The consequences of the intracellular retention of pathogen-derived T- cell-independent antigens on protein presentation to T cells

Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology

Volumn 85, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-15

  Leyva Cobián, Francisco ^a   Outschoorn, Ingrid M ^b   Carrasco Marín, Eugenio ^a,c   Alvarez Domínguez, Carmen ^a,c  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO MARQUÉS DE VALDECILLA   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^c WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCOLIPID; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; OLIGOSACCHARIDE; T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; INFECTION; MACROPHAGE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 0031259951     PISSN: 00901229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4426     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Marrack P., Kappler J. Subversion of the immune system by pathogens. Cell. 76:1994;323-332.
2. Andrews N. W., Webster P. Phagolysosomal escape by intracellular pathogens. Parasitol. Today. 7:1991;335-340.
3. Zwilling B. S., Eisenstein T. K. Macrophage-Pathogen Interactions. 1994;Dekker, New York.
4. Germain R. N., Castelino F., Han R., Reis e Sousa C., Romagnoli P., Sadegh-Nasseri S., Zhong G.-M. Processing and presentation of endocytically acquired protein antigens by MHC class II and class I molecules. Immunol. Rev. 151:1996;5-30.
5. Weissmann G., Zurier R. B., Spieler P. D., Goldstein I. M. Mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme release from leukocytes exposed to immune complexes and other particles. J. Exp. Med. 134:1971;149-158.
6. Basten A., Howard J. G. Thymus independence. Contemp. Topics Immunobiol. 2:1973;265-000.
7. Mosier D. E., Subbarao B. Thymus-independent antigens: complexity of B-lymphocyte activation revealed. Immunol. Today. 3:1982;217-222.
8. Mosier D. E., Zitron I. M., Mond J. J., Ahmed A., Scher I., Paul W. E. Surface immunoglobulin D as a functional receptor for a subclass of B lymphocytes. Immunol. Rev. 37:1977;89-104.
9. Coutinho A., Moller G. Thymus-independent B-cell induction and paralysis. Adv. Immunol. 21:1975;114-236.
10. Mond J. J., Lees A., Snapper C. M. T cell-independent antigens type 2. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:1995;655-692.
11. Hoiby N. Microbiology of lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Acta Pediatr. Scand. Suppl. 301:1982;33-38.
12. Adler F. L. Competition of antigens. Prog. Allergy. 8:1964;41-57.
13. Michaelis L. Untersuchungen über Eiweißpräzipitine. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 28:1902;733.
14. Michaelis L. Weitere Untersuchungen über Eiweißpräzipitine. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 30:1904;1240-1241.
15. Adler F. J. Antibody formation after injection of heterologous immune globulin. II. Competition of antigens. J. Immunol. 78:1957;201-211.
16. Eidinger D., Khan S. A., Miller K. G. The effect of antigenic competition on various manifestations of humoral antibody formation and cellular immunity. J. Exp. Med. 128:1968;1183-1200.
17. Radovich J., Talmage D. W. Antigenic competition: Cellular or humoral. Science. 158:1967;512-514.
18. Miller J., Martínez C., Good R. A. Reciprocal competition of a variet of antigens in the suppression of immunological reactivity. J. Immunol. 93:1964;342-351.
19. Amkraut A. A., Garvey J. S., Campbell D. H. Competition of haptens. J. Exp. Med. 124:1966;293-306.
20. Schechter I. Antigenic competition between polypeptidyl determinants in normal and tolerant rabbits. J. Exp. Med. 127:1968;237-250.
21. Werdelin O. Chemically related antigens compete for presentation by accessory cells to T cells. J. Immunol. 129:1982;1883-1891.
22. Rock K. L., Benacerraf B. Inhibition of antigen-specific T lymphocyte activation by structurally related Ir gene-controlled polymers. J. Exp. Med. 157:1983;1618-1634.
23. Leyva-Cobián F., Unanue E. R. Intracellular interference with antigen presentation. J. Immunol. 141:1988;1445-1450.
24. Moreno C., Mehler A., Lamb J. The inhibitory effect of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan and polysaccharides upon polyclonal and monoclonal human T cell proliferation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 74:1988;206-210.
25. Freund J. On the role of the reticuloendothelial system in the tuberculin hypersensitiveness. J. Immunol. 11:1926;383-394.
26. Allen P. M., Babbitt B. P., Unanue E. R. T-cell recognition of lysozyme: The biochemical basis of presentation. Immunol. Rev. 98:1987;171-187.
