A cross-cultural exploration of the reference dependence of crucial group decisions under risk: Japan's 1941 decision for war

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 792-813

  Levi, Ariel S ^a   Whyte, Glen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031286358     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002797041006004     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Albright, H. 1988. Pearl Harbor: Japan's fatal blunder. New York: Hippocrene Books.
2. Axelrod, R. 1976. The structure of decision. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3. Boettcher, W. A. III. 1995. Context, methods, numbers, and words: Prospect theory in international relations. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:561-83.
4. Borg, D., and S. Okamoto, eds. 1973. Pearl Harbor as history. New York: Columbia University Press.
5. Bueno de Mesquita, B., and D. Lalman. 1992. War and reason: Domestic and international imperatives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
6. Butow, R.J.C. 1961. Tojo and the coming of the war. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7. Cang, X. L. 1987. A cross cultural study of the leadership behavior of Chinese and Japanese executives. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 4:203-9.
8. Cohen, M., J. Jaffray, and T. Said. 1987. Experimental comparison of individual behavior under risk and under uncertainty for gains and for losses. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39:1-22.
9. Conroy, H., and H. Wray, eds. 1990. Pearl Harbor reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
10. Davis, J. H. 1992. Some compelling intuitions about group consensus decisions, theoretical and empirical research, and inter-personal aggregation phenomena: Selected examples, 1950-1990. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 52:3-38.
11. Doktor, R. H. 1990. Asian and American CEOs: A comparative study. Organizational Dynamics 18:46-56.
12. Edwards, K., and E. E. Smith. 1996. A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71:5-24.
13. Farnham, B. R. 1992a. Conclusion. Political Psychology 13:232-329.
14. -. 1992b. Roosevelt and the Munich crisis: Insights from prospect theory. Political Psychology 13:205-36.
15. -. 1997. Roosevelt and the Munich crisis: A study of political decision-making. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. Feis, H. 1950. The road to Pearl Harbor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
17. Goodman, R. S., and E. J. Kruger. 1988. Data dredging or legitimate research method? Historiography and its potential for management research. Academy of Management Review 13:315-25.
18. Grew, J. C. 1944. Ten years in Japan. New York: Simon & Schuster.
19. Hartley, R. F. 1992. Marketing mistakes. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley.
20. Helson, H. 1964. Adaptation level theory. New York: Harper & Row.
21. Hickson, D. J., Butler, R. J., Cray, D., Mallory, G. R., Wilson, D. C. 1986. Top decisions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
22. Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
23. Hosoya, C. 1967. Japan's decision for war, 1941. Peace Research in Japan 1:41-51.
24. Howard, N., and Y. Teramoto. 1981. The really important differences between Japanese and western management. Management International Review 21:19-30.
25. Ike, N. 1967. Japan's decision for war: Records of the 1941 policy conferences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
26. Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
27. Janis, I. L., and L. Mann. 1977. Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press.
28. Jervis, R. 1991. Domino beliefs and strategic behavior. In Dominoes and bandwagons: Strategic beliefs and great power competition in the Eurasian rimland, edited by R. Jervis and J. Snyder, 20-50. New York: Oxford University Press.
29. -. 1992. Political implications of loss aversion. Political Psychology 13:187-204.
30. Jones, F. C. 1954. Japan's new order in east Asia: Its rise and fall 1937-45. London: Oxford University Press.
31. Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. 1979. Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica 47:263-91.
32. -. 1984. Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist 39:341-50.
33. Kameda, T., and J. Davis. 1990. The function of the reference point in individual and group risky decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 46:55-76.
34. Kerlinger, F. N. 1951. Decision-making in Japan. Social Forces 30:36-41.
35. Kerr, N. L., R. J. MacCoun, and G. P. Kramer. 1996. Bias in judgment: Comparing individuals and groups. Psychological Review 103:687-719.
