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Volumn 27, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 727-773

Social Worlds, Actor-Networks and Controversy: The Case of Cholesterol, Dietary Fat and Heart Disease

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; FAT;

EID: 0031254302     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631297027005002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (70)

References (243)
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    • B. Bronte-Stewart, A. Keys, J.F. Brock, A.D. Moodie, M.H. Keys and A. Antonis, ‘Serum Cholesterol, Diet, and Coronary Heart Disease: An Inter-Racial Survey in the Cape Peninsula’, Lancet (1955), Vol. 2 (26 November), 1103–07.
    • (1955) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1103-1107
    • Bronte-Stewart, B.1    Keys, A.2    Brock, J.F.3    Moodie, A.D.4    Keys, M.H.5    Antonis, A.6
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    • London: Macdonald On 10 March 1992, the following exchange took place on Lateline, a current affairs programme of the Australian Broadcasting Commission
    • David Symes, Cholesterol – Reducing Your Risk (London: Macdonald, 1990), 123–24. On 10 March 1992, the following exchange took place on Lateline, a current affairs programme of the Australian Broadcasting Commission.
    • (1990) Cholesterol – Reducing Your Risk , pp. 123-124
    • Symes, D.1
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    • Diet and Coronary Thrombosis: Hypothesis and Fact
    • 27 July
    • John Yudkin, ‘Diet and Coronary Thrombosis: Hypothesis and Fact’, Lancet (1957), Vol. 2 (27 July), 155–162
    • (1957) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 155-162
    • Yudkin, J.1
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    • The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease
    • September
    • G.V. Mann, ‘The Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease’, AJM, Vol. 23 (September 1957), 463–480
    • (1957) AJM , vol.23 , pp. 463-480
    • Mann, G.V.1
  • 86
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    • A Possible Selection Effect in Medical Science
    • P.D.P. Wood, ‘A Possible Selection Effect in Medical Science’, The Statistician, Vol. 30 (1981), 131–135
    • (1981) The Statistician , vol.30 , pp. 131-135
    • Wood, P.D.P.1
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    • Cholesterol, “Giant Molecules”, and Atherosclerosis
    • 15 December Keys re-analyzed the results of a study which claimed that fat transport molecules (giant molecules, later known as lipoproteins) were better correlated with heart disease than cholesterol, to show that cholesterol was better correlated
    • In ‘Cholesterol, “Giant Molecules”, and Atherosclerosis’, JAMA, Vol. 147 (15 December 1951), 1514–19, Keys re-analyzed the results of a study which claimed that fat transport molecules (giant molecules, later known as lipoproteins) were better correlated with heart disease than cholesterol, to show that cholesterol was better correlated.
    • (1951) JAMA , vol.147 , pp. 1514-1519
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    • Unusually Low Incidence of Death From Myocardial Infarction
    • In June 1964, a group of scientists published a study of an Italian community in Pennsylvania in which, they claimed, there was a high fat intake but a low rate of heart disease 10 June
    • In June 1964, a group of scientists published a study of an Italian community in Pennsylvania in which, they claimed, there was a high fat intake but a low rate of heart disease: Clarke Stout, Jerry Morrow, Edward N. Brandt and Stewart Wolf, ‘Unusually Low Incidence of Death From Myocardial Infarction’, JAMA, Vol. 188 (10 June 1964), 845–849.
    • (1964) JAMA , vol.188 , pp. 845-849
    • Stout, C.1    Morrow, J.2    Brandt, E.N.3    Wolf, S.4
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    • Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease in Roseto, Pennsylvania
    • The authors claimed that ‘[t]he most striking feature of Roseto [the community studied] was the way in which people seemed to enjoy life’ (849). Keys re-interpreted the data from Roseto 10 January
    • The authors claimed that ‘[t]he most striking feature of Roseto [the community studied] was the way in which people seemed to enjoy life’ (849). Keys re-interpreted the data from Roseto: A. Keys, ‘Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease in Roseto, Pennsylvania’, JAMA, Vol. 195 (10 January 1966), 137–139.
