The intensity of emotional facial expressions and decoding accuracy

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 241-257

  Hess, Ursula ^a   Blairy, Sylvie ^a   Kleck, Robert E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b Station A ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031283656     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1024952730333     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Biehl, M., Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kutoh, T. & Ton, V. (1997) Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion: Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 3-21.
2. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447-460). New York: Guilford.
3. Buck, R. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: Guilford.
4. Buck, R. (1991). Social functions in facial display and communication: A reply to Chovil and others. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15, 155-161.
5. Buck, R. (1994). Social and emotional functions in facial expression and communication: The readout hypothesis. Biological Psychology, 38, 95-115.
6. Duchenne, G. B. (1990). The mechanism of human facial expression. (R.A. Cuthbertson, Ed. and Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (original work published 1862).
7. Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 319-344). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48, 384-392.
9. Ekman, P. (1994). Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's mistaken critique. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 268-287.
10. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124-129.
11. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1982). Does the face provide accurate information? In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face (2nd ed.) (pp. 56-97). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Ekman, P., & O'Sullivan, M. (1991). Facial expression: Methods, means, and moues. In R. S. Feldman & B. Rimé (Eds.), Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 163-199). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
13. Etcoff, N. L., & Magee, J. J. (1992). Categorical perception of facial expressions. Cognition, 44, 227-240.
14. Fischer, A. (1993). Sex differences in emotionality: Fact or stereotype? Feminism & Psychology, 3, 303-318.
15. Fridlund, A. J. (1991). The sociality of solitary smiling: Potentiation by an implicit audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 229-240.
16. Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego: Academic Press.
17. Fridlund, A. J., Kenworthy, K. G., & Jaffey, A. K. (1992). Audience effects in affective imagery: Replication and extension to dysphoric imagery. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 191-211.
18. Frijda, N. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
20. Haugh, S. S., Hoffman, C. D., & Cowan, G. (1980). The eye of the very young beholder: Sex typing of infants by young children. Child Development, 51, 598-600.
21. Hess, U., Kappas, A., & Banse, R. (1995). The intensity of facial expressions is determined by underlying affective state and social situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 280-288.
22. Hess, U., Kappas, A., McHugo, G. J., Kleck, R. E., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1989). An analysis of the encoding and decoding of spontaneous and posed smiles: The use of facial electromyography. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 121-137.
23. Hess, U., Kappas, A., & Scherer, K. R. (1988). Multichannel communication of emotion: Synthetic signal production. In K. R. Scherer (Ed.), Facets of emotion: Recent research (pp. 161-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Izard, C. E. (1980). Cross-cultural perspectives on emotion and emotion communication. In H. Triandis (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, (pp. 95-126). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
25. Izard, C. E. (1994). Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 288-299.
26. Kappas, A., Hess, U., & Kirouac, G. (1995). Scaling the authenticity of facial expressions: Perceived genuineness of smiling is dependent on mouth and eyes. Unpublished manuscript.
27. Katsikitis, M., Pilowsky, I., & Innes, J. M. (1990). The quantification of smiling using a microcomputer-based approach. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 3-17.
28. Keating, C. F. (1985). Human dominance signals: The primate in us. In S. L. Ellyson & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.). Power, dominance, and nonverbal behavior (pp. 89-108). New York: Springer-Verlag.
29. Kirita, T., & Endo, M. (1995). Happy face advantage in recognizing facial expressions. Acta Psychologia, 89, 149-163.
30. Kirouac, G., & Doré, F.Y. (1983). Accuracy and latency of judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, 683-686.
31. Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988). Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion (JACFEE) and neutral faces (JACNeuf). San Francisco: San Francisco State University.
32. Motley, M. T., & Camden, C. T. (1988). Facial expression of emotion: A comparison of posed expressions versus spontaneous expressions in an interpersonal communications setting. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 52, 1-22.
33. Noller, P. (1985). Video primacy - A further look. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9, 28-47.
34. Scherer, K. R. (1986). Vocal affect expression: A review and a model for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 143-165.
35. Wagner, H. L. (1993). On measuring performance in category judgment studies of nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 3-28.
36. Wagner, H. L., Buck, R., & Winterbotham, M. (1993). Communication of specific emotions: Gender differences in sending accuracy and communication measures. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 29-53.