Science policy reforms: The New Zealand experience

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 775-803

  Cartner, Monica ^a   Bollinger, Tim ^a  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HISTORY; NEW ZEALAND; SCIENCE;

HEALTH CARE REFORM; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; NEW ZEALAND; SCIENCE;

EID: 0031253338     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631297027005003     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Lars Dencik, 'Introduction: Scientific Research and Politics: Liberalism or Liberation', in Dencik (ed.), Scientific Research and Politics (Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur, Lund University, 1969), 1-13, at 9.
2. See especially Jonathan Boston, John Martin, June Pallot and Pat Walsh (eds), Reshaping the State (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1991).
3. J. Boston, 'The Theoretical Underpinnings of Public Sector Restructuring', in Boston et al. (eds), op. cit. note 2, 1-26.
4. Boston et al. (eds), ibid. There is a continuing output of papers by contributors to this book providing analysis of developments in the public sector in New Zealand.
5. Christopher Hood, 'De-Sir Humphreying the Westminster Model of Bureaucracy: A New Style of Governance', Governance, Vol. 3, No. 2 (April 1990), 205-14.
6. Reginald C. Mascenharas, 'State Owned Enterprises', in Boston et al. (eds), op. cit. note 2, 27-51.
7. J. Boston, 'Reorganising the Machinery of Government: Objectives and Outcomes', in Boston et al. (eds), op. cit. note 2, 233-67.
8. Robert J. Gregory, 'The Re-organisation of the Public Sector: The Quest for Efficiency', in Martin Holland and Jonathan Boston (eds), The Fourth Labour Government: Radical Politics in New Zealand (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1987), 111-33.
9. Hood, op. cit. note 5.
10. Michael Peters, 'Performance Indicators in New Zealand Higher Education: Accountability and Control', Journal of Education Policy, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1992), 267-83, at 268.
11. Ibid., 271.
12. Hood, op. cit. note 5, 210.
13. For a detailed account of the science reforms, see Sally Davenport and Peter Winsley, 'New Zealand Science: Reforms and Priorities' (Wellington, NZ: The Graduate School of Business and Government Management, Victoria University of Wellington, Special Report Series No. 7, 1994).
14. Edward G. Bollard, 'New Zealand Government Research: Past and Present', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 49, No. 2 (1992), 32-36.
15. Social Science Research Fund Committee, Annual Report (Wellington, NZ: SSRFC, March 1989).
16. National Research Advisory Council, 'Science Plan' (Wellington, NZ: NRAC, 1985).
17. State Services Commission, 'Report on Science and Technology Policy Formation' (Wellington, NZ: SSC, 1985).
18. Ministerial Working Party, 'Key to Prosperity: Science and Technology' (The Beattie Report), (Wellington, NZ, 1986).
19. Science and Technology Advisory Committee, 'Science and Technology: A New Deal' (Wellington, NZ: STAC, 1988); Science and Technology Advisory Committee, 'Towards National Priorities' (Wellington, NZ: STAC, 1989).
20. Science and Technology Advisory Committee, 'Science and Technology: A New Deal' (Wellington, NZ: STAC, 1988); Science and Technology Advisory Committee, 'Towards National Priorities' (Wellington, NZ: STAC, 1989).
21. STAC (1988), op. cit. note 19.
22. Ibid.
23. Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, 'New Ways of Operating the Public Good Science Fund: An Information Paper' (Wellington, NZ: FRST, April 1995).
24. STAC (1989), op. cit. note 19.
25. Science and Technology Expert Panel, 'Long Term Priorities for the Public Good Science Fund' (Wellington, NZ: STEP, 1992).
26. Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 'Investing in Science for Our Future: A Government Priority Statement of Science Priorities for the Public Good Science Fund' (Wellington, NZ: MoRST, October 1992).
27. Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 'Public Investment in Strategic Science and Technology: A Review of Directions through to the Year 2001' (Wellington, NZ: MoRST, June 1995); Report of the Science Priorities Review Panel (SPiR), 'Priorities for 2001: Public Good Science Investment' (Wellington, NZ: June 1995).
28. Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 'Public Investment in Strategic Science and Technology: A Review of Directions through to the Year 2001' (Wellington, NZ: MoRST, June 1995); Report of the Science Priorities Review Panel (SPiR), 'Priorities for 2001: Public Good Science Investment' (Wellington, NZ: June 1995).
