A strategy for the development and standardisation of measurement methods for high power/cavitating ultrasonic fields: Review of high power field measurement techniques

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 273-288

  Hodnett, Mark ^a   Zeqiri, Bajram ^a  

^a NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cavitation; High power fields; Hydrophones; Measurement; Thermal probes

Indexed keywords

CAVITATION; HYDROPHONES; PROBES; STANDARDIZATION;

HIGH POWER ULTRASONIC FIELDS; THERMAL PROBES;

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT;

EID: 0031248441     PISSN: 13504177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4177(97)00042-4     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. B. Zeqiri, M. Hodnett, T.G. Leighton, A strategy for the development and standardisation of measurement methods for high power cavitating ultrasonic fields: final project report, NPL Report CIRA (EXT) 016.
2. C.R. Hill, Calibration of ultrasonic beams for biomedical applications, Phys. Med. Biol. 15 (1970) 241-248.
3. International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 1102:1991, Measurement and characterisation of ultrasonic fields using hydrophones in the frequency range 0.5 MHz-15 MHz.
4. International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 1157:1992, Requirements for the declaration of the acoustic output of medical diagnostic ultrasound equipment.
5. Food and Drug Administration. FDA 510(k):1985, Guide for measuring and reporting acoustic output of diagnostic ultrasound medical devices.
6. International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 1689:1992, Ultrasonics - Physiotherapy systems - Performance requirements and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0.5 MHz-5 MHz.
7. EC Medical Devices Directive (93/42/EEC), Official Journal of the European Communities, 36 (L 169).
8. P.A. Lewin, Devices for ultrasound field parameter measurements. Proceedings of IEEE International Biomedical Engineering Days, 1992, pp. 107-111.
9. B. Zeqiri, in: R.C. Preston (Ed.), Overview of measurement techniques. Output measurements for medical ultrasound, London, Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp. 35-56.
10. B. Pugin, Qualitative characterisation of ultrasound reactors for heterogeneous sonochemistry, Ultrasonics 25 (1987) 49-55.
11. T.G. Leighton, A strategy for the development and standardisation of measurement methods for high power/cavitating ultrasonic fields: review of cavitation monitoring techniques, ISVR Technical Report No. 263, January 1997.
12. J. Curie, P. Curie, Développement par pression de l'électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 91 (1880) 294.
13. A.P.J.B. Walton, R.C. Chivers, in M.G. Silk (Ed.), The piezoelectric hydrophone for ultrasonic output assessment. The Evaluation and Calibration of Ultrasonic Transducers, Guildford, IPC Science and Technology Press, 1978, pp. 96-104.
14. P.A. Lewin, R.C. Chivers, Two miniature ceramic ultrasonic probes, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 14 (1981) 1420-1424.
15. P.A. Lewin, Miniature piezoelectric polymer ultrasonic hydrophone probes, Ultrasonics 19 (1981) 213-216.
16. M. Platte, A polyvinylidene fluoride needle hydrophone for ultrasonic applications, Ultrasonics 23 (1985) 113-118.
17. K.C. Shotton, D.R. Bacon, R.F. Quilliam, A PVDF membrane hydrophone for operation in the range 0.5 MHz to 15 MHz, Ultrasonics 18 (1980) 123-126.
18. D.R. Bacon, Properties of a PVDF hydrophone with 100 MHz bandwidth for studying medical, nonlinear and other fields, Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1980, pp. 582-585.
19. R.C. Preston, D.R. Bacon, A.J. Livett, K. Rajendran, PVDF membrane hydrophone performance properties and their relevance to the measurement of the acoustic output of medical ultrasonic equipment, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 16 (1983) 786-796.
20. A.J. Coleman, J.E. Saunders, A survey of the acoustic output of commercial extracorpereal shock wave lithotripters, Ultrasound in Med. And Biol. 15 (1989) 213-227.
21. S. Meeks, R. Ting, The evaluation of static and dynamic stress on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of PVDF, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74 (1984) 1010-1012.