    • (1966) JAMA , vol.195 , pp. 137-139
    • Keys, A.1
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    • Fat's the Villain
    • 27 September at 90
    • Anon., ‘Fat's the Villain’, Newsweek, Vol. 44 (27 September 1954), 90–91, at 90.
    • (1954) Newsweek , vol.44 , pp. 90-91
  • 92
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    • Is this the No.l Villain in Heart Disease?
    • December
    • Blake Clark, ‘Is this the No.l Villain in Heart Disease?’, Reader's Digest, Vol. 67 (December, 1955), 130–136.
    • (1955) Reader's Digest , vol.67 , pp. 130-136
    • Clark, B.1
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    • Fats and Heart Disease
    • 12 November at 45
    • Anon., ‘Fats and Heart Disease’, Time, Vol. 68 (12 November 1956), 45–46, at 45.
    • (1956) Time , vol.68 , pp. 45-46
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    • Are You Eating Your Way to Arteriosclerosis?
    • Some of the articles listed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature are 1 December
    • Some of the articles listed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature are: S.M. Spenser, ‘Are You Eating Your Way to Arteriosclerosis?’, Saturday Evening Post, Vol. 229 (1 December 1956), 23
    • (1956) Saturday Evening Post , vol.229 , pp. 23
    • Spenser, S.M.1
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    • Too Much Fat in Your Diet?
    • May
    • Anon., ‘Too Much Fat in Your Diet?’, Changing Times, Vol. 11 (May 1957), 15
    • (1957) Changing Times , vol.11 , pp. 15
  • 96
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    • What You Should Know About Heart Attacks and High Fat Diets
    • May
    • J. Pfeiffer, ‘What You Should Know About Heart Attacks and High Fat Diets’, Coronet, Vol. 42 (May 1957), 68
    • (1957) Coronet , vol.42 , pp. 68
    • Pfeiffer, J.1
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    • Fat in the Diet
    • July 26–28
    • Anon., ‘Fat in the Diet’, Consumer Bulletin, Vol. 40 (July 1957), 2, 26–28
    • (1957) Consumer Bulletin , vol.40 , pp. 2
  • 98
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    • Battle over Fats in Diet
    • 17 August
    • Anon., ‘Battle over Fats in Diet’, Business Week (17 August 1957), 89–90
    • (1957) Business Week , pp. 89-90
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    • Controlling Cholesterol in the Diet
    • 21 September
    • Anon., ‘Controlling Cholesterol in the Diet’, Science Newsletter, Vol. 72 (21 September 1957), 183
    • (1957) Science Newsletter , vol.72 , pp. 183
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    • Dieting and the Heart
    • 11 November
    • Anon., ‘Dieting and the Heart’, Newsweek, Vol. 50 (11 November 1957), 113
    • (1957) Newsweek , vol.50 , pp. 113
  • 101
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    • What We Know About Fats, Dietary Aids and Heart Disease
    • April
    • Anon., ‘What We Know About Fats, Dietary Aids and Heart Disease’, Consumer Reports, Vol. 23 (April 1958), 219
    • (1958) Consumer Reports , vol.23 , pp. 219
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    • Prudent Diet Lowers Cholesterol in Blood
    • October
    • Anon., ‘Prudent Diet Lowers Cholesterol in Blood’, Science Digest, Vol. 46 (October 1959), 48
    • (1959) Science Digest , vol.46 , pp. 48
  • 103
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    • Cutting the Cholesterol
    • 6 June
    • Anon., ‘Cutting the Cholesterol’, Time, Vol. 75 (6 June 1960), 73.
    • (1960) Time , vol.75 , pp. 73
  • 104
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    • The Influence of Dietary Fats on Serum-Lipid Levels in Man
    • 11 May
    • Edward H. Ahrens, Jules Hirsch, William Insull, Theodore T. Tsaltas, Rolf Blomstrand and Malcolm L. Peterson, ‘The Influence of Dietary Fats on Serum-Lipid Levels in Man’, Lancet (1957), Vol. 1 (11 May), 943–953
    • (1957) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 943-953
    • Ahrens, E.H.1    Hirsch, J.2    Insull, W.3    Tsaltas, T.T.4    Blomstrand, R.5    Peterson, M.L.6
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    • Effect of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated and Saturated Fatty Acids on the Serum-Lipids of Man
    • 21 September
    • Louis Horlick and B.M. Craig, ‘Effect of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated and Saturated Fatty Acids on the Serum-Lipids of Man’, Lancet (1957), Vol. 2 (21 September), 566–569.
