Taking the Cure to the Poor: Patients' Responses to New York City's Tuberculosis Program, 1894 to 1918

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 87, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 1808-1815

  Abel, Emily K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; HISTORY; HUMAN; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; POVERTY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL WELFARE; TREATMENT REFUSAL; UNITED STATES;

CHARITIES; CHILD; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NEW YORK CITY; POVERTY; PUBLIC HEALTH; TREATMENT REFUSAL; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY;

EID: 0031279466     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.87.11.1808     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. See, for example, Judith Walzer Leavitt, The Healthiest City: Milwaukee and the Politics of Health Reform (Princeton, N.J.: University of Princeton Press, 1982), 76-121; Guenter B. Risse, "Epidemics and History: Ecological Perspectives and Social Responses," in AIDS: The Burdens of History, ed. Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1988), 33-66.
2. See, for example, Judith Walzer Leavitt, The Healthiest City: Milwaukee and the Politics of Health Reform (Princeton, N.J.: University of Princeton Press, 1982), 76-121; Guenter B. Risse, "Epidemics and History: Ecological Perspectives and Social Responses," in AIDS: The Burdens of History, ed. Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1988), 33-66.
3. These files are located in the Community Service Society (CSS) Archive, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, N.Y.
4. Sheila M. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1994), 181.
5. See Association of Tuberculosis Clinics and the Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the Charity Organization Society (COS), Tuberculosis Families in Their Homes, A Case Study, (New York, N.Y., 1916), 164.
6. See John S. Billings Jr., The Registration and Sanitary Supervision of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in New York City (New York, N.Y.: New York City Department of Health, 1912); John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866-1966 (New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage, 1974); Barron H. Lerner, "New York City's Tuberculosis Control Efforts: The Historical Limitations of the 'War on Consumption,'" American Journal of Public Health 83 (May 1993):758-768.
7. See John S. Billings Jr., The Registration and Sanitary Supervision of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in New York City (New York, N.Y.: New York City Department of Health, 1912); John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866-1966 (New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage, 1974); Barron H. Lerner, "New York City's Tuberculosis Control Efforts: The Historical Limitations of the 'War on Consumption,'" American Journal of Public Health 83 (May 1993):758-768.
8. See John S. Billings Jr., The Registration and Sanitary Supervision of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in New York City (New York, N.Y.: New York City Department of Health, 1912); John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866-1966 (New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage, 1974); Barron H. Lerner, "New York City's Tuberculosis Control Efforts: The Historical Limitations of the 'War on Consumption,'" American Journal of Public Health 83 (May 1993):758-768.
9. Charles-Edward Armory Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs M.D., D.Sc., LL.D., Physician and Statesman of the Public Health (Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Febiger, 1929), 157.
10. Hermann M. Biggs, "The Municipal Sanatorium at Otisville" Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health of the City of New York 2 (November 1912):265-283; Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs, 187-188.
11. Hermann M. Biggs, "The Municipal Sanatorium at Otisville" Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health of the City of New York 2 (November 1912):265-283; Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs, 187-188.
12. Billings, Registration and Sanitary Supervision, 14-18.
13. Hermann M. Biggs, Administrative Control of Tuberculosis (New York, N.Y.: New York City Department of Health, 1909), 15.
14. Biggs, Administrative Control, 12-14.
15. See Robert H. Bremner, From the Depths: The Discovery of Poverty in the United States (New York, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1964), 51-57; Dawn Marie Greeley, "Beyond Benevolence: Gender, Class, and the Development of Scientific Charity in New York City, 1882-1935" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1995); Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1986), 58-84.
16. See Robert H. Bremner, From the Depths: The Discovery of Poverty in the United States (New York, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1964), 51-57; Dawn Marie Greeley, "Beyond Benevolence: Gender, Class, and the Development of Scientific Charity in New York City, 1882-1935" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1995); Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1986), 58-84.
17. See Robert H. Bremner, From the Depths: The Discovery of Poverty in the United States (New York, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1964), 51-57; Dawn Marie Greeley, "Beyond Benevolence: Gender, Class, and the Development of Scientific Charity in New York City, 1882-1935" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1995); Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1986), 58-84.
18. Bremner, From the Depths, 51-54; Katz, Shadow of the Poorhouse, 83.
19. Bremner, From the Depths, 51-54; Katz, Shadow of the Poorhouse, 83.
20. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the New York COS, Home Treatment of Tuberculosis in New York City (New York, N.Y.: New York COS, 1908),1; S. Adolphus Knopf, A History of the National Tuberculosis Association (New York, N.Y.: National Tuberculosis Association, 1922).
21. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the New York COS, Home Treatment of Tuberculosis in New York City (New York, N.Y.: New York COS, 1908),1; S. Adolphus Knopf, A History of the National Tuberculosis Association (New York, N.Y.: National Tuberculosis Association, 1922).
