The British Reception of Salvarsan

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 398-423

  Ross, J E ^a   Tomkins, S M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTITREPONEMAL AGENT; ARSPHENAMINE;

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; HISTORY; HUMAN; SYPHILIS; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANTITREPONEMAL AGENTS; ARSPHENAMINE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; SYPHILIS;

EID: 0031241987     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/52.4.398     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. We are grateful to a referee for pointing out that the word "selective" is preferable to "specific" in modern medical usage. The latter term was, however, in current usage in Ehrlich's time, and it is used here in its historical context.
2. See, for example, John V. Pickstone, ed., Medical Innovations in Historical Perspective (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992). Patricia Spain Ward has examined Salvarsan's early history in the American context in "The American reception of Salvarsan," J. Hist. Med. & All. Sci., 1981, 36, 44-62.
3. See, for example, John V. Pickstone, ed., Medical Innovations in Historical Perspective (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992). Patricia Spain Ward has examined Salvarsan's early history in the American context in "The American reception of Salvarsan," J. Hist. Med. & All. Sci., 1981, 36, 44-62.
4. Royal Commission on Veneral Diseases: Final Report of the Commissioners, Parliamentary Paper, 1916, xvi, Cd. 8189, 1-213, p. 22; J.M. Winter, "Military fitness and civilian health in Britain during the First World War," J. Cont. Hist., 1980, 15, 211-44, p. 236.
5. Royal Commission on Veneral Diseases: Final Report of the Commissioners, Parliamentary Paper, 1916, xvi, Cd. 8189, 1-213, p. 22; J.M. Winter, "Military fitness and civilian health in Britain during the First World War," J. Cont. Hist., 1980, 15, 211-44, p. 236.
6. Examples in the medical press include F. J. Lambkin, "Physical deterioration and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 2, 375-76. The British Medical Journal summarized the Parliamentary Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration's findings on syphilis on 14 January 1905 ("The prevalence and prevention of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 1, 97-98). Such sentiments were so widespread that Arthur Newsholme, later Chief Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, observed, "The statement that our national physique is degenerating has been so frequently made and so vigorously repeated that if one doubts this fundamental point it is against the weight of public statements made in nearly every journal with confidence and assurance," as quoted by Deborah Dwork in War is Good for Babies and Other Young Children (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), p. 12. For a further discussion of national deterioration, see her chapter 1, and J.M. Winter and M. Teitelbaum, The Fear of Population Decline (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985).
7. Examples in the medical press include F. J. Lambkin, "Physical deterioration and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 2, 375-76. The British Medical Journal summarized the Parliamentary Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration's findings on syphilis on 14 January 1905 ("The prevalence and prevention of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 1, 97-98). Such sentiments were so widespread that Arthur Newsholme, later Chief Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, observed, "The statement that our national physique is degenerating has been so frequently made and so vigorously repeated that if one doubts this fundamental point it is against the weight of public statements made in nearly every journal with confidence and assurance," as quoted by Deborah Dwork in War is Good for Babies and Other Young Children (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), p. 12. For a further discussion of national deterioration, see her chapter 1, and J.M. Winter and M. Teitelbaum, The Fear of Population Decline (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985).
8. Examples in the medical press include F. J. Lambkin, "Physical deterioration and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 2, 375-76. The British Medical Journal summarized the Parliamentary Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration's findings on syphilis on 14 January 1905 ("The prevalence and prevention of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 1, 97-98). Such sentiments were so widespread that Arthur Newsholme, later Chief Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, observed, "The statement that our national physique is degenerating has been so frequently made and so vigorously repeated that if one doubts this fundamental point it is against the weight of public statements made in nearly every journal with confidence and assurance," as quoted by Deborah Dwork in War is Good for Babies and Other Young Children (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), p. 12. For a further discussion of national deterioration, see her chapter 1, and J.M. Winter and M. Teitelbaum, The Fear of Population Decline (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985).
9. Examples in the medical press include F. J. Lambkin, "Physical deterioration and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 2, 375-76. The British Medical Journal summarized the Parliamentary Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration's findings on syphilis on 14 January 1905 ("The prevalence and prevention of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1905, 1, 97-98). Such sentiments were so widespread that Arthur Newsholme, later Chief Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, observed, "The statement that our national physique is degenerating has been so frequently made and so vigorously repeated that if one doubts this fundamental point it is against the weight of public statements made in nearly every journal with confidence and assurance," as quoted by Deborah Dwork in War is Good for Babies and Other Young Children (London: Tavistock Publications, 1985), p. 12. For a further discussion of national deterioration, see her chapter 1, and J.M. Winter and M. Teitelbaum, The Fear of Population Decline (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1985).