27. Schwartz M., Geiger B., Hooghe R., Bar Eli M., Gallily R., Mozes E., Sela M. The mode of interaction with macrophages of two ordered synthetic polypeptides which differ in their thymus dependency. Immunology. 35:1979;849-855.
28. Janeway C. A. J., Humphrey J. H. Synthetic antigens composed exclusively of L- or D-amino acids. II. Effect of optical configuration on the metabolism and fate of synthetic polypeptide antigens in mice. Immunology. 14:1968;225-234.
29. Buus S., Settle A., Grey H. M. The interaction between protein-derived immunogenic peptides and Ia. Immunol. Rev. 98:1987;115-141.
30. Harding C. V., Roof R. W., Allen P. M., Unanue E. R. Effects of pH and polysaccharides on peptide binding to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;2740-2744.
31. Isakov N., Feldman M., Segal S. Acute infection of mice with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) impairs the antigen presentation capacity of their macrophages. Cell. Immunol. 66:1982;317-332.
32. Harding C. V., Leyva-Cobián F., Unanue E. R. Mechanisms of antigen processing. Immunol. Rev. 106:1988;77-92.
33. Fruth U., Solioz N., Louis J. A. Leishmania major. J. Immunol. 150:1993;1857-1864.
34. Prina E., Jouanne C., de Souza-Lao S., Szabo A., Guillet J. G., Antoine J. C. Antigen presentation capacity of murine macrophages infected withLeishmania amazonensis. J. Immunol. 151:1993;2050-2061.
35. Leyva-Cobián F., Alvarez-Domínguez C., Carrasco-Marín E., López-Hoyos M., López-Mato M. P. Los macrófagos como células efectoras de los parásitos intracelulares. Parasitología Molecular. 1993;CSIC, Madrid. p. 217-246.
36. Schwab J. H., Stimpson S. A., Bristol L. A., Richmond M. H. Pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis induced by bacterial peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers and lipopolysaccharide. Schrinner E., Seibert G., Schwarz U. Surface Structures of Microorganisms and Their Interactions with the Mammalian Host. 1988;99-112 VCH, Weinheim.
37. Shapiro M. E., Kasper D. L., Zaleznik D. F., Spriggs S., Onderdonk A. B., Finberg R. W. Cellular control of abscess formation: role of T cells in the regulation of abscesses formed in response toBacteroides fragilis. J. Immunol. 137:1986;341-346.
38. Tzianabos A. O., Onderdonk A. B., Rosner B., Cisneros R. L., Kasper D. L. Structural features of polysaccharides that induce intra-abdominal abscesses. Science. 262:1993;416-419.
39. Read R. C., Zimmerli S., Broaddus V. C., Sanan D. A., Stephens D. S., Ernst J. D. The (α2-8)-linked polysialic acid capsule of group BNeisseria meningitidis. Infect. Immun. 64:1996;3210-3217.
40. Ishioka G. Y., Lamont A. G., Thompson D., Bulbow N., Gaeta F. C. A., Sette A., Grey H. M. MHC interaction and T cell recognition of carbohydrates and glycopeptides. J. Immunol. 148:1992;2446-2451.
41. Deck B., Elofsson M., Kihlberg J., Unanue E. R. Specificity of glycoptide-specific T cells. J. Immunol. 155:1995;1074-1078.
42. Harding C. V., Kihlberg J., Elofsson M., Magnusson G., Unanue E. R. Glycopeptides bind MHC molecules and elicit specific T cell responses. J. Immunol. 151:1993;2419-2425.
43. Haurum J. S., Arsequell G., Lellouch A. C., Wong S. Y. C., Dwek R. A., McMichael A. J., Elliot T. Recognition of carbohydrate by major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted, glycopeptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 180:1994;739-744.
44. Mouritsen S., Meldal M., Christiansen-Brams I., Elsner H., Werdelin O. Attachment of oligosaccharides to peptide antigen profoundly affects binding to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and peptide immunogenicity. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:1994;1066-1072.
45. Mäkelä O., Péterfy F., Outschoorn I. M., Richter A. W., Seppälä I. Immunogenic properties of α(1-6)dextran, its protein conjugates, and conjugates of its breakdown products in mice. Scand. J. Immunol. 19:1984;541-550.
46. Peeters C. C. A. M., Tenbergen-Meekes A. M., Evenberg. A comparative study of pneumococcal type 4 polysaccharide and oligosaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugates in adult mice. J. Immunol. 146:1991;4308-4314.