36. Keys, J. B., L. T. Denton, and T. R. Miller. 1994. The Japanese management theory jungle revisited. Journal of Management 20:373-402.
37. Keys, J. B., and T. R. Miller. 1984. The Japanese management theory jungle. Academy of Management Review 9:342-53.
38. Kruglanski, A. W., and D. M. Webster. 1996. Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing." Psychological Review 103:263-83.
39. Levi, A., and P. E. Tetlock. 1980. A cognitive analysis of Japan's 1941 decision for war. Journal of Conflict Resolution 24:195-211.
40. Levy, J. S. 1992a. An introduction to prospect theory. Political Psychology 13:171-86.
41. -. 1992b. Prospect theory and international relations: Theoretical applications and analytical problems. Political Psychology 13:283-310.
42. Lewin, K., T. Dembo, L. Festinger, and P. S. Sears. 1944. Level of aspiration. In Personality and the behavior disorders, vol. 1, edited by J. McV. Hunt, 333-78. New York: Ronald.
43. McDermott, R. 1992. Prospect theory in international relations: The Iranian hostage rescue mission. Political Psychology 13:237-64.
44. Miwa, K. 1975. Japanese images of war with the United States. In Mutual images: Essays in American-Japanese relations, edited by A. Iriye, 115-37. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
45. Morison, S. E. 1961. The lessons of Pearl Harbor. Saturday Evening Post, October 26.
46. Morley, J. W., ed. 1994. Japan's road to the Pacific war: The final confrontation. New York: Columbia University Press.
47. Mroczkowski, T., and M. Hanaoka. 1989. Continuity and change in Japanese management. California Management Review 31:39-53.
48. Myers, D., and H. Lamm. 1976. The group polarization phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin 83:602-27.
49. Ouchi, W. G. 1981. Theory Z. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
50. Pascale, R. T. 1978. Communication and decision making across cultures: Japanese and American comparisons. Administrative Science Quarterly 1:91-110.
51. Payne, J. W., D. J. Laughhunn, and R. Crum. 1980. Translation of gambles and aspiration level effects in risky choice behavior. Management Science 26:1039-60.
52. Pelz, S. E. 1974. Race to Pearl Harbor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53. Prange, G. W. 1982. At dawn we slept. New York: McGraw-Hill.
54. -. 1986. Pearl Harbor: The verdict of history. New York: McGraw-Hill.
55. Ross, J., and B. Staw. 1993. Organizational escalation and exit: Lessons from the Shoreham nuclear power plant. Academy of Management Journal 36:701-32.
56. Russett, B. M. 1967. Pearl Harbor: Deterrence theory and decision theory. Journal of Peace Research 4:89-106.
57. Shafir, E. 1992. Prospect theory and political analysis: A psychological perspective. Political Psychology 13:311-22.
58. Stein, J. G. 1993. International co-operation and loss avoidance: Framing the problem. In Choosing to cooperate: How states avoid loss, edited by J. G. Stein and L. W. Pauly, 2-34. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
59. Tetlock, P. E. 1985. Accountability: The neglected social context of judgment and choice. In Research in organizational behavior, vol. 9, edited by B. M. Staw and L. Cummings, 279-322. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
60. Toland, J. 1982. Rising sun: The decline and fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945. New York: Random House.
61. Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1986. Rational choice and the framing of decisions. Journal of Business 59:251-78.
62. -. 1991. Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference dependent model. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106:1039-61.
63. Vroom, V. H., and A. G. Jago. 1988. The new leadership: Managing participation in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
64. Ward, R. E. 1951. The inside story of the Pearl Harbor plan. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 77:1271-83.
65. Whyte, G. 1989. Groupthink reconsidered. Academy of Management Review 14:40-56.
66. -. 1993. Escalating commitment in individual and group decision making: A prospect theory approach. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54:430-55.
67. Whyte, G., and A. S. Levi. 1994. The origins and function of the reference point in risky group decision making: The case of the Cuban missile crisis. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 7:243-60.