Environmental ethics and global governance: Engaging the international liberal tradition

Global Governance

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 213-231

  Wapner, Paul ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031286387     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00302006     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Immanuel Kant, Kant's Political Writings, Hans Reiss, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 125.
2. John Dryzek, Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy (Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p. 10.
3. See, for example, George Sessions, ed., Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (Boston: Shambhala, 1995); Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (Albany: State University of New York, 1992); Christopher Manes, Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1975).
4. See, for example, George Sessions, ed., Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (Boston: Shambhala, 1995); Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (Albany: State University of New York, 1992); Christopher Manes, Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1975).
5. See, for example, George Sessions, ed., Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (Boston: Shambhala, 1995); Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (Albany: State University of New York, 1992); Christopher Manes, Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1975).
6. See, for example, George Sessions, ed., Deep Ecology for the 21st Century (Boston: Shambhala, 1995); Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (Albany: State University of New York, 1992); Christopher Manes, Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: Avon, 1975).
7. Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew, "Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands," in Charles Kegley, Jr., ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 109.
8. See, for example, Jane Bennett and William Chaloupka, eds., In the Nature of Things: Language, Politics and the Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993); Neil Everden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Will Wright, Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1995).
9. See, for example, Jane Bennett and William Chaloupka, eds., In the Nature of Things: Language, Politics and the Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993); Neil Everden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Will Wright, Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1995).
10. See, for example, Jane Bennett and William Chaloupka, eds., In the Nature of Things: Language, Politics and the Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993); Neil Everden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Will Wright, Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1995).
11. See, for example, Jane Bennett and William Chaloupka, eds., In the Nature of Things: Language, Politics and the Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993); Neil Everden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Will Wright, Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992); Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1995).
12. Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environmental Rhetoric Threatens Our Future (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996), pp. 67-68.
13. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
14. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
15. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
16. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
17. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
18. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
19. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
20. Edward O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (New York: Norton, 1992); John Lawton and Robert May, eds., Extinction Rates (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity (New York: Norton, 1992); Peter H. Gleick, ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Lester Brown et al., State of the World 1996 (New York: Norton, 1996); World Resources Institute, World Resources 1992-1993 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); Richard Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
21. Dryzek, Rational Ecology, pp. 10-11.
22. Ibid., p. 11.
23. Jim MacNeill, Peter Winsemius, and Taizo Yakushiji, Beyond Interdependence: The Meshing of the World's Economy and the Earth's Ecology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 58.
24. See Bob Edwards, "With Liberty and Environmental Justice for All: The Emergence and Challenge of Grassroots Environmentalism in the US," in Bron Taylor, ed., Ecological Resistance Movements: The Global Emergence of Radical and Popular Environmentalism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), p. 38ff.
25. Christopher Stone, The Gnat is Older than Man: Global Environment and Human Agenda (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 36.
26. Marc Levy, "European Acid Rain: The Power of Tote-Board Diplomacy," in Peter Haas, Robert Keohane, and Marc Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993), pp. 75-132.
27. Brian Wynne, "The Toxic Waste Trade: International Regulatory Issues and Options," Third World Quarterly 11, no. 3 (July 1989): 120.
28. Quoted in Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, Towards a Green World: Should Global Environmental Management Be Built on Legal Conventions or Human Rights? (New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment, 1992), p. 14.
29. Ibid., p. 15; Wynne, "The Toxic Waste Trade," p. 121.
30. Ibid., p. 15; Wynne, "The Toxic Waste Trade," p. 121.
31. Cited in United States General Accounting Office, Hazardous and Non-hazardous Waste - Demographics of People Living Near Waste Facilities, Chapter Report, 13 June 1995, GAO/RCED 95-84, chap. 3:1.1.
32. See, for example, Paul Mohai and Bunyan Bryant, "Environmental Racism: Reviewing the Evidence," in Bryant and Mohai, eds., Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse (Boulder: Westview, 1992); Ruth Rosen, "Who Gets Polluted? The Movement for Environmental Justice," Dissent 41, no. 2 (spring 1994); Edwards, "With Liberty and Environmental Justice for All." See also Michael Janofsky, "Suit Says Racial Bias Led to the Clustering of Waste-Processing Sites," New York Times, 29 May 1996, p. A13.