29. Originally, forty outcome clases were identified; in 1995, they were reduced to seventeen.
30. MoRST, 'Public Investment. . .', op. cit. note 26.
31. Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 'Direction Statement' (Wellington, NZ: MoRST, 1991), 3.
32. Margaret Austin, 'Introduction to the Papers on the Economics of Science and Technology', in Lewis Evans, Jacques Poot and Neil Quigley (eds), Long-Run Perspectives on the New Zealand Economy, Vol. 2 (Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Association of Economists, 1991), 360-62, at 361.
33. Ibid., 360.
34. Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 'Establishing Priorities for the Public Good Science Fund' (Wellington, NZ: MoRST, March 1995).
35. Peter Pockley, 'Comment: Science Restructuring Raises Serious Issues', Public Sector, Vol. 15, No. 1 (March 1992), 18-20, at 19.
36. MoRST, op. cit. note 25.
37. Chris H. Sissons, 'Research Careers in New Zealand Science', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 48, Nos 5-6 (1991), 89-95.
38. John Ziman, Science in a Steady State (London: Science Policy Support Group, Concept Paper No. 1, 1987).
39. Benjamin Farrington, Greek Science: Its Meaning for Us, Vol. 1 (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1949).
40. Michael Gibbons, 'Introduction', in Gibbons and Bjorn Wittrock (eds), Science as a Commodity: Threats to the Open Community of Scholars (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1985), ix-xvii.
41. M. Gibbons, 'The Changing Role of the Academic Research System', in Gibbons & Wittrock (eds), ibid., 2-20, at 7.
42. Ibid., 15.
43. Mike Doig, 'Establishing Science Priorities', paper delivered at the AIC Conference on 'Commercialising Research and Technology' (Wellington, NZ, August 1992), 15.
44. NZ$12m was allocated in the 1994 budget for the Marsden Fund: for a discussion, see SciTec: The Newsletter of the New Zealand Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3 (July/August 1994), 1-5.
45. Chris H. Sissons, F.C. March and David Penny, 'Issues in the Restructuring of New Zealand Science', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 46, Nos 1-3 (1989), 2-9; D.V.A. Jacobsen and Grant M. Scobie, 'Restructuring R&D Policy in New Zealand: A Political Economy Perspective' (Hamilton, NZ: Department of Economics, University of Waikato, Working Papers in Economics No. 91/1, July 1991).
46. Chris H. Sissons, F.C. March and David Penny, 'Issues in the Restructuring of New Zealand Science', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 46, Nos 1-3 (1989), 2-9; D.V.A. Jacobsen and Grant M. Scobie, 'Restructuring R&D Policy in New Zealand: A Political Economy Perspective' (Hamilton, NZ: Department of Economics, University of Waikato, Working Papers in Economics No. 91/1, July 1991).
47. STEP, op. cit. note 24, 11.
48. Brian Easton, 'From Reaganomics to Rogernomics', in Alan Bollard (ed.), The Influence of United States Economics on New Zealand (Wellington, NZ: NZ-US Education Foundation & New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, 1988), 69-95; Bollard, op. cit. note 14.
49. Brian Easton, 'From Reaganomics to Rogernomics', in Alan Bollard (ed.), The Influence of United States Economics on New Zealand (Wellington, NZ: NZ-US Education Foundation & New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, 1988), 69-95; Bollard, op. cit. note 14.
50. The NZ Treasury, 'Economic Management' (Wellington, NZ, 14 July 1984); The NZ Treasury, 'Government Management: Brief to the Incoming Government' (Wellington, NZ, 1987).
51. The NZ Treasury, 'Economic Management' (Wellington, NZ, 14 July 1984); The NZ Treasury, 'Government Management: Brief to the Incoming Government' (Wellington, NZ, 1987).
52. Bollard, op. cit. note 14, 36.
53. Roger L. Kerr, 'Government Involvement in Research and Development', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 42, Nos 1-2 (1985), 4-9, at 5.
54. See, for example. Richard R. Nelson, 'The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research: A Theoretical Analysis', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 67, No. 3 (June 1959), 297-306; Nelson, Understanding Technical Change as an Evolutionary Process (Amsterdam & New York: North-Holland/Elsevier Science, 1987). In the New Zealand context, see I.D. Dick et al., 'Research as an Investment', New Zealand Journal of Science, Vol. 10, No. 3 (September 1967), 599-635.