47. Anderson P., Betts R. Human adult immunogenicity of protein-coupled pneumococcal capsular antigens of serotypes prevalent in otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8:1989;S50-S53.
48. Steinhoff M. C., Edwards K., Keyserling H., Thoma M. L., Johnson C., Madore D., Hogerman D. A randomized comparison of three bivalentStreptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:1994;368-372.
49. Szu S. C., Li X., Schneerson R. Comparative immunogenicities of Vi polysaccharide-protein conjugates composed of cholera toxin or its B subunit as a carrier bound to high- or lower-molecular-weight Vi. Infect. Immun. 57:1989;3823-3827.
50. González-Fernández M., Carrasco-Marín E., Alvarez- Domínguez C., Outschoorn I. M., Leyva-Cobián F. Inhibitory effects of thymus-independent type 2 antigens on MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation: Comparative analysis of carbohydrate structures and the antigen-presenting cell. Cell. Immunol. 176:1997;1-13.
51. Bezouska K., Yuen C.-T., O'Brien J., Childs R. A., Chai W., Lawson A. M., Drbal K., Fiserová A., Pospísil M., Feizi T. Oligosaccharide ligands for NKR-P1 protein activate NK cells and citotoxicity. Nature. 372:1994;150-157.
52. Arakatsu Y., Ashwell G., Kabat E. A. Immunochemical studies on dextrans. V. Specificity and cross-reactivity with dextrans of the antibodies formed in rabbits to isomaltonic and isomaltotrionic acids coupled to bovin serum albumin. J. Immunol. 97:1966;858-866.
53. Humphrey J. H. Tolerogenic or immunogenic activity of hapten-conjugated polysaccharides correlated with cellular localization. Eur. J. Immunol. 11:1981;212-220.
54. Humphrey J. H., Grennan D. Different macrophage populations distinguished by means of fluorescent polysaccharides. Recognition and properties of marginal-zone macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol. 11:1981;221-228.
55. Kraal G., Hart H. T., Meelhuizen C., Venneker G., Claassen E. Marginal zone macrophages and their role in the immune response against T-independent type 2 antigens: Modulation of the cells with specific antibody. Eur. J. Immunol. 19:1989;675-680.
56. Chao D., MacPherson G. G. Analysis of thymus-independent type 2 antigen uptake by marginal zone macrophages in thin slices of viable lymphoid tissue. in vitro. Eur. J. Immunol. 20:1990;1451-1455.
57. Lehrman M. A., Hill R. L. The binding of fucose-containing glycoproteins by hepatic lectins: Purification of a fucose-binding lectin from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;7419-7425.
58. Hoyle G. W., Hill R. L. Structure of the gene for a carbohydrate-binding receptor unique to rat Küpffer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;1850-1857.
59. Ofek I., Rest R. F., Sharon N. Nonopsonic phagocytosis of microorganisms. ASM News. 58:1992;429-435.
60. Lichtman S. N., Okoruwa E. E., Currin R. T., Lemasters J. J. Küppfer cells have a role in hepatic injury associated with small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Hepatology. 14:1991;A168.
61. Kielian M. C., Steinman R. M., Cohn Z. A. Intralysosomal accumulation of polyanions. I. Fusion of pinocytic and phagocytic vacuoles with secondary lysosomes. J. Cell Biol. 93:1982;866-874.
62. Schnizlein C. T., Kosko M. H., Szakal A. K., Tew J. G. Follicular dendritic cells in suspension: Identification, enrichment, and initial characterization indicating immune complex trapping and lack of adherence and phagocytic activity. J. Immunol. 134:1985;1360-1368.
63. Kapsenberg M. L., Teunissen M. B. M., Stiekema F. E. M., Keizer H. G. Antigen-presenting cell function of dendritic cells and macrophages in proliferative T cell responses to soluble and particulate antigens. Eur. J. Immunol. 16:1986;345-350.
64. De Bruijn M. L. H., Nieland J. D., Harding C. H., Melief C. J. M. Processing and presentation of intact hen egg-white lysozyme by dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1992;2347-2352.
65. Inaba K., Inaba M., Naito M., Steinman R. M. Dendritic cell progenitors phagocytose particulates, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms, and sensitize mice to mycobacterial antigensin vivo. J. Exp. Med. 178:1993;479-488.
66. Reis e Sousa C., Stahl P. D., Austyn J. M. Phagocytosis of antigens by Langerhans cellsin vitro. J. Exp. Med. 178:1993;509-519.
