniform; his departure time - 10 am - did not coincide with the train-timings.
115. This is in keeping with the mores of the day, which categorized homosexuality as a disease. One must remember that the events described here occurred less than a decade after the Oscar Wilde scandal and trial in England.
116. Notes on Seventh Term, ibid., 27 May 1905.
117. Visit to Agra, ibid.; Curzon was to leave India and the Viceroyalty before the year (1905) was out. For details of the clash of the two egos - Curzon and Kitchener - over ther role of the CinC in the Indian Government, see S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905 (Cambridge, 1965), 279-91; Cohen, The Indian Army, 22-27.
118. Visit to Agra, ibid.; Curzon was to leave India and the Viceroyalty before the year (1905) was out. For details of the clash of the two egos - Curzon and Kitchener - over ther role of the CinC in the Indian Government, see S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905 (Cambridge, 1965), 279-91; Cohen, The Indian Army, 22-27.
119. Visit to Agra, ibid.; Curzon was to leave India and the Viceroyalty before the year (1905) was out. For details of the clash of the two egos - Curzon and Kitchener - over ther role of the CinC in the Indian Government, see S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905 (Cambridge, 1965), 279-91; Cohen, The Indian Army, 22-27.
120. Amar Singh Diary, 21 April 1902; 29 Aug. 1903; 27 May 1905. Metcalf, Ideologies, 106-7. The term and unmartial. This gendered image is dealt with at exhaustive length in Mrinalini Sinha, 'Manliness: A Victorian Ideal and Colonial Policy in Late Nineteenth Century Bengal' (unpub. PhD, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1988).
121. Amar Singh Diary, 21 April 1902; 29 Aug. 1903; 27 May 1905. Metcalf, Ideologies, 106-7. The term and unmartial. This gendered image is dealt with at exhaustive length in Mrinalini Sinha, 'Manliness: A Victorian Ideal and Colonial Policy in Late Nineteenth Century Bengal' (unpub. PhD, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1988).
122. Amar Singh Diary, 21 April 1902; 29 Aug. 1903; 27 May 1905. Metcalf, Ideologies, 106-7. The term and unmartial. This gendered image is dealt with at exhaustive length in Mrinalini Sinha, 'Manliness: A Victorian Ideal and Colonial Policy in Late Nineteenth Century Bengal' (unpub. PhD, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1988).
123. Notes on Fourth Term, Amar Singh Diary, 29 Aug. 1903; 6 Jan. 1902; 11 Jan. 1902.
124. A 'Woordi-Major' was a 'native' adjutant of an irregular cavalry regiment.
125. Presumably, Watson employed a Maulvi to give the same kind of lectures to Muslim Imperial Cadets, but Amar Singh makes no mention of this. The Brahmin Pundits were Nathu Lalljee and Prakash Nandjee.
126. Ibid., 14 Jan. 1902.
127. Notes on First Term. ibid., 21 April, 1902; Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902; 15 May 1902; 24 March 1903.
128. Notes on First Term. ibid., 21 April, 1902; Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902; 15 May 1902; 24 March 1903.
129. Notes on Fifth Term, ibid., 5 April 1904; Notes on Fourth Term, ibid., 29 Aug. 1903.
130. Notes on Fifth Term, ibid., 5 April 1904; Notes on Fourth Term, ibid., 29 Aug. 1903.
131. Early in 1904, Amar Singh, hearing that this post had come vacant due to the death of its holder, asked both Watson and Cameron to help him secure it. Watson did write to the Resident at Jaipur on Amar Singh's behalf, but to no avail. Amar Singh later learned that the Jaipur Resident was away on leave when Watson's letter arrived, and that, by the time he had returned to Jaipur, the position had already been filled. Ibid., 29 Feb. 1904.
132. This was a particular sub-clan within the Rajput lineages. See J. Tod, The Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (London, 1823), I, passim; Rudolph and Rudolph, Essays on Rajputana, passim; D.R. Sharma, Rajasthan through the Ages (Bikaner, 1966).