10. Lambkin, (n. 4), p. 376.
11. "Prevalence," (n. 4); H.T. Gillett, letter to Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 52.
12. "Prevalence," (n. 4); H.T. Gillett, letter to Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 52.
13. The Contagious Diseases Acts allowed for the detention and medical examination of women suspected of being prostitutes in certain garrison towns. Judith Walkowitz's Prostitution in Victorian England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980) discusses the implementation of the acts and the mobilization of the abolitionist crusade under Butler.
14. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
15. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
16. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
17. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
18. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
19. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
20. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
21. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. Individual letters and accounts, many by anonymous authors, appear in medical journals on both sides of the issue; see, for example, "The state and syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 1239-40; H.C. French, "The control of venereal diseases at their source in civil communities," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1766-68; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; "Prophylaxis of syphilis," Medical Times, 1909, 37, 429-30; H.M. Wilson, letter to Medical Times, 1911, 39, 922; J. Ernest Lane, introduction to "The present position and treatment of syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, p. 225; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to "A discussion on syphilis," Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 98.
22. H. M. Wilson, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 972; see also E.B. Turner, "The history of the fight against venereal disease," Science Progress, 1916-17, 11, 83-88, p. 86.
23. H. M. Wilson, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 972; see also E.B. Turner, "The history of the fight against venereal disease," Science Progress, 1916-17, 11, 83-88, p. 86.
24. "Report on venereal diseases," Parliamentary Papers, 1913, xxxii, Cd. 7029, Local Government Board, 423-55, p. 431.
25. H. C. French, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 14-15; for similar references, see "The state and syphilis," (n 8); French, (n 8); David Watson, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 54. See also J. Ernest Lane, "The eugenic aspect of venereal disease," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 147-53, p. 147.
26. H. C. French, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 14-15; for similar references, see "The state and syphilis," (n 8); French, (n 8); David Watson, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 54. See also J. Ernest Lane, "The eugenic aspect of venereal disease," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 147-53, p. 147.
27. H. C. French, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 14-15; for similar references, see "The state and syphilis," (n 8); French, (n 8); David Watson, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 54. See also J. Ernest Lane, "The eugenic aspect of venereal disease," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 147-53, p. 147.
28. H. C. French, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 14-15; for similar references, see "The state and syphilis," (n 8); French, (n 8); David Watson, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 54. See also J. Ernest Lane, "The eugenic aspect of venereal disease," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 147-53, p. 147.
29. "The claims of the child," Br. Med. J., 1904, 2, 140.
30. See H. M. Wilson, "The application of sanitary principles to the prevention of venereal diseases," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 339-45, p. 339; see also "Syphilis past and present," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 334-35; Frances Ivens, "The incidence of gonorrhea in gynaecological hospital practice," Br. Med. J., 1909, 1, 1476-78; Lambkin, (n. 4).
31. See H. M. Wilson, "The application of sanitary principles to the prevention of venereal diseases," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 339-45, p. 339; see also "Syphilis past and present," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 334-35; Frances Ivens, "The incidence of gonorrhea in gynaecological hospital practice," Br. Med. J., 1909, 1, 1476-78; Lambkin, (n. 4).
32. See H. M. Wilson, "The application of sanitary principles to the prevention of venereal diseases," J. R. Inst. Pub. Health, 1911, 19, 339-45, p. 339; see also "Syphilis past and present," Br. Med. J., 1907, 1, 334-35; Frances Ivens, "The incidence of gonorrhea in gynaecological hospital practice," Br. Med. J., 1909, 1, 1476-78; Lambkin, (n. 4).
33. The standard methods of administration were intramuscular injection and inunction (rubbing into the skin). For useful accounts of the history of syphilis therapies, see Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, trans. J. Braddock and B. Pike (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death, and Punishment (London: Collins, 1990); Allan Brandt, No Magic Bullet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Jay Cassel, The Secret Plague (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989). See also Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England 1660-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 149-56.
34. The standard methods of administration were intramuscular injection and inunction (rubbing into the skin). For useful accounts of the history of syphilis therapies, see Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, trans. J. Braddock and B. Pike (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death, and Punishment (London: Collins, 1990); Allan Brandt, No Magic Bullet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Jay Cassel, The Secret Plague (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989). See also Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England 1660-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 149-56.