67. Stahl P., Schlesinger P. H., Sigardson E., Rodman J. S., Lee Y. C. Receptor-mediated pinocytosis of mannose glycoconjugates by macrophages: characterization and evidence for receptor recycling. Cell. 19:1980;207-215.
68. Manca F. Galactose receptors and presentation of HIV envelope glycoprotein to specific human T cells. J. Immunol. 148:1992;2278-2282.
69. Sallusto F., Cella M., Danielli C., Lanzavecchia A. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate antigen in the MHC class II compartment: Downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J. Exp. Med. 182:1995;389-400.
70. Steinman R. M., Swanson J. A. The endocytic activity of dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 182:1995;283-288.
71. Tulp A., Verwoerd D., Dobberstein B., Ploegh H. L., Pieters J. Isolation and characterization of intracellular MHC class II compartment. Nature. 369:1994;120-126.
72. Amigorena S., Drake J. R., Webster P., Mellman I. Transient accumulation of new class II MHC molecules in a novel endocytic compartment in B lymphocytes. Nature. 369:1994;113-120.
73. von Möllendorff W. Experimentelle vakuolenbildung in fibrozyten der gewebekultur und deren färbung durch neutralrot. Z. Zellforsch. Mikr. Anat. 23:1936;746-760.
74. von Möllendorff W. Beiträge zum problem der zellenviskosität. Arch. Exp. Zellforsch. 19:1937;263-275.
75. Brewer D. B., Heat D. Lysosomes and vacuolization of the liver cell. Nature. 198:1963;1015-1017.
76. Jacques P. J. Epuration plasmatique de proteines étrangères: Leur capture et leur destinée dans l'appareil vacuolaire du foie. 1968;Librairie Universitaire, Louvain.
77. Fratantoni J. C., Hall C. W., Neufeld E. F. The defect in Hurler and Hunter syndromes. II. Deficiency of specific factors involved in mucopolysaccharide degradation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 64:1969;360-365.
78. Lichtman S. N., Okoruwa E. E., Keku J., Schwab J. H., Sartor R. B. Degradation of endogenous bacterial cell wall polymers by the muralitic enzyme mutanolysin prevents hepatobiliary injury in genetically susceptible rats with experimental intestinal bacterial overgrowth. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1992;1313-1322.
79. Lian R. H., Kotwal G. J., Wellhausen S. R., Hunt L. A., Justus D. E. INF-γ-induced MHC class II gene expression is suppressed in endothelial cells by dextran sulfate. J. Immunol. 157:1996;864-873.
80. k. J. Immunol. 141:1988;4124-4128.
81. Romagnoli P., Layet C., Yewdell J., Bakke O., Germain R. N. Relationship between invariant chain expression and major histocompatibility complex class II transport into early and late endocytic compartments. J. Exp. Med. 177:1993;583-596.
82. Horton D., Wolfrom M. L. Polysaccharides. Florkin M., Stotz E. H. Comprehensive Biochemistry. 1963;189-232 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
83. Goren M. B., Hart P. D., Young M. R., Armstrong J. A. Prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured macrophages by sulfatides ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 73:1976;2510-2514.
84. D'Arcy Hart P., Young M. R., Gordon A. H., Sullivan K. H. Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages by certain mycobacteria can be explained by inhibition of lysosomal movements observed after phagocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 166:1987;933-946.
85. Sandoval I. V., Bakke O. Targeting of membrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes. Trends Cell Biol. 4:1994;292-297.
86. Berthiaume E. P., Medina C., Swanson J. A. Molecular size-fractionation during endocytosis in macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 129:1995;989-998.
87. Berón W., Alvarez-Domínguez C., Mayorga L., Stahl P. D. Membrane trafficking along the phagocytic pathway. Trends Cell Biol. 5:1995;100-104.
88. Desjardins M. Biogenesis of phagolysosomes: The "kiss and run" hypothesis. Trends Cell Biol. 5:1995;183-186.
89. Alvarez-Dominguez C., Barbieri A. M., Berón W., Wandinger-Ness A., Stahl P. D. Phagocytosed liveListeria monocytogenesin vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;13834-13843.
90. Zhang J. P., Stephens R. S. Mechanism ofC. trachomatis. Cell. 69:1992;861-869.
91. Spargo B. J., Crowe L. M., Ioneda T., Beaman B. L., Crowe J. H. Cord factor (α,α-thehalose 6,6′-dimycolate) inhibits fusion between phospholipid vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;737-740.
92. Noll H., Bloch H., Asselineau J., Lederer E. The chemical structure of the cord factor ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 20:1956;299-309.