    • (1957) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 566-569
    • Horlick, L.1    Craig, B.M.2
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    • Cholesterol and Beta Lipoproteins in the Serums of Americans: Well Persons and Those with Coronary Heart Disease
    • April
    • Eleanor Y. Lawry, Mann, Ann Peterson, Alice P. Wysocki, Rita O'Connell and F.J. Stare, ‘Cholesterol and Beta Lipoproteins in the Serums of Americans: Well Persons and Those with Coronary Heart Disease’, AJM, Vol. 22 (April 1957), 605–623
    • (1957) AJM , vol.22 , pp. 605-623
    • Lawry, E.Y.1    Mann, A.P.2    Wysocki, A.P.3    O'Connell, R.4    Stare, F.J.5
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    • Blood Lipid Correction in Arteriosclerosis and its Hypotensive Effect
    • October
    • A.M. Nelson, ‘Blood Lipid Correction in Arteriosclerosis and its Hypotensive Effect’, Northwest Medicine, Vol. 51 (October 1952), 860–866
    • (1952) Northwest Medicine , vol.51 , pp. 860-866
    • Nelson, A.M.1
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    • A Nutritional Program for Prolongation of Life in Coronary Atherosclerosis
    • 10 December
    • Lester M. Morrison, ‘A Nutritional Program for Prolongation of Life in Coronary Atherosclerosis’, JAMA, Vol. 159 (10 December 1955), 1425–28
    • (1955) JAMA , vol.159 , pp. 1425-1428
    • Morrison, L.M.1
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    • Fats, Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: A Review of Recent Progress
    • Some important reviews which did not mention the studies by Lyon's team, or the Nelson trials, were
    • Some important reviews which did not mention the studies by Lyon's team, or the Nelson trials, were Norman Jolliffe, ‘Fats, Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: A Review of Recent Progress’, Circulation, Vol. 20 (1959), 109–127
    • (1959) Circulation , vol.20 , pp. 109-127
    • Jolliffe, N.1
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    • Symposium on Significance of Lowered Cholesterol Levels
    • 29 August
    • American Medical Association Council on Foods and Nutrition, ‘Symposium on Significance of Lowered Cholesterol Levels’, JAMA, Vol. 170 (29 August 1959), 2198–2203
    • (1959) JAMA , vol.170 , pp. 2198-2203
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    • Dietary Fat and its Relation to Heart Attack and Strokes
    • The Central Committee for the Medical Community Program of the American Heart Association, ‘Dietary Fat and its Relation to Heart Attack and Strokes’, Circulation, Vol. 23 (1961), 389–391
    • (1961) Circulation , vol.23 , pp. 389-391
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    • The Regulation of Dietary Fat
    • 4 August
    • the AMA Council on Foods and Nutrition, ‘The Regulation of Dietary Fat’, JAMA, Vol. 181 (4 August 1962), 411–429.
    • (1962) JAMA , vol.181 , pp. 411-429
  • 119
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    • From the Heart
    • 19 April In Page described his own unpleasant experiences on a low-fat diet, and concluded that ‘diets should be changed with the greatest caution, and … physicians should be required to try their diets before prescribing them’
    • In Anon., ‘From the Heart’, Time, Vol. 63 (19 April 1954), 28, Page described his own unpleasant experiences on a low-fat diet, and concluded that ‘diets should be changed with the greatest caution, and … physicians should be required to try their diets before prescribing them’.
    • (1954) Time , vol.63 , pp. 28
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    • In December published his paper ‘Atherosclerosis: A Personal View’, in which he called (at 1164–65) for a review of the heart disease research effort: ‘We announce bravely through the news media what we will be doing in the year 2000, knowing full well that many of us won't be around to take the responsibility
    • In December 1968, Circulation (Vol. 28, 1164–72) published his paper ‘Atherosclerosis: A Personal View’, in which he called (at 1164–65) for a review of the heart disease research effort: ‘We announce bravely through the news media what we will be doing in the year 2000, knowing full well that many of us won't be around to take the responsibility.