35. The standard methods of administration were intramuscular injection and inunction (rubbing into the skin). For useful accounts of the history of syphilis therapies, see Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, trans. J. Braddock and B. Pike (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death, and Punishment (London: Collins, 1990); Allan Brandt, No Magic Bullet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Jay Cassel, The Secret Plague (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989). See also Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England 1660-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 149-56.
36. The standard methods of administration were intramuscular injection and inunction (rubbing into the skin). For useful accounts of the history of syphilis therapies, see Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, trans. J. Braddock and B. Pike (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death, and Punishment (London: Collins, 1990); Allan Brandt, No Magic Bullet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Jay Cassel, The Secret Plague (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989). See also Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England 1660-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 149-56.
37. The standard methods of administration were intramuscular injection and inunction (rubbing into the skin). For useful accounts of the history of syphilis therapies, see Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis, trans. J. Braddock and B. Pike (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death, and Punishment (London: Collins, 1990); Allan Brandt, No Magic Bullet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Jay Cassel, The Secret Plague (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989). See also Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England 1660-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), pp. 149-56.
38. The Times, 25 August 1908, p. 12. This article describes the "inadequacy" of mercury treatment and the need for improved remedies.
39. J. E. R. McDonagh, Venereal Diseases: Their Clinical Aspect and Treatment (London: Heinemann, 1920), p. 5. McDonagh was referring specifically to the work of Schaudinn and Hoffman, Wassermann, and Ehrlich.
40. "The effect of mercury on the serum reaction of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 1259-60; see also "The serum reaction in syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 278.
41. "The effect of mercury on the serum reaction of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 1259-60; see also "The serum reaction in syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 278.
42. Ehrlich, quoted in Jonathan Liebenau, "Paul Ehrlich as a commercial scientist and research administrator," Med. Hist., 1990, 34, 65-78, p. 76.
43. An open letter to the Morning Post from a group of prominent physicians referred to "a new era as regards diagnosis and treatment," quoted in Daily Telegraph, 23 July 1913, p. 4; see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3, regarding the possibilities of the "chemotherapeutic era." Brandt states that Ehrlich "initiated the modern age ot chemotherapeutics," (n. 14), No Magic Bullet, p. 40.
44. An open letter to the Morning Post from a group of prominent physicians referred to "a new era as regards diagnosis and treatment," quoted in Daily Telegraph, 23 July 1913, p. 4; see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3, regarding the possibilities of the "chemotherapeutic era." Brandt states that Ehrlich "initiated the modern age ot chemotherapeutics," (n. 14), No Magic Bullet, p. 40.
45. An open letter to the Morning Post from a group of prominent physicians referred to "a new era as regards diagnosis and treatment," quoted in Daily Telegraph, 23 July 1913, p. 4; see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3, regarding the possibilities of the "chemotherapeutic era." Brandt states that Ehrlich "initiated the modern age ot chemotherapeutics," (n. 14), No Magic Bullet, p. 40.
46. See Paul Weindling, "Scientific elites and laboratory organization in fun de siècle Paris and Berlin," in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, eds., The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Weindling, "From medical research to clinical practice: Serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s," in Pickstone, (n. 2) Medical Innovations.
47. See Paul Weindling, "Scientific elites and laboratory organization in fun de siècle Paris and Berlin," in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, eds., The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Weindling, "From medical research to clinical practice: Serum therapy for diphtheria in the 1890s," in Pickstone, (n. 2) Medical Innovations.
48. "Ehrlich's new antisyphilitic remedy in Hungary," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 813; see also "Ehrlich-Hata's remedy," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1081-82. For similar perceptions in the lay press, see Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; The Times, 19 December 1910, p. 9.
49. "Ehrlich's new antisyphilitic remedy in Hungary," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 813; see also "Ehrlich-Hata's remedy," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1081-82. For similar perceptions in the lay press, see Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; The Times, 19 December 1910, p. 9.
50. "Ehrlich's new antisyphilitic remedy in Hungary," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 813; see also "Ehrlich-Hata's remedy," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1081-82. For similar perceptions in the lay press, see Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; The Times, 19 December 1910, p. 9.
51. "Ehrlich's new antisyphilitic remedy in Hungary," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 813; see also "Ehrlich-Hata's remedy," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1081-82. For similar perceptions in the lay press, see Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; The Times, 19 December 1910, p. 9.
52. "Ehrlich's new antisyphilitic remedy in Hungary," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 813; see also "Ehrlich-Hata's remedy," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1081-82. For similar perceptions in the lay press, see Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; The Times, 19 December 1910, p. 9.