33. See, for example, Paul Mohai and Bunyan Bryant, "Environmental Racism: Reviewing the Evidence," in Bryant and Mohai, eds., Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse (Boulder: Westview, 1992); Ruth Rosen, "Who Gets Polluted? The Movement for Environmental Justice," Dissent 41, no. 2 (spring 1994); Edwards, "With Liberty and Environmental Justice for All." See also Michael Janofsky, "Suit Says Racial Bias Led to the Clustering of Waste-Processing Sites," New York Times, 29 May 1996, p. A13.
34. See, for example, Paul Mohai and Bunyan Bryant, "Environmental Racism: Reviewing the Evidence," in Bryant and Mohai, eds., Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse (Boulder: Westview, 1992); Ruth Rosen, "Who Gets Polluted? The Movement for Environmental Justice," Dissent 41, no. 2 (spring 1994); Edwards, "With Liberty and Environmental Justice for All." See also Michael Janofsky, "Suit Says Racial Bias Led to the Clustering of Waste-Processing Sites," New York Times, 29 May 1996, p. A13.
35. See, for example, Paul Mohai and Bunyan Bryant, "Environmental Racism: Reviewing the Evidence," in Bryant and Mohai, eds., Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse (Boulder: Westview, 1992); Ruth Rosen, "Who Gets Polluted? The Movement for Environmental Justice," Dissent 41, no. 2 (spring 1994); Edwards, "With Liberty and Environmental Justice for All." See also Michael Janofsky, "Suit Says Racial Bias Led to the Clustering of Waste-Processing Sites," New York Times, 29 May 1996, p. A13.
36. Clovis Maksoud, "Introduction," in Maksoud, ed., Environmental Challenges and the Global South: UNCED and Beyond (Washington, D.C.: The American University, 1992), pp. 1-3.
37. Susanna Hecht and Alexander Cockburn, The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon (New York: HarperCollins, 1990).
38. Quoted in Rosen, "Who Gets Polluted?" 1994, p. 226.
39. Hanns W. Maull, "Japan's Global Environmental Policies," in Andrew Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., The International Politics of the Environment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 363.
40. Ibid., p. 364.
41. Edward Goldsmith, et al., Imperiled Planet: Restoring Our Endangered Ecosystems (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), p. 189.
42. Robin Broad, with John Cavanaugh, Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 37.
43. Ibid., p. 38.
44. Janet Raloff, "The Pesticide Shuffle: Global Distribution of Pesticides," Science News 149, no. 11 (16 March 1996): 174.
45. Ibid.
46. Daniel D. Chiras, Environmental Science, 4th ed. (Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings, 1994), pp. 433-434. See also, FASE, "FASE Research Report," pp. 8-9.
47. Daniel D. Chiras, Environmental Science, 4th ed. (Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings, 1994), pp. 433-434. See also, FASE, "FASE Research Report," pp. 8-9.
48. Gary Gardner, "Preserving Agricultural Resources," in Brown et al., State of the World 1996, p. 90.
49. Ibid.
50. See Peter Weber, "A Place for Pesticides?" World Watch (May/June 1992): 18-25.
51. See Vandana Shiva, "Biotechnology and the Environment" (mimeograph), Penang, Malaysia, Third World Network, 1992;
52. Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, Towards a Green World.
53. For general background on North-South issues often associated with environmental challenges, see South Commission, The Challenge to the South: An Overview and Summary of the South Commission Report (Geneva: Imprivite S.A. Geneva, 1990) .
54. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis on Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change," IPCC 1996, sec. 2:7.
55. Ibid., sec. 2:4.
56. David Brower, Let the Mountains Speak, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the Earth (San Francisco: HarperCollins West, 1995), p. 1.
57. Cited in John Ryan, "Conserving Biological Diversity," in Brown et al., eds., State of the World 1992 (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 9.
58. Edith Brown Weiss, In Fairness to Future Generations: International Law, Common Patrimony, and Intergenerational Equity (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, 1989), pp. 194-197.
59. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), "World Review of Highly Migratory Species and Straddling Stocks," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper no. 337, Rome, FAO 1994; quoted in, World Resources et al., World Resources 1996-1997 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 286.
60. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), "World Review of Highly Migratory Species and Straddling Stocks," FAO Fisheries Technical Paper no. 337, Rome, FAO 1994; quoted in, World Resources et al., World Resources 1996-1997 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 286.
61. See for example: Julian Simon, ed., The Ultimate Resource Two (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Gregg Easterbrook, A Moment on Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism (New York: Viking, 1995);
62. See for example: Julian Simon, ed., The Ultimate Resource Two (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Gregg Easterbrook, A Moment on Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism (New York: Viking, 1995);
63. Dixie Lee Ray and Lou Guzzo, Environmental Overkill (New York: HarperCollins, 1993).
64. Wilfred Beckerman, "Global Warming and International Action: An Economic Perspective," in Andrew Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., The International Politics of the Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 268. See generally, Beckerman, Small Is Stupid: Blowing the Whistle on the Greens (London: Duckworth, 1995).
65. Wilfred Beckerman, "Global Warming and International Action: An Economic Perspective," in Andrew Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., The International Politics of the Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 268. See generally, Beckerman, Small Is Stupid: Blowing the Whistle on the Greens (London: Duckworth, 1995).
66. Michael Walzer, The Company of Critics: Social Criticism and Public Commitment in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Walzer, Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).
67. Michael Walzer, The Company of Critics: Social Criticism and Public Commitment in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Walzer, Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).