22. A.J. Coleman, Private communication.
23. D. Cathignol, PVDF hydrophone with liquid electrodes for shock wave measurements, Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1990, pp. 341-344.
24. R.L. Bedi, A.R. Selfridge, Spot poled reflector style hydrophone for shock wave measurements, Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1990, pp. 1141-1145.
25. L. Filipczynski, J. Etienne, Capacitance hydrophones for pressure determination in lithotripsy, Ultrasound in Med. And Biol. 16 (2) (1990) 157-165.
26. P.A. Lewin, M.E. Schafer, J.M. Gilmore, PVDF sensors for quantitative acoustic shock wave measurements, Proc. Ultrasonics International, 1989, pp. 548-553.
27. B. Granz, PVDF hydrophone for the measurement of shock waves, IEEE Trans. Elect. Insulat. 24 (3) (1989) 499-502.
28. N. Inose, M. Ide, A miniature hydrophone for high acoustic pressures, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 31 (Supplement 31-1) (1992) 272-273.
29. L. Gaete-Garréton, Y. Vargas-Hernández, S. Pino-Dubreuil, F. Montoya-Vitini, Ultrasonic detectors for high-intensity acoustic fields, Sensors and Actuators A 3738 (1993) 410-414.
30. M.E. Schafer, A. Broadwin, Acoustical characterisation of surgical devices, Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1994, pp. 1903-1906.
31. A.D. Walmsley, W.R.E. Laird, A.R. Williams, Displacement amplitude as a measure of the acoustic output of ultrasonic sealers, Dent. Mater. 2 (1986) 97-100.
32. A.R. Williams, A.D. Walmsley, Exposimetry of low-frequency ultrasonic dental devices, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Contr. 35 (2) (1988) 264-269.
33. International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 1205:1993, Ultrasonics - Dental descaler systems - Measurement and declaration of the output characteristics.
34. R. Reibold, P. Kwiek, Optical near-field investigation into the Raman-Nath and KML regimes of diffraction by ultrasonic waves, Acustica 70 (1990) 223-229.
35. B.D. Cook, Measurement of the optical near-field of an ultrasonically produced phase grating, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60 (1976) 95-99.
36. R. Reibold, W. Molkenstruck, Light diffraction tomography applied to the investigation of ultrasonic fields. Part 1: Continuous wave, Acustica 56 (1984) 180-192.
37. W.A. Riley, L.A. Love, D.W. Griffith, Observation of Raman-Nath optical diffraction in the phase grating plane, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71 (1982) 1149-1154.
38. J.A. Bucaro, H.D. Dardy, E.F. Carome, Optical fibre acoustic sensor, Applied Optics 16 (7) (1977) 1761-1762.
39. Y. Wu, P.M. Shankar, P.A. Lewin, D.P. Koller, Fiber-optic ultrasonic sensor using Raman-Nath light diffraction, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Contr. 41 (2) (1994) 166-171.
40. Y.Q. Wu, P.M. Shankar, P.A. Lewin, Characterisation of ultrasonic transducers using a fibreoptic sensor, Ultrasound in Med. And Biol. 20 (7) (1994) 645-653.
41. P. Huber, J. Debus, A. Lorenz, E.W. Hahn, P. Peschke, W.J., Lorenz, A laseroptic hydrophone for high energy ultrasound, Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Smposium, 1991, pp. 1147-1150.
42. J. Staudenraus, W. Eisenmenger, Fibre-optic probe hydrophone for ultrasonic and shock-wave measurements in water, Ultrasonics 31 (1993) 267-273.
43. T. Reuner, G. Buchholtz, J. Oesterle, U. Schätzle, The fibre-optic hydrophone - a new quality in measuring lithotripter shock waves, Proceedings of World Congress on Ultrasonics 1995, pp. 939-942.
44. P.C. Beard, T.N. Mills, Extrinsic optical-fibre ultrasound sensor using a thin polymer film as a low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer, Applied Optics 35 (4) (1996) 663-675.
45. J.J. Alcoz, C.E. Lee, H.F. Taylor, Embedded fibre-optic Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Contr. 37 (1990) 302-305.
46. D. Royer, N. Dubois, M. Fink, Optical probing of pulsed, focused ultrasonic fields using a heterodyne interferometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 (2) (1992) 153-155.
47. D.R. Bacon, Primary calibration of ultrasonic hydrophones using optical interferometry, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Contr. 35 (1988) 152-161.
