Which Types of Hospital Mergers Save Consumers Money?

Health Affairs

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 62-74

  Connor, Robert A ^a   Feldman, Roger D ^a   Dowd, Bryan E ^a   Radcliff, Tiffany A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSUMER; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST CONTROL; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MULTICENTER STUDY; UNITED STATES;

AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION; ANTITRUST LAWS; CONSUMER PARTICIPATION; COST SAVINGS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HEALTH CARE SECTOR; HEALTH FACILITY MERGER; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031263531     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.16.6.62     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. S. Lutz, "Merger Pace Slows Slightly in 2nd Quarter," Modern Healthcare (29 July 1996): 2-3.
2. S. Lutz, "Merger Would Form Utah Powerhouse," Modern Healthcare (22 April 1996): 14.
3. "Measuring Competition within Markets: An Elusive Topic That Merits Discussion," Health Care Financing and Organization: News and Progress (Princeton, N.J.: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, March 1997), 1-2; and M. Burke, "Chilling Effect on Mergers?" Trustee (August 1990): 20-21.
4. "Measuring Competition within Markets: An Elusive Topic That Merits Discussion," Health Care Financing and Organization: News and Progress (Princeton, N.J.: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, March 1997), 1-2; and M. Burke, "Chilling Effect on Mergers?" Trustee (August 1990): 20-21.
5. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
6. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
7. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
8. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
9. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
10. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
11. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
12. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
13. J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care," Journal of Health Economics (December 1985): 333-356; J.C. Robinson and H.S. Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982," Journal of the American Medical Association (19 June 1987): 3241-3245; M. Noether, "Competition among Hospitals," Journal of Health Economics (September 1988): 259-284; G.A. Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices," Journal of Health Economics (October 1992): 217-233; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and C. Simon, "Is Hospital Competition Wasteful?" RAND Journal of Economics (Summer 1992): 247-262; D.S. Dranove, M. Shanley, and W.D. White, "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets: The Switch from Patient-Driven to Payer-Driven Competition," Journal of Law and Economics (April 1993): 179-204; W.J. Lynk, "Property Rights and the Presumptions of Merger Analysis," Antitrust Bulletin (Summer 1994): 363-383; N.X. Nguyen and F.W. Derrick, "Hospital Markets and Competition: Implications for Antitrust Policy," Health Care Management Review (Winter 1994): 34-43; and G.J. Bazzoli et al., "Federal Antitrust Merger Enforcement Standards: A Good Fit for the Hospital Industry?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (Spring 1995): 137-190.
14. H.S. Luft et al., "The Role of Specialized Clinical Services in Competition among Hospitals," Inquiry (Spring 1986): 83-94; Robinson and Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care;" Robinson and Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982;" Hospital Research and Educational Trust, Effects of Horizontal Consolidation on Hospital Markts: Executive Summary, R01 HS06250-02 (Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, American Hospital Association 1993); and L.M. Manheim, G.J. Bazzoli, and M.W. Sohn, "Local Hospital Competition in Large Metropolitan Areas," Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 3, no. 1 (1994): 143-167.
15. H.S. Luft et al., "The Role of Specialized Clinical Services in Competition among Hospitals," Inquiry (Spring 1986): 83-94; Robinson and Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care;" Robinson and Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982;" Hospital Research and Educational Trust, Effects of Horizontal Consolidation on Hospital Markts: Executive Summary, R01 HS06250-02 (Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, American Hospital Association 1993); and L.M. Manheim, G.J. Bazzoli, and M.W. Sohn, "Local Hospital Competition in Large Metropolitan Areas," Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 3, no. 1 (1994): 143-167.
16. H.S. Luft et al., "The Role of Specialized Clinical Services in Competition among Hospitals," Inquiry (Spring 1986): 83-94; Robinson and Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care;" Robinson and Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982;" Hospital Research and Educational Trust, Effects of Horizontal Consolidation on Hospital Markts: Executive Summary, R01 HS06250-02 (Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, American Hospital Association 1993); and L.M. Manheim, G.J. Bazzoli, and M.W. Sohn, "Local Hospital Competition in Large Metropolitan Areas," Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 3, no. 1 (1994): 143-167.
17. H.S. Luft et al., "The Role of Specialized Clinical Services in Competition among Hospitals," Inquiry (Spring 1986): 83-94; Robinson and Luft, "The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the Cost of Care;" Robinson and Luft, "Competition and the Cost of Hospital Care, 1972 to 1982;" Hospital Research and Educational Trust, Effects of Horizontal Consolidation on Hospital Markts: Executive Summary, R01 HS06250-02 (Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, American Hospital Association 1993); and L.M. Manheim, G.J. Bazzoli, and M.W. Sohn, "Local Hospital Competition in Large Metropolitan Areas," Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 3, no. 1 (1994): 143-167.