    • (1968) Circulation , vol.28 , pp. 1164-1172
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    • Another Crusade!
    • This may keep the research dollars rolling in, but it deflects from the real problem, loath as we are to admit it. It is no fun to tell an eager Congressional committee how much we don't know and even less rewarding to give a panting reporter the reasons why the role that cholesterol plays is unclear’. See also 2 June
    • This may keep the research dollars rolling in, but it deflects from the real problem, loath as we are to admit it. It is no fun to tell an eager Congressional committee how much we don't know and even less rewarding to give a panting reporter the reasons why the role that cholesterol plays is unclear’. See also I.H. Page, ‘Another Crusade!’, Science, Vol. 176 (2 June 1972), 967.
    • (1972) Science , vol.176 , pp. 967
    • Page, I.H.1
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    • Fats – Not Proved Guilty
    • 20 May at 33
    • Marguerite Clark, ‘Fats – Not Proved Guilty’, Newsweek, Vol. 49 (20 May 1957), 33–35, at 33.
    • (1957) Newsweek , vol.49 , pp. 33-35
    • Clark, M.1
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    • Health Claims by Cooking Oils Due for Censure
    • 28 August
    • Anon., ‘Health Claims by Cooking Oils Due for Censure’, Printers' Ink, Vol. 278 (28 August 1959), 14–15.
    • (1959) Printers' Ink , vol.278 , pp. 14-15
  • 124
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    • For examples of Wesson Oil advertisements, see December
    • For examples of Wesson Oil advertisements, see Better Homes and Gardens (December 1959), 89
    • (1959) Better Homes and Gardens , pp. 89
  • 126
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    • see For the 16 May
    • For the Corn Products Company, see JAMA, Vol. 170 (16 May 1959), 268.
    • (1959) JAMA , vol.170 , pp. 268
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    • Tax-free Margarine
    • 3 July
    • Anon., ‘Tax-free Margarine’, Newsweek, Vol. 36 (3 July 1950), 51–52
    • (1950) Newsweek , vol.36 , pp. 51-52
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    • Familiar Feud Flares Again on New Fronts
    • 22 May
    • Anon., ‘Familiar Feud Flares Again on New Fronts’, Printers' Ink, Vol. 267 (22 May 1959), 11–12.
    • (1959) Printers' Ink , vol.267 , pp. 11-12
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    • Margarine Widens Its Lead
    • 11 November
    • Anon., ‘Margarine Widens Its Lead’, Business Week (11 November 1961), 67.
    • (1961) Business Week , pp. 67
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    • The Murderous Riddle of Heart Disease
    • September 162–70, at 162
    • Francis Bello, ‘The Murderous Riddle of Heart Disease’, Fortune, Vol. 58 (September 1958), 142–46, 162–70, at 162
    • (1958) Fortune , vol.58 , pp. 142-146
    • Bello, F.1
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    • Heart Motif Puts Margarine One Up on Rival
    • 28 January
    • Anon., ‘Heart Motif Puts Margarine One Up on Rival’, Business Week (28 January 1961), 98–99.
    • (1961) Business Week , pp. 98-99
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    • Heart Report Issued
    • 18 May
    • Anon., ‘Heart Report Issued’, New York Times (18 May 1958), 74
    • (1958) New York Times , pp. 74
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    • Council on Foods and Nutrition
    • 17 October
    • Anon., ‘Council on Foods and Nutrition’, JAMA, Vol. 171 (17 October 1959), 925–928.
    • (1959) JAMA , vol.171 , pp. 925-928
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    • Unsaturated Fats and Oils Claims Get Back Hand from FDA
    • 21 December 62
    • Anon., ‘Unsaturated Fats and Oils Claims Get Back Hand from FDA’, Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, Vol. 176 (21 December 1959), 7, 62.
    • (1959) Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter , vol.176 , pp. 7
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    • Fat and Oil Ads Disputed by US
    • 11 December
    • Anon., ‘Fat and Oil Ads Disputed by US’, New York Times (11 December 1959), 26.