93. Spargo B. J., Crowe L. M., Ioneda T., Beaman B. L., Crowe J. H. Cord factor (α,α-thehalose 6,6′-dimycolate) inhibits fusion between phospholipids vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;737-740.
94. 2+. Biochem. J. 261:1989;1059.
95. Brestel E. P., McClain E. J. A mechanism for inhibition of luminol-dependent neutrophil chemiluminiscence by polyanions. J. Immunol. 131:1983;2515-2519.
96. Thelen M., Wymann M. P., Langen H. Wortmannin binds specifically to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase while inhibiting guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor signaling in neutrophil leukocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;4960-4964.
97. Vlahos C. J. Phosphatidyl 3-kinase inhibitors and their effects on cell signaling pathways. Drugs Future. 20:1995;165-171.
98. Leyva-Cobián F., Carrasco-Marín E. Participation of intracellular oxidative pathways in antigen processing by dendritic cells, B cells and macrophages. Immunol. Lett. 43:1994;29-37.
99. Carrasco-Marín E., Alvarez-Domínguez C., Leyva-Cobián F. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phospholipase D activation, selectively blocks major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen presentation. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:1994;2031-2039.
100. Hiles I. D., Otsu M., Volinia S., Fry M. J., Gout I., Dhand R., Panayotu G., Ruíz-Larrea F., Thompson A., Totty N. F., Hsuan J. J., Courtneige S. A., Parker P. J., Waterfield M. D. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase: Structure and expression of the 110 catalytic subunit. Cell. 70:1992;419-429.
101. Arese P., De Flora A. S. Pathophysiology of hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Semin. Hematol. 27:1990;1-40.
102. Carrasco-Marín E., Alvarez-Domínguez C., López-Mato P., Martínez-Palencia R., Leyva-Cobián F. Iron salts and iron-containing porphyrins block presentation of protein antigens by macrophages to MHC class II-restricted T cells. Cell. Immunol. 171:1996;173-185.
103. Clemente J., Leyva-Cobián F., Hernández M., García-Alonso A. Intracellular immunoglobulins in human milk macrophages: Ultrastructural localization and factors affecting the kinetics of immunoglobulin release. Int. Arch. Allerg. Appl. Immunol. 80:1986;291-299.
104. Leyva-Cobián F., Clemente J. Phenotypic characterization and functional activity of human milk macrophages. Immunol. Lett. 8:1984;249-256.
105. Varki A. Biological roles of oligosaccharides: all of the theories are correct. Glycobiology. 3:1993;97-130.
106. Mehra V., Brennan P. J., Rada E., Convit J., Bloom B. R. Lymphocyte suppression in leprosy induced by uniqueM. leprae. Nature. 308:1984;194-196.
107. Sartor R. B., Anderle S. K., Cromartie W. J., Schawb J. H. Localized gut-associated lymphoid tissue hemorrhage induced by intravenous peptidoglycan polysaccharide polymers. Infect. Immun. 51:1986;521-528.
108. Sieling P. A., Chatterjee D., Porcelli S. A., Prigozy T. I., Mazzaccaro R. J., Soriano T., Bloom B. R., Brenner M. B., Kronenberg M., Brennan P. J., Modlin R. J. CD1-restricted T cell recognition of microbial lipoglycan antigens. Science. 269:1995;227-230.
109. Beckman E. M., Melián A., Behar S. M., Sieling P. A., Chatterjee D., Furlong S. T., Matsumoto R., Rosat J. P., Modlin R. L., Porcelli S. A. CD1c restricts responses of mycobacteria-specific T cells: Evidence for antigen presentation by a second member of the human CD1 family. J. Immunol. 157:1996;2795-2803.
110. Abramoff P., Wolfe H. R. Precipitin production in chickens. XIII. A quantitative study of the effects of simultaneous injection of two antigens. J. Immunol. 77:1956;94-100.
111. Kántoch M., Skurski A., Wiezorek Z. In vitro. Schweiz. Z. Pathol. Back. 21:1958;1106.
112. Franzl R. E., McMaster P. D. Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides on hemolysin production in mice. Fed. Proc. 20:1961;26e.
113. McMaster P. R. B., Kyriakos M. The prevention of autoimmunity to the thyroid and allergic thyroiditis by antigenic competition. J. Immunol. 105:1970;1201-1205.
114. Waterston R. H. Antigen competition: A paradox. Science. 170:1970;1108-1110.
115. Twarog F. J., Rose N. R. Antigenic competition between mouse thyroglobulin and bovine serum albumin demonstrated by adoptive transfer. J. Immunol. 107:1971;738-741.