18. W.J. Lynk, "Nonprofit Hospital Mergers and the Exercise of Market Power," Journal of Law and Economics (October 1995): 437-461.
19. G.A. Melnick, J. Zwanziger, and T. Bradley, "Competition and Cost Containment in California: 1980-1987," Health Affairs (Summer 1989): 129-136; Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices;" G.A. Melnick and J. Zwanziger, "Hospital Behavior under Competition and Cost-Containment Policies: The California Experience, 1980 to 1985," Journal of the American Medical Association (11 November 1988): 2669-2675; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
20. G.A. Melnick, J. Zwanziger, and T. Bradley, "Competition and Cost Containment in California: 1980-1987," Health Affairs (Summer 1989): 129-136; Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices;" G.A. Melnick and J. Zwanziger, "Hospital Behavior under Competition and Cost-Containment Policies: The California Experience, 1980 to 1985," Journal of the American Medical Association (11 November 1988): 2669-2675; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
21. G.A. Melnick, J. Zwanziger, and T. Bradley, "Competition and Cost Containment in California: 1980-1987," Health Affairs (Summer 1989): 129-136; Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices;" G.A. Melnick and J. Zwanziger, "Hospital Behavior under Competition and Cost-Containment Policies: The California Experience, 1980 to 1985," Journal of the American Medical Association (11 November 1988): 2669-2675; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
22. G.A. Melnick, J. Zwanziger, and T. Bradley, "Competition and Cost Containment in California: 1980-1987," Health Affairs (Summer 1989): 129-136; Melnick et al., "The Effects of Market Structure and Bargaining Position on Hospital Prices;" G.A. Melnick and J. Zwanziger, "Hospital Behavior under Competition and Cost-Containment Policies: The California Experience, 1980 to 1985," Journal of the American Medical Association (11 November 1988): 2669-2675; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
23. J. Zwanziger and G.A. Melnick, "The Effects of Hospital Competition and the Medicare PPS Program on Hospital Cost Behavior in California," Journal of Health Economics (December 1988): 301-320; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
24. J. Zwanziger and G.A. Melnick, "The Effects of Hospital Competition and the Medicare PPS Program on Hospital Cost Behavior in California," Journal of Health Economics (December 1988): 301-320; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
25. J.A. Alexander, M.T. Halpern, and S.Y. Lee, "The Short-Term Effect of Merger on Hospital Operations," Health Services Research 30, no. 6 (1996): 827-847.
26. R.J. Bogue et al., "Hospital Reorganization after Merger," Medical Care 33, no. 7 (1995): 676-686.
27. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, OIG Final Report on "Effects of Hospital Mergers on Costs, Revenues, and Patient Volume", OEI-12-90-02450 (Washington: DHHS/OIG, 2 July 1992).
28. J.R. Barro and D.M. Cutler, Consolidation in the Medical Care Marketplace: A Case Study from Massachusetts, Working Paper 5957 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1997).
29. W.J. Lynk, "The Creation of Economic Efficiencies in Hospital Mergers," Journal of Health Economics 14 (1995): 507-530.
30. R.M. Mullner and R.M. Andersen, "A Descriptive and Financial Ratio Analysis of Merged and Consolidated Hospitals: United States, 1980-1985," Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 7 (1987): 41-58; and J. Greene, "The Costs of Hospital Mergers," Modern Healthcare (3 February 1992): 36-42.
31. R.M. Mullner and R.M. Andersen, "A Descriptive and Financial Ratio Analysis of Merged and Consolidated Hospitals: United States, 1980-1985," Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 7 (1987): 41-58; and J. Greene, "The Costs of Hospital Mergers," Modern Healthcare (3 February 1992): 36-42.
32. L. Simonson and J. Zwanziger, "Hospital Mergers Reduce Acute Beds but Overcapacity Remains an Issue," Health Care Financing and Organization: Findings Brief (Princeton, N.J.: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, June 1997), 1-2.
33. D.M. Makuc et al., Vital and Health Statistics: Health Service Areas for the United States, DHHS Pub. no. (PHS)92-1386 (Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, November 1991).
34. Office of Data Analysis and Management, Bureau of Health Professions, Area Resource File (data set) (Washington: HHS/ODAM/BHP, September 1991).
35. Health Care Financing Administration, Bureau of Data Management and Strategy, Health Care Provider Cost Report Information System, HCFA-2552-85, PPS II-VIII (Washington: HCFA, 1992); American Hospital Association, Annual Survey of Hospitals (Chicago: AHA, 1986-1994); and Health Care Financing Administration, HCFA Hospital Wage Index Survey (Washington: HCFA, 1994).