    • (1959) New York Times , pp. 26
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    • Fat in the Fire
    • 26 December
    • Anon., ‘Fat in the Fire’, Time, Vol. 76 (26 December 1960), 33.
    • (1960) Time , vol.76 , pp. 33
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    • To Save the Heart: Diet by Decree?
    • 10 January In at 53 Stamler considers that changing the food supply is akin to public health measures which ensure the safety of the water supply: ‘We didn't just ask people to use sterilized water, we cleaned it up for them’
    • In Anon., ‘To Save the Heart: Diet by Decree?’, Time, Vol. 93 (10 January 1969), 52–53, at 53, Stamler considers that changing the food supply is akin to public health measures which ensure the safety of the water supply: ‘We didn't just ask people to use sterilized water, we cleaned it up for them’.
    • (1969) Time , vol.93 , pp. 52-53
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    • Lifestyles, Major Risk Factors, Proof and Public Policy
    • For other examples of Stamler's work, see
    • For other examples of Stamler's work, see: J. Stamler, ‘Lifestyles, Major Risk Factors, Proof and Public Policy’, Circulation, Vol. 58 (1978), 3–19
    • (1978) Circulation , vol.58 , pp. 3-19
    • Stamler, J.1
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    • Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Last 20 Years
    • Stamler, ‘Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Last 20 Years’, American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 47 (1981), 722–735.
    • (1981) American Journal of Cardiology , vol.47 , pp. 722-735
    • Stamler1
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    • Advertising: Dairy Men Open Counterattack
    • 7 August
    • Peter Bart, ‘Advertising: Dairy Men Open Counterattack’, New York Times (7 August 1962), 36.
    • (1962) New York Times , pp. 36
    • Bart, P.1
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    • Quoted from a reprint of the press release which was used in an advertisement placed by the American Dairy Association in the 20 November
    • Quoted from a reprint of the press release which was used in an advertisement placed by the American Dairy Association in the New York Times (20 November 1962), 18.
    • (1962) New York Times , pp. 18
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    • AMA Council Warns Against Unsupervised Dieting to Lower Cholesterol
    • see also 20 October
    • see also Anon., ‘AMA Council Warns Against Unsupervised Dieting to Lower Cholesterol’, JAMA, Vol. 182 (20 October 1962), 36
    • (1962) JAMA , vol.182 , pp. 36
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    • Company Answers AMA Diet Warning
    • The President of Pacific Vegetable Oils immediately issued a press release regretting the qualifying statements of the AMA; see 14 October
    • The President of Pacific Vegetable Oils immediately issued a press release regretting the qualifying statements of the AMA; see Anon., ‘Company Answers AMA Diet Warning’, New York Times (14 October 1962), 14.
    • (1962) New York Times , pp. 14
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    • The dairy industry found the release more useful; see advertisements in 10 November
    • The dairy industry found the release more useful; see advertisements in JAMA, Vol. 182 (10 November 1962), 22
    • (1962) JAMA , vol.182 , pp. 22
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    • AMA Blows Whistle on Fat-Free Diets
    • 20 October
    • Anon., ‘AMA Blows Whistle on Fat-Free Diets’, Business Week (20 October 1962), 47.
    • (1962) Business Week , pp. 47
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    • Heart Group Urges All to Eat Less Fatty Food
    • 9 June
    • Anon., ‘Heart Group Urges All to Eat Less Fatty Food’, New York Times (9 June 1964), 71.
    • (1964) New York Times , pp. 71
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    • Diet and the Possible Prevention of Coronary Atheroma
    • 6 December at 247
    • AMA Council on Foods and Nutrition, ‘Diet and the Possible Prevention of Coronary Atheroma’, JAMA, Vol. 194 (6 December 1965), 247–48, at 247.
    • (1965) JAMA , vol.194 , pp. 247-248
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    • The Framingham, Massachusetts, Study, Twenty Years Later
    • in Irving I. Kessler and Morton L. Levin (eds) Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • T. Gordon and Kannel, ‘The Framingham, Massachusetts, Study, Twenty Years Later’, in Irving I. Kessler and Morton L. Levin (eds), The Community as an Epidemiological Laboratory (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), 123–144.