133. This was a particular sub-clan within the Rajput lineages. See J. Tod, The Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (London, 1823), I, passim; Rudolph and Rudolph, Essays on Rajputana, passim; D.R. Sharma, Rajasthan through the Ages (Bikaner, 1966).
134. This was a particular sub-clan within the Rajput lineages. See J. Tod, The Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (London, 1823), I, passim; Rudolph and Rudolph, Essays on Rajputana, passim; D.R. Sharma, Rajasthan through the Ages (Bikaner, 1966).
135. Notes on Fifth Term, Amar Singh Diary 5 April 1904; Notes on First Term, ibid., 21 April, 1902; Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902.
136. Notes on Fifth Term, Amar Singh Diary 5 April 1904; Notes on First Term, ibid., 21 April, 1902; Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902.
137. Notes on Fifth Term, Amar Singh Diary 5 April 1904; Notes on First Term, ibid., 21 April, 1902; Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902.
138. Notes on Seventh Term, ibid., 27 May 1905. Again, since the Corps was fairly small, it is surprising indeed that word of Dass' seditious and inflammatory remarks never reached the ears of either Watson or Cameron.
139. Notes on Second Term, ibid., 29 Oct. 1902.
140. GOI Despatch No. 81 of 1910 (Foreign Department), 16 June 1910, para. 3, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
141. ICC graduates serving with the Imperial Service forces were Lt. Zorawar Singh, who was the commandant of the Bhavnagar Lancers, and Lt. Wali-ud-Din Khan, who was serving in the Hyderabad Lancers. The two attached to regular units were Lt. Kanwar Pirthi Singh, attached to the 51st Camel Corps, and Lt. Bala Saheb Daflé, attached to the 103rd Light Infantry, and also Honorary ADC to the Governor of Bombay. The four on General Officers' staffs were Lt. Aga Casim Shah, ADC to the General Officer Commanding(GOC) Poona Division, Lt. Kunwar Amar Singh, ADC to the GOC Mhow Division, Lt. Khan Mohammed Akbar Khan was Orderly Officer to the Inspecting Officer of the Frontier Corps, and Lt. Malik Mumtaz Muhammad Khan was attached to the Chief of Staff's and the Adjutant-General's Divisions, at Army Headquarters, Simla. See Indian Army List, April 1910, 195.
142. Notes on the Fourth Term, Amar Singh Diary, 29 Aug. 1903.
143. Ibid., 29 Feb. 1904.
144. Maharaja of Cooch Behar to the Secretary of the Government of India in the Foreign Department, 19 May 1907, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
145. SSI Despatch to GOI, No. 91 of 1908, 7 Aug. 1908, paras. 2, 4, ibid.
146. See Letter No. 3661 I.C., Secretary of the Government of India in the Foreign Department to the Commandant, Imperial Cadet Corps, 11 Sept. 1908, and Letter No. 5T, Commandant, Imperial Cadet Corps to the Government of India in the Foreign Department 17 Sept. 1908, paras. 1, 4-8, ibid.
147. A good analysis of Kitchener's enmity with Curzon is Stephen Cohen, 'Issue, Role, and Personality: the Kitchener-Curzon Dispute', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 10 (1967-68).
148. Memorandum by Lord Kitchener, 1908, para. 19, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1746.
149. Ibid., para. 16.
150. Ibid., paras. 17-18.
151. GOI (Foreign Department) Despatch, No. 81 of 1910, 16 June 1910, paras. 6-10, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/17/5/1750.
152. Political Department's Note, 14 July 1910, ibid.
153. Note by General Sir Charles Egerton, 3 Oct. 1910, ibid.
154. Note by Lord Curzon of Kedleston, 19 Oct. 1910, ibid.
155. Official Letter, CinC India to Viceroy, 30 Nov. 1910, paras. 1,8,10,14-15, ibid.
156. Attending this conference were Hardinge, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Crewe, General Creagh, General Horace Smith-Dorrien, representing the War Office, and Sir Henry MacMahon, the Secretary of the Indian Government's Foreign Department. See Note of a Conference held at Government House, Calcutta, on January 3rd, 1912, Hardinge Papers, 85/1/7a; and Memorandum [by H. Smith-Dorrien] Regarding the Admission of Natives to Commissions in the Army, 12 Feb. 1912, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/7/19009.