22. See Leavitt, The Healthiest City, 190-213.
23. Cited in CSS, "Educational Nursing Service -Educational Nursing for Family Health" (1948), 17, Box 67, CSS Archive.
24. New York COS, 34th Annual Report, September 30, 1916, 5.
25. See Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York, N.Y.: Penguin, 1988), 218.
26. See Linda M. Hunt, Brigitte Jordan, Susan Irwin, and C. H. Browner, "Compliance and the Patient's Perspective: Controlling Symptoms in Everyday Life," Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 13 (1989):315-334.
27. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death, 194-210.
28. Case no. R785, Box 272.
29. Case no. R1042, Box 281.
30. See Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs. Genes and the 'Immigrant Menace' (New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1994).
31. See Barbara Bates, Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938 (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 17, 265, 328.
32. See Susan A. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), 57-58; David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and at Play (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1985), 10-11.
33. See Susan A. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), 57-58; David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and at Play (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1985), 10-11.
34. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death, 185; Katz, Shadow of the Poorhouse, 83.
35. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death, 185; Katz, Shadow of the Poorhouse, 83.
36. John S. Billings, Jr, The Tuberculosis Clinics and Day Camps of the Department of Health, Monograph Series, no. 2 (Department of Health of the City of New York, July 1912), 42-45.
37. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the New York COS, Home Treatment, 13-19.
38. Case no. R704, Box 268.
39. Case no. R2018, Box 284.
40. Case no. R602, Box 263.
41. See Bates, Bargaining for Life, 110.
42. Billings, Tuberculosis Clinics and Day Camps; Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health of the City of New York 11 (October 1912), 251-252.
43. Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health of the City of New York 11 (October 1912), 251-252.
44. Case no. 588, Box 264.
45. Case no. R482, Box 259; Case no. R142, Box 245.
46. Case no. R743, Box 270.
47. Billings, Tuberculosis Clinics and Day Camps, 86-96.
48. Case no. R482, Box 259.
49. Case no. R1034, Box 281.
50. Case no. R995, Box 280.
51. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the New York COS, Tuberculosis Hospital Situation, New York City, 1911 (New York, N.Y.: New York COS, 1911), 6.
52. Duffy, A History of Public Health, 184-185, 253.
53. Case no. R367, Box 254.
54. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the New York COS, Need of Hospitals (New York, N.Y.: New York COS, 19-), 3.
55. Letter from J. F. to H. M. Johnson, n.d., filed with Case no. R966, Box 278. This account impressed New York COS staff, who sent copies of the letter to various city officials. 47. Biggs, "The Municipal Sanatorium at Otisville," 268.
56. Biggs, Administrative Control, 20.
57. Case no. R142, Box 245.
58. See Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death, 231.
59. New York COS, 24th Annual Report, September 30, 1906, 102.
60. Case no. R966, Box 267.
61. Case no. R588, Box 264.
62. Case no. R1042, Box 281; Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (New York, N.Y.: Free Press, 1994), 23-24.
63. Case no. R901, Box 276.
64. Board of Health of the Department of Health of the City of New York, Annual Report for the Year Ending December 31, 1906 (New York, N.Y.: Martin B. Brown, 1907), 465.
65. Case no. R299, Box 252.
66. Biggs, Administrative Control, 13.
67. Ibid.
68. Case no. R588, Box 264.
69. Biggs, Administrative Control, 14.
70. Alfred F. Hess, "The Tuberculosis Preventorium," The Survey 30 (August 30, 1913): 666-668; Alfred F. Hess, "The Significance of Tuberculosis in Infants and Children," The Journal of the American Medical Association 12 (January 11, 1919):83-88; see Bates, Bargaining for Life, 275; Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs, 224.
71. Alfred F. Hess, "The Tuberculosis Preventorium," The Survey 30 (August 30, 1913): 666-668; Alfred F. Hess, "The Significance of Tuberculosis in Infants and Children," The Journal of the American Medical Association 12 (January 11, 1919):83-88; see Bates, Bargaining for Life, 275; Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs, 224.
72. Alfred F. Hess, "The Tuberculosis Preventorium," The Survey 30 (August 30, 1913): 666-668; Alfred F. Hess, "The Significance of Tuberculosis in Infants and Children," The Journal of the American Medical Association 12 (January 11, 1919):83-88; see Bates, Bargaining for Life, 275; Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs, 224.
73. Alfred F. Hess, "The Tuberculosis Preventorium," The Survey 30 (August 30, 1913): 666-668; Alfred F. Hess, "The Significance of Tuberculosis in Infants and Children," The Journal of the American Medical Association 12 (January 11, 1919):83-88; see Bates, Bargaining for Life, 275; Winslow, Life of Hermann Biggs, 224.
74. Hess, 'Tuberculosis Preventorium," 667.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Hess, "Significance of Tuberculosis," 87.
78. Case no. R840, Box 274.
79. Case no. R822, Box 273.
80. Hess, "Significance of Tuberculosis," 87.
81. Case no. R733, Box 270.
82. Case no. R213, Box 248.
83. Case no. R840, Box 274.
84. Case no. R974, Box 279.
85. Case no. R728, Box 270.
86. Case no. R987, Box 279; Case no. R966, Box 278.
87. Elizabeth Fee and Evelynn M. Hammonds, "Science, Politics, and the Art of Persuasion: Promoting the New Scientific Medicine in New York City," in Hives of Sickness: Public Health and Epidemics in New York City, ed. David Rosner (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 164, 188 n. 51.
88. Daniel M. Fox, "Social Policy and City Politics: Tuberculosis Reporting in New York, 1889-1900," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 49 (1975):182.
89. Annual Report for the Year Ending December 31, 1907 (New York, N.Y.: Martin B. Brown, 1908), 434.
90. Billings, Registration and Sanitary Supervision, 13.