36. Health Care Financing Administration, Bureau of Data Management and Strategy, Health Care Provider Cost Report Information System, HCFA-2552-85, PPS II-VIII (Washington: HCFA, 1992); American Hospital Association, Annual Survey of Hospitals (Chicago: AHA, 1986-1994); and Health Care Financing Administration, HCFA Hospital Wage Index Survey (Washington: HCFA, 1994).
37. Health Care Financing Administration, Bureau of Data Management and Strategy, Health Care Provider Cost Report Information System, HCFA-2552-85, PPS II-VIII (Washington: HCFA, 1992); American Hospital Association, Annual Survey of Hospitals (Chicago: AHA, 1986-1994); and Health Care Financing Administration, HCFA Hospital Wage Index Survey (Washington: HCFA, 1994).
38. For information on the full multivariate analysis upon which our analyses were based, contact Robert Connor, Healthcare Management Department, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0381.
39. M. Dube, "Antitrust Implications of Hospital Mergers," Health System Leader (June 1994): 14-17.
40. Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
41. J. Greene, "Merger Monopolies," Modern Healthcare (5 December 1994): 38-48; and Mullner and Andersen, "A Descriptive and Financial Ratio Analysis of Merged and Consolidated Hospitals: United States, 1980-1985."
42. J. Greene, "Merger Monopolies," Modern Healthcare (5 December 1994): 38-48; and Mullner and Andersen, "A Descriptive and Financial Ratio Analysis of Merged and Consolidated Hospitals: United States, 1980-1985."
43. Bogue et al., "Hospital Reorganization after Merger."
44. J.C. Robinson, "HMO Market Penetration and Hospital Cost Inflation in California," Journal of the American Medical Association (20 November 1991): 2719-2723; J.E. Kralewski et al., "Factors Related to the Provision of Hospital Discounts for HMO Inpatients," Health Services Research (June 1992): 133-153; J. Zwanziger, G.A. Melnick, and A. Bamezai, "Costs and Price Competition in California Hospitals, 1980-1990," Health Affairs (Fall 1994): 118-126; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
45. J.C. Robinson, "HMO Market Penetration and Hospital Cost Inflation in California," Journal of the American Medical Association (20 November 1991): 2719-2723; J.E. Kralewski et al., "Factors Related to the Provision of Hospital Discounts for HMO Inpatients," Health Services Research (June 1992): 133-153; J. Zwanziger, G.A. Melnick, and A. Bamezai, "Costs and Price Competition in California Hospitals, 1980-1990," Health Affairs (Fall 1994): 118-126; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
46. J.C. Robinson, "HMO Market Penetration and Hospital Cost Inflation in California," Journal of the American Medical Association (20 November 1991): 2719-2723; J.E. Kralewski et al., "Factors Related to the Provision of Hospital Discounts for HMO Inpatients," Health Services Research (June 1992): 133-153; J. Zwanziger, G.A. Melnick, and A. Bamezai, "Costs and Price Competition in California Hospitals, 1980-1990," Health Affairs (Fall 1994): 118-126; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
47. J.C. Robinson, "HMO Market Penetration and Hospital Cost Inflation in California," Journal of the American Medical Association (20 November 1991): 2719-2723; J.E. Kralewski et al., "Factors Related to the Provision of Hospital Discounts for HMO Inpatients," Health Services Research (June 1992): 133-153; J. Zwanziger, G.A. Melnick, and A. Bamezai, "Costs and Price Competition in California Hospitals, 1980-1990," Health Affairs (Fall 1994): 118-126; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
48. R.D. Feldman et al., "Effects of HMOs on the Creation of Competitive Markets for Hospital Services," Journal of Health Economics (September 1990): 207-222.
49. Lynk, "Nonprofit Hospital Mergers and the Exercise of Market Power."
50. Ibid.
51. Alexander et al., "The Short-Term Effect of Merger on Hospital Operations."
52. R.S. Hartman, "Predicting the Efficiency Effects of Mergers," Journal of Forensic Economics 9, no. 3 (1996): 295-323.
53. D. Dranove, "Market Definition in Antitrust Analysis: Applications to Health Care" (Paper presented at American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 10 April 1997, Washington, D.C.).
54. S. Andreopoulos, "The Folly of Teaching-Hospital Mergers," The New England Journal of Medicine (2 January 1997): 61-64; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
55. S. Andreopoulos, "The Folly of Teaching-Hospital Mergers," The New England Journal of Medicine (2 January 1997): 61-64; and Dranove et al., "Price and Concentration in Hospital Markets."
56. Barro and Cutler, Consolidation in the Medical Care Marketplace.