157. Attending this conference were Hardinge, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Crewe, General Creagh, General Horace Smith-Dorrien, representing the War Office, and Sir Henry MacMahon, the Secretary of the Indian Government's Foreign Department. See Note of a Conference held at Government House, Calcutta, on January 3rd, 1912, Hardinge Papers, 85/1/7a; and Memorandum [by H. Smith-Dorrien] Regarding the Admission of Natives to Commissions in the Army, 12 Feb. 1912, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/7/19009.
158. Government of India, Progress of Education in India: Seventh Quinquennial Review, 1912-1917 (Calcutta, 1918), I, 445. Nine years after its closure, however, the Corps buildings in Dehra Dun became the campus of the Prince of Wales' Royal Indian Military College, which was opened as a public school for Indian youth desiring an officers' career in the Indian Army. Students who graduated from this institution were deemed eligible for entry into Sandhurst. See, Sinha and Chandra, Valour and Wisdom, 28.
159. Government of India, Progress of Education in India: Seventh Quinquennial Review, 1912-1917 (Calcutta, 1918), I, 445. Nine years after its closure, however, the Corps buildings in Dehra Dun became the campus of the Prince of Wales' Royal Indian Military College, which was opened as a public school for Indian youth desiring an officers' career in the Indian Army. Students who graduated from this institution were deemed eligible for entry into Sandhurst. See, Sinha and Chandra, Valour and Wisdom, 28.
160. Here are the names of the nine, along with their King's Commissioned ranks, and their postings: Captain Zorawar Singh, MC, 1st Duke of York Lancers; Captain Kunwar Amar Singh, 2nd Lancers; Captain Aga Casim Shah, 3rd Skinner's Horse; Captain Malik Mumtaz Mohammed Khan, 4th Cavalry; Captain Kunwar Pirthi Smgh, 5th Cavalry; Captain Khan Mohammed Akbar Khan, CIE, 1/1st Brahmans; Captain Bala Saheb Daflé, 1/2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry; Lieutenant Rana Jodha Jang Bahadur, MC, 1/3rd Brahmans; and Lieutenant Savai Sinhji, 1/4th Prince Alben Victor's Rajput Lancers. See Official Communiqué, Indians Appointed to Commissions in the Army, 21 Aug. 1917, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/7/19023. However, a few Indians had already gained King's Commissions, from 1914 on, in the Indian Medical Service. See D.R. Thapar, The Morale Builders: Forty Years with the Military Medical Services in India (London, 1965), ch. 1.
161. Here are the names of the nine, along with their King's Commissioned ranks, and their postings: Captain Zorawar Singh, MC, 1st Duke of York Lancers; Captain Kunwar Amar Singh, 2nd Lancers; Captain Aga Casim Shah, 3rd Skinner's Horse; Captain Malik Mumtaz Mohammed Khan, 4th Cavalry; Captain Kunwar Pirthi Smgh, 5th Cavalry; Captain Khan Mohammed Akbar Khan, CIE, 1/1st Brahmans; Captain Bala Saheb Daflé, 1/2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry; Lieutenant Rana Jodha Jang Bahadur, MC, 1/3rd Brahmans; and Lieutenant Savai Sinhji, 1/4th Prince Alben Victor's Rajput Lancers. See Official Communiqué, Indians Appointed to Commissions in the Army, 21 Aug. 1917, BL(OIOC), L/MIL/7/19023. However, a few Indians had already gained King's Commissions, from 1914 on, in the Indian Medical Service. See D.R. Thapar, The Morale Builders: Forty Years with the Military Medical Services in India (London, 1965), ch. 1.