    • (1970) The Community as an Epidemiological Laboratory , pp. 123-144
    • Gordon, T.1    Kannel2
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    • Joint Dependence of Risk of Coronary Heart Disease on Serum Cholesterol and Systolic Blood Pressure: A Discriminant Function Analysis
    • Supplement 2 at 61
    • Jerome Cornfield, ‘Joint Dependence of Risk of Coronary Heart Disease on Serum Cholesterol and Systolic Blood Pressure: A Discriminant Function Analysis’, Federation Proceedings, Vol. 21, Supplement 2 (1962), 58–61, at 61.
    • (1962) Federation Proceedings , vol.21 , pp. 58-61
    • Cornfield, J.1
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    • Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Diseases
    • proviso at A78
    • Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources, ‘Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Diseases’, Circulation, Vol. 42 (1970), A55–A95, proviso at A78
    • (1970) Circulation , vol.42 , pp. A55-A95
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    • Position Statement on Diet and Coronary Heart Disease
    • American Health Foundation, ‘Position Statement on Diet and Coronary Heart Disease’, Preventive Medicine, Vol. 1 (1972), 255–286
    • (1972) Preventive Medicine , vol.1 , pp. 255-286
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    • Diet and Coronary Heart Disease
    • 25 December
    • AMA Council on Foods and Nutrition, ‘Diet and Coronary Heart Disease’, JAMA, Vol. 222 (25 December 1972), 1647
    • (1972) JAMA , vol.222 , pp. 1647
  • 154
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    • Risk Factors and Coronary Disease: A Statement for Physicians
    • August proviso at A452
    • AHA Committee Report, ‘Risk Factors and Coronary Disease: A Statement for Physicians’, Circulation, Vol. 62 (August 1980), 449A–455A, proviso at A452
    • (1980) Circulation , vol.62 , pp. 449A-455A
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    • The history of the study is set out in New York: American Heart Association
    • The history of the study is set out in National Diet-Heart Study Research Group, The National Diet-Heart Study Final Report, AHA Monograph No. 18 (New York: American Heart Association, 1968), 413–419.
    • (1968) The National Diet-Heart Study Final Report, AHA Monograph No. 18 , pp. 413-419
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    • The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFTT): A National Study of Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
    • 23 February
    • Anon., ‘The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFTT): A National Study of Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease’, JAMA, Vol. 235 (23 February 1976), 825–827
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 825-827
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    • Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: Risk Factor Changes and Mortality Results
    • 24 September
    • Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group, ‘Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: Risk Factor Changes and Mortality Results’, JAMA, Vol. 248 (24 September 1982), 1465–77.
    • (1982) JAMA , vol.248 , pp. 1465-1477
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    • Heart Disease Study Shows No Gain in Bid to Cut Risks
    • 17 September
    • Jane E. Brody, ‘Heart Disease Study Shows No Gain in Bid to Cut Risks’, New York Times (17 September 1982), A10
    • (1982) New York Times , pp. A10
    • Brody, J.E.1
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    • Editorial: MRFTT and the Goals of the Journal
    • 24 September
    • George D. Lundberg, ‘Editorial: MRFTT and the Goals of the Journal’, JAMA, Vol. 248 (24 September 1982), 1501
    • (1982) JAMA , vol.248 , pp. 1501
    • Lundberg, G.D.1
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    • Doctors Defend Heart Study that “Failed”
    • 10 October Section 11, 1
    • Sandra Friedland, ‘Doctors Defend Heart Study that “Failed”’, New York Times (10 October 1982), Section 11, 1, 5
    • (1982) New York Times , pp. 5
    • Friedland, S.1
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    • Causes of the Decrease in Cardiovascular Mortality
    • Robert I. Levy, ‘Causes of the Decrease in Cardiovascular Mortality’, American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 54 (1984), 7C–13C.
    • (1984) American Journal of Cardiology , vol.54 , pp. 7C-13C
    • Levy, R.I.1
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    • For example, Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company helped fund an AHA lecture in Dallas in 1982, and a symposium on hypertension in Milan in 1983: see July/August
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.