55. See, for example. Richard R. Nelson, 'The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research: A Theoretical Analysis', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 67, No. 3 (June 1959), 297-306; Nelson, Understanding Technical Change as an Evolutionary Process (Amsterdam & New York: North-Holland/Elsevier Science, 1987). In the New Zealand context, see I.D. Dick et al., 'Research as an Investment', New Zealand Journal of Science, Vol. 10, No. 3 (September 1967), 599-635.
56. See, for example. Richard R. Nelson, 'The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research: A Theoretical Analysis', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 67, No. 3 (June 1959), 297-306; Nelson, Understanding Technical Change as an Evolutionary Process (Amsterdam & New York: North-Holland/Elsevier Science, 1987). In the New Zealand context, see I.D. Dick et al., 'Research as an Investment', New Zealand Journal of Science, Vol. 10, No. 3 (September 1967), 599-635.
57. Michael Gibbons and Luke Georghiou, Evaluation of Research: A Selection of Current Practices, Report to the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris: OECD, 1987), 77.
58. Freya Mathews, 'Destroying the Gift: Rationalising Research in the Humanities', Australian Universities' Review (1990), Nos 1&2, 19-22, at 20.
59. C.A.J. Coady, 'The Academy and the State', Australian Universities' Review (1988), No. 1, 15-20.
60. All the New Zealand universities now have varying forms of 'contract research units and companies', to facilitate the development of commercial research opportunities. Some of these have been successfully established for several years. Victoria University of Wellington was the last of the universities to develop in this direction, initially with a 'Contract Research Office' in 1991, restructured in 1993 with an 'Office for Research' and the 'Victoria Links Company'. Planning for a major restructuring of research policy and management is currently underway at this university.
61. Gibbons & Georghiou, op. cit. note 50, 54.
62. H.J. Krymanski, 'Science in Relation to Power Distribution and Policy Making', in Dencik (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 90-96, at 93.
63. F.B. Shorland, 'New Zealand Science Lessons from the Past for the Future', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 49, No. 2 (1992), 37-44, at 38.
64. Basil Walker, 'Key Elements in the Restructuring to Date', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 48, Nos 5-6 (1991), 120-23, at 121.
65. Gibbons & Georghiou, op. cit. note 50, 13.
66. Ibid., 14.
67. Joe Anderson, New Approaches to Evaluation in UK Research Funding Agencies (London: Science Policy Support Group, Concept Paper No. 9, commissioned by the Medical Research Council & the CIBA Foundation, 1989).
68. Gibbons & Georghiou, op. cit. note 50, 13.
69. For a discussion in the New Zealand context, see: David Penny, 'Presidential Address: Morality and Scientific Knowledge', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 49, No. 1 (1992), 2-4; M.J. Ormsby, 'Commentary: Science and Morality', ibid., Vol. 51, No. 2 (1994), 63-65.
70. For a discussion in the New Zealand context, see: David Penny, 'Presidential Address: Morality and Scientific Knowledge', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 49, No. 1 (1992), 2-4; M.J. Ormsby, 'Commentary: Science and Morality', ibid., Vol. 51, No. 2 (1994), 63-65.
71. Keith Pavitt, 'What Makes Basic Research Economically Useful?', Research Policy, Vol. 20 (1991), 109-19.
72. MoRST, op. cit. note 26; SPiR, op. cit. note 26.
73. MoRST, op. cit. note 26; SPiR, op. cit. note 26.
74. See especially the NZSR 'Special Issue: Science Structures and Funding', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 46, Nos 1-3 (1989), 1-63.
75. Andy West, 'Towards a Better System', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 48, Nos 5-6 (1991), 124-26, at 124.
76. The New Zealand Science Review has produced a steady stream of papers and commentaries on a wide range of issues concerning the science reforms, from a variety of perspectives.
77. The CRIs are encouraged to undertake contract research which, if they so wish, can be used to supplement public-good research. We have not investigated the extent of contract research undertaken by CRIs, but this could become a significant factor, both in itself and with respect to public-domain research.
78. Davenport & Winsley, op. cit. note 13, i.
79. For a summary, see Chris H. Sissons, Mike V. Berridge and David Penny, '1994 NZAS Survey of Scientists' Perceptions of New Zealand Science: The Why, the How, the Release and the Response', New Zealand Science Review, Vol. 52, Nos 1-2 (1995), 3-6.
80. The Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST) undertook a 'Benchmark Review' of publicly-funded research in New Zealand in 1991, which was up-dated in 1993-94.