48. C. Koch, R. Reibold, Interferometric fibre-optic sensor for measurement of lithotripter shock waves, Proceedings of World Congress on Ultrasonics, 1995, pp. 931-934.
49. P.C.M. Galloway, R.C. Preston, D.R. Bacon, Velocity interferometer for measurement of high amplitude acoustic pulses, Proceedings of World Congress on Ultrasonics, 1995, pp. 935-938.
50. W.J. Fry, R.B. Fry, Determination of absolute sound levels and acoustic absorption coefficients by thermocouple probes, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26 (1954) 294-317.
51. C.J. Martin, A.N.R. Law, The use of thermistor probes to measure energy distribution in ultrasound fields, Ultrasonics 18 (1980) 127-133.
52. C.J. Martin, A.N.R. Law, Design of thermistor probes for measurement of ultrasound intensity distributions, Ultrasonics 21 (1983) 85-90.
53. M. Romdhane, C. Gourdon, G. Casamatta, Thermosensitive probe based technique of local investigation of ultrasonic reactors, Proceedings of Ultrasonics International, 1993, pp. 739-742.
54. M. Romdhane, C. Gourdon, G. Casamatta, Development of a thermoelectric sensor for ultrasonic intensity measurement, Ultrasonics 33 (1995) 139-146.
55. M. Romdhane, C. Gourdon, G. Casamatta, Local investigation of some ultrasonic devices by means of a thermal sensor, Ultrasonics 33 (1995) 221-227.
56. I.P. Marangopoulous, C.J. Martin, J.M.S. Hutchison, Measurement of field distributions in ultrasonic cleaning baths: implications for cleaning efficiency, Phys. Med. Biol. 40 (1995) 1897-1908.
57. I. Paniwnyk, T.J. Mason, J.P. Lorimer, A. Barr, D. Martin, K. Hutt, R. Hanas, Methods of mapping power in sonochemical reactors, Proceedings of World Congress on Ultrasonics, 1995, pp. 655-658.
58. Y. Renaudin, N. Gondrexon, P. Boldo, C. Pétrier, A. Bernis, Y. Gonthier, Method for determining the chemically active zones in a high frequency ultrasonic reactor, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1 (1994) S81-S85.
59. International Electrochemical Commission, IEC Document SC29D/WG1 (Secretary) 11, October 1977. Report on results of preliminary evaluation of the integrating probes.
60. R.G. Pohlman, T.J.M. Herbertz, A new instrument for measuring the ultrasonic energy density in liquids, Ultrasonics for Industry Conference Papers, 1970.
61. T.K. Saksena, Methods of reliable measurement of ultrasonic power and cavitation in liquids, J. Acoust. Soc. India VIII (1980) 1 January.
62. J. Zieniuk, R.C. Chivers, Measurement of ultrasonic exposure with radiation force and thermal methods, Ultrasonics 14 (1976) 161-172.
63. G.R. Torr, D.J. Watmough, A constant-flow calorimeter for the measurement of acoustic power at megahertz frequencies, Phys. Med. Biol. 22 (3) (1977) 444-450.
64. T.L. Zapf, M.E. Harvey, M.T. Larsen, R.E. Stoltenberg, Ultrasonic calorimeter for beam power measurements, NIST Technical Note 686, 1983.
65. T.A. Delchar, R.J. Melvin, A calorimeter for ultrasound total power measurements, Meas. Sci. Technol. 5 (1994) 1533-1537.
66. Ratoarinoro, F. Contamine, A.M. Willhelm, J. Berlan, H. Delmas, Power measurement in sonochemistry, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2 (1995) S43-S47.
67. T. Hasegawa, K. Yosioka, Acoustic radiation force on a solid elastic sphere, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46 (1969) 1139-1143.
68. S.D. Pye, N.J. Parr, E.G. Munro, T. Anderson, W.N. McDicken. Robust electromagnetic probe for the monitoring of lithotripter output, Ultrasound in Med. and Biol. 17 (1991) 931-939.
69. S. Pye, Private communication.
70. A.P. Sarvazyan, T.N. Pashovkin, G.V. Shilnokov, An extremely simple and rapid method for registration of ultrasonic field patterns, Proceedings of Ultrasonics International, 1985, pp. 324-328.
71. S.R. Soudagar, S.D. Samant, Semiquantitative characterisation of ultrasonic cleaner using a novel piezoelectric pressure intensity measurement probe, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2 (1995) S49-S53.
72. E.A. Pedziwiatr, Ultrasonic wave energy and identification, US Patent No. 4433102.
73. H. Kuttruff, A. Schmitz, Measurement of sound intensity by means of multi microphone probes, Acustica 80 (1994) 388-396.