Emissivity of rough sea surface for 8-13 μm: Modeling and verification

Applied Optics

Volumn 36, Issue 12, 1997, Pages 2609-2619

  Wu, Xiangqian ^a   Smith, William L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Emissivity of rough sea surface; Infrared remote sensing; Sea surface temperature

Indexed keywords

EMISSIVITY; INFRARED IMAGERY; SST; SURFACE ROUGHNESS;

EID: 0031284586     PISSN: 00036935     EISSN: 15394522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.36.002609     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. F. Webster and M. Fieux, "TOGA overview," in Large-scale Oceanographic Experiments and Satellites, C. Gautier and M. Fieux, eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1984), pp. 17-24.
2. X. Wu and W. L. Smith, "Sensitivity of sea surface temperature retrieval to sea surface emissivity," ACTA Meteorol. Sinica 10, 376-384 (1996).
3. F. F. Hall, "The polarized emissivity of water in the infrared," Appl. Opt. 3, 781-782 (1964).
4. P. M. Saunders, "Shadowing on the ocean and the existence of the horizon," J. Geophys. Res. 72, 4643-4649 (1967).
5. C. Cox and W. Munk, "Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter," J. Mar. Res. 13, 198-227 (1954).
6. T. Takashima and Y. Takayama, "Emissivity and reflectance of the model sea surface for the use of AVHRR data of NOAA satellites," Pap. Meteorol. Geophys. 32, 267-274 (1981).
7. K. Masuda, T. Takashima, and Y. Takayama, "Emissivity of pure and sea waters for the model sea surface in the infrared window regions," Remote Sensing Environ. 24, 313-329 (1988).
8. C. François and C. Ottlé, "Estimation of the angular variation of the sea surface emissivity with the ATSR/ERS-1 data," Remote Sensing Environ. 48, 302-308 (1994).
9. W. L. Smith, R. O. Knuteson, H. E. Revercomb, W. Feltz, H. B. Howell, W. P. Menzel, N. Nalli, O. B. Brown, J. Brown, P. J. Minnett, and W. McKeown, "Observations of the infrared radiative properties of the ocean - implications for the measurement of sea surface temperature via satellite remote sensing," Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 41-51 (1996).
10. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference, and Diffraction of Light, 6th ed. (Pergamon, New York, 1989), p. 38.
11. D. Clarke and J. F. Grainger, Polarized Light and Optical Measurement (Pergamon, New York, 1971), p. 55.
12. S. Khattak, R. A. Vaughan, and A. P. Cracknell, "Sunglint and its observation in AVHRR data," Remote Sensing Environ. 37, 101-116 (1991).
13. G. M. Hale and M. R. Querry, "Optical constants of water in the 200-nm to 200-μm wavelength region," Appl. Opt. 12, 555-563 (1973).
14. D. Friedman, "Infrared characteristics of ocean water (1.5-15 μ)," Appl. Opt. 8, 2073-2078 (1969).
15. H. C. Blume, H. Huhnerfuss, and W. Alpers, "Variation of the microwave brightness temperature of sea surfaces covered with mineral and monomolecular oil films," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing GE-21, 295-300 (1983).
16. I. G. Ómuirgheartaigh and E. C. Monahan, "Statistical aspects of the relationship between oceanic whitecap coverage, wind speed, and other environmental factors," in Oceanic Whitecaps and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes, E. C. Monahan and G. M. Niocaill, eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986), pp. 125-128.
17. D. Lü, "Microwave radiation and remote sensing of natural surfaces," in Principles of Microwave Radiation and Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, X. J. Zhou, ed. (Science, Beijing, 1982), p. 14.
18. F. J. Wentz, "A two-scale scattering model for foam-free sea microwave emission and backscattering from the sea surface," J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3441-3446 (1975).
19. R. J. Wagner, "Shadowing of randomly rough surfaces," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 138-148 (1967).
20. R. A. Brockelman and T. Hagfors, "Note on the effect of shadowing on the backscattering of waves from a random rough surface," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 14, 621-626 (1966).
21. K. E. Hamilton, "An experimental investigation of the shadowing of random rough surfaces," M.A. thesis (University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 1966).
22. K. Yoshimori, K. Itoh, and Y. Ichioka, "Thermal radiative and reflective characteristics of a wind-roughened water surface," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 1886-1893 (1994).
23. K. Yoshimori, K. Itoh, and Y. Ichioka, "Optical characteristics of a wind-roughened water surface: a two-dimensional theory," Appl. Opt. 34, 6236-6247 (1995).
24. K. Masuda, Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan (personal communication).
25. H. Tan and S. Tian, FORTRAN Language (Qinghua, Beijing, 1981), p. 139.
26. J. Otterman, J. Susskind, G. Dalu, D. Kratz, and I. L. Goldber, "Effects of water-emission anisotropy on multispectral remote sensing at thermal wavelengths of ocean temperature and of cirrus clouds," Appl. Opt. 31, 7633-7646 (1992).
27. P. Watts, M. Allen, and T. Nightingale, "Sea surface emission and reflection for the Along Track Scanning Radiometer," J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 13, 126-141 (1996).
28. L. Pontier and C. Dechambenoy, "Détermination des constantes optiques de l'eau liquide entre 1 et 40 μ. Application au calcul de son pouvoir réflecteur et de son émissivté," Ann. Geophys. 22, 633-641 (1966).
29. D. J. Segelstein, "The complex refractive index of water," M.S. thesis (University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, 1981).
30. D. M. Wieliczka, S. Weng, and M. R. Querry, "Wedge shaped cell for highly absorbent liquids: infrared optical constants of water," Appl. Opt. 28, 1714-1719 (1989).
31. R. G. Fleagle and J. A. Businger, An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, 2nd ed. (Academic, New York, 1980), p. 210.