116. Hahn H. Effects of dextran sulfate 500 on cell-mediated resistance to infection withListeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 10:1974;1105-1109.
117. Petit J.-C., Richard G., Albert B., Daguet G.-L. Depression byPseudomonas aeruginosaListeria. Infect. Immun. 35:1982;900-908.
118. Melancon-Kaplan J., Murgita R. A. Modulation of the immune system byNeisseria meningitidis. Scand. J. Immunol. 26:1987;213-221.
119. Blackwood L. L., Lin T., Rowe J. I. Suppression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immune responses toListeria monocytogenesPseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Immun. 55:1987;639-644.
120. Outschoorn I. M., Ashwell G., Gruezo F., Kabat E. A. Immunochemical studies on dextrans. VIII. Specificity and cross-reactivity with dextrans of the antibodies formed in rabbits to isomaltohexaonic acid coupled to bovin serum albumin. J. Immunol. 113:1974;896-903.
121. Barker S. A. Polysaccharides of bacteria, moulds, yeasts and protozoa. Florkin M., Stotz E. H. Comprehensive Biochemistry. 1963;246-261 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
122. Domer J., Elkins K., Ennist D., Baker P. Modulation of immune responses by polysaccharides ofCandida albicans. Rev. Infect. Dis. 210:1988;S419-S422.
123. Barker S. A., Stacey M. Polysaccharides of Microorganisms. 1960;Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
124. Jeanes A., Haynes W. C., Wilham C. A., Rankin J. C., Melvin E. H., Austin M. J., Cluskey J. E., Fisher B. C., Tsuchiya H. M., Rist C. E. Characterization and classification of dextrans from ninety-six strains of bacteria. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76:1954;5041-5049.
125. Tsuiki S., Hashimoto Y., Pigman W. The oligosaccharides. Florkin M., Stotz E. H. Comprehensive Biochemistry. 1963;153-184 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
126. Kobata A. The carbohydrates of glycoproteins. Ginsburg V., Robbins P. W. Biology of Carbohydrates. 1984;87-161 Wiley, New York.
127. Nelson R. D., Shibata N., Podzorski R. P., Herron M. J. Candida. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:1991;1-19.
128. Peat S., Whelan W. J., Edwards T. E. Polysaccharide of baker's yeast. IV. Mannan. J. Chem. Soc. 1:1961;29-34.
129. Lemieux R. U. Human blood groups and carbohydrate chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 7:1978;423-452.
130. Nordén N. E., Lundblad A., Svensson S., Ockerman P. A., Autio S. A mannose-containing trisaccharide isolated from urines of three patients with mannosidosis. J. Biol. Chem. 248:1973;6210-6215.
131. Grosskinsky C. M., Askonas B. A. Macrophages as primary target cells and mediators of immune dysfunction in African trypanosomiasis. Infect. Immun. 33:1981;149-155.
132. Grosskinsky C. M., Ezekowitz R. A. B., Berton G., Gordon S., Askonas B. A. Macrophage activation in murine trypanosomiasis. Infect. Immun. 39:1983;1080-1086.
133. Maizels R. M., Bundy D. A. P., Selkirk M. E., Smith D. F., Anderson R. M. Immunological modulation and evasion by helminth parasites in human populations. Nature. 365:1993;797-805.
134. Cromartie W. J., Craddock J. G. Rheumatic-like cardiac lessions in mice. Science. 154:1966;285-287.
135. Stein H., Yarum R., Levine S., Dishon T., Ginsburg I. Chronic self-perpetuating arthritis induced in rabbits by a cell-free extract of group A streptococci. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143:1973;1106-1112.
136. Wahl S. M., Hunt D. A., Allen J. B., Wilder R. I., Paglia L., Hand A. R. Bacterial cell-wall induced hepatic granulomas: Anin vivo. J. Exp. Med. 163:1986;884-902.
137. Wells A., Pararajasegaram G., Baldwin M., Yang C., Hammer M., Fox A. Uveitis and arthritis induced by systemic injection of streptococcal cell walls. Invest. Ophthalmol. 27:1986;921-925.
138. Domer J. E., Human L. G., Andersen G. B., Rudbach J. A., Asherson G. L. Abrogation of suppression of delayed hypersensitivity induced byCandida albicans. Infect. Immun. 61:1993;2122-2130.
139. Garner R. E., Domer J. E. Lack of effect ofCandida albicans. Infect. Immun. 62:1994;738-741.