53. A representative example is G. G. S. Stopford-Taylor and R. W. McKenna, "Sixteen months' experience of Salvarsan," Br. Med. J., 1912, 1, 713-15, p. 714.
54. National Research Committee, "Report on the treatment of syphilis with arsenical compounds," National Health Insurance (Medical Research Committee) Special Report Series, No. 41 (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1919), pp. 18-19.
55. "First Wassermann, then Ehrlich!" Br. Med. J., 1910, 1, 45-46.
56. "'606'," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 798.
57. "Professor Ehrlich's new remedy for syphilis," Lancet, 1910, 2, 593.
58. "Further investigations on the use of Salvarsan in syphilis," in The Collected Papers Reprinted from the Royal Army Medical Corps (London: Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1912), p. 1.
59. See Ward, (n. 2), pp. 51-55, for a detailed description of the intravenous administration of Salvarsan.
60. See for example, the "Discussion on recent developments in the recognition and treatment of syphilis" at the British Medical Association Annual Meeting (Section of Therapeutics), reported in the Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 673-87. See also "Salvarsan and nerve complications," Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 809.
61. See for example, the "Discussion on recent developments in the recognition and treatment of syphilis" at the British Medical Association Annual Meeting (Section of Therapeutics), reported in the Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 673-87. See also "Salvarsan and nerve complications," Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 809.
62. In 1911, a single dose of Salvarsan cost 10 shillings in Britain (William Hardman, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 54-55).
63. "Discussion," (n. 29), p. 676.
64. James Gowans, letter to Br. Med. J., 1912, 1, 988.
65. C.F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med J., 1911, 1, 226; see also "Syphilis and '606'," Hospital, 1911, 7, 727; Lancet, 1911, 2, contains a number of articles voicing concern over the marketing of Salvarsan.
66. C.F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med J., 1911, 1, 226; see also "Syphilis and '606'," Hospital, 1911, 7, 727; Lancet, 1911, 2, contains a number of articles voicing concern over the marketing of Salvarsan.
67. C.F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med J., 1911, 1, 226; see also "Syphilis and '606'," Hospital, 1911, 7, 727; Lancet, 1911, 2, contains a number of articles voicing concern over the marketing of Salvarsan.
68. "The true value of Salvarsan," Medical Times, 1912, 40, 312-313.
69. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 861. Other broadsides by Marshall against Salvarsan appeared in the Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 111-14. A medical professor in Paris also consistently and vociferously opposed Salvarsan (see The Times, 8 February 1912, p. 5), prompting a British observer to note that "it is a hard thing to suggest that international politics can produce prejudice against a scientific discovery, but we cannot forget that reports of disaster from the use of Salvarsan emanated from France before a single dose of Salvarsan had been administered in that country" (Stopford-Taylor and McKenna, [n. 22], p. 714. Some of Marshall's comments, particularly after the outbreak of war were virulently Germanophobic [see his letter to the Br. Med. J., 1915, 2, 75-76]).
70. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 861. Other broadsides by Marshall against Salvarsan appeared in the Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 111-14. A medical professor in Paris also consistently and vociferously opposed Salvarsan (see The Times, 8 February 1912, p. 5), prompting a British observer to note that "it is a hard thing to suggest that international politics can produce prejudice against a scientific discovery, but we cannot forget that reports of disaster from the use of Salvarsan emanated from France before a single dose of Salvarsan had been administered in that country" (Stopford-Taylor and McKenna, [n. 22], p. 714. Some of Marshall's comments, particularly after the outbreak of war were virulently Germanophobic [see his letter to the Br. Med. J., 1915, 2, 75-76]).
71. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 861. Other broadsides by Marshall against Salvarsan appeared in the Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 111-14. A medical professor in Paris also consistently and vociferously opposed Salvarsan (see The Times, 8 February 1912, p. 5), prompting a British observer to note that "it is a hard thing to suggest that international politics can produce prejudice against a scientific discovery, but we cannot forget that reports of disaster from the use of Salvarsan emanated from France before a single dose of Salvarsan had been administered in that country" (Stopford-Taylor and McKenna, [n. 22], p. 714. Some of Marshall's comments, particularly after the outbreak of war were virulently Germanophobic [see his letter to the Br. Med. J., 1915, 2, 75-76]).
72. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 861. Other broadsides by Marshall against Salvarsan appeared in the Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 111-14. A medical professor in Paris also consistently and vociferously opposed Salvarsan (see The Times, 8 February 1912, p. 5), prompting a British observer to note that "it is a hard thing to suggest that international politics can produce prejudice against a scientific discovery, but we cannot forget that reports of disaster from the use of Salvarsan emanated from France before a single dose of Salvarsan had been administered in that country" (Stopford-Taylor and McKenna, [n. 22], p. 714. Some of Marshall's comments, particularly after the outbreak of war were virulently Germanophobic [see his letter to the Br. Med. J., 1915, 2, 75-76]).
73. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 861. Other broadsides by Marshall against Salvarsan appeared in the Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 111-14. A medical professor in Paris also consistently and vociferously opposed Salvarsan (see The Times, 8 February 1912, p. 5), prompting a British observer to note that "it is a hard thing to suggest that international politics can produce prejudice against a scientific discovery, but we cannot forget that reports of disaster from the use of Salvarsan emanated from France before a single dose of Salvarsan had been administered in that country" (Stopford-Taylor and McKenna, [n. 22], p. 714. Some of Marshall's comments, particularly after the outbreak of war were virulently Germanophobic [see his letter to the Br. Med. J., 1915, 2, 75-76]).
74. T. W. Gibbard and L. W. Hamson, "The modern treatment of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1913, 2, 1341-44, p. 1342.
75. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 401-2.
76. Thomas Dutton, letter to Medical Times, 1913, 41, 999. The same sentiment was expressed by J. Ernest Lane, introduction to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, pp. 224-25.
77. Thomas Dutton, letter to Medical Times, 1913, 41, 999. The same sentiment was expressed by J. Ernest Lane, introduction to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909-10, 3, 209-48, pp. 224-25.
78. "The passing of Salvarsan, '606'," Medical Times, 1912, 40, 798.
79. For an example of such an exchange, see letter by Marshall, (n. 35); reply by H. C. Lucey, Br. Med. J., 1915, 2, 160.
80. For a spectrum of views on the efficacy of Salvarsan, see the report of the British Medical Association's Annual Meeting, (n. 29).
81. J. McIntosh and P. Fildes, "A reply to Mr. C.F. Marshall's views," Lancet, 1911, 1, 724-26. See also George Pernet, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 332; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to British Medical Association Annual Meeting, (n. 29), pp. 676-78.
82. J. McIntosh and P. Fildes, "A reply to Mr. C.F. Marshall's views," Lancet, 1911, 1, 724-26. See also George Pernet, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 332; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to British Medical Association Annual Meeting, (n. 29), pp. 676-78.
83. J. McIntosh and P. Fildes, "A reply to Mr. C.F. Marshall's views," Lancet, 1911, 1, 724-26. See also George Pernet, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 332; J. E. R. McDonagh, contribution to British Medical Association Annual Meeting, (n. 29), pp. 676-78.
84. "True value" (n. 34).
85. C. F. Marshall, letter to Br. Med. J., 1916, 2, 657.
86. "Report," (n. 23). pp. 18-19.
87. Liebenau, (n. 23), pp. 68-71.
88. Quoted in Martha Marquardt, Paul Ehrlich (New York: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., 1951), pp. 198-99.
89. See also Weindling, (n. 20), regarding early experiences in production and marketing of drugs.
90. "Preparation 606," Hospital, 1910, 6, 602.
91. "'606' to date," Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 100.
92. The Times, 6 July 1910, p. 5; 13 August 1910, p. 6; 14 September 1910, p. 5.
93. The Times, 6 July 1910, p. 5; 13 August 1910, p. 6; 14 September 1910, p. 5.
94. The Times, 6 July 1910, p. 5; 13 August 1910, p. 6; 14 September 1910, p. 5.
95. Ibid., 19 December 1910, p. 9.
96. For accounts of the dynamic of early modern medicine, see Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and Healers (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987); Roy Porter ed., Patients and Petitioners (Cambodge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). especially Porter's own article, "Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine"; for accounts of the transformation of nineteenth-century medicine, see S. E. D. Shortt, "Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century," Med. Hist., 1983, 27, 51-68; Charles Rosenberg, "The therapeutic revolution," in Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel, eds., The Therapeutic Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Mary Fissell, "The disappearance of the patient's narrative and the invention of hospital medicine," in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age Reform (London: Roudedge, 1991).
97. For accounts of the dynamic of early modern medicine, see Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and Healers (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987); Roy Porter ed., Patients and Petitioners (Cambodge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). especially Porter's own article, "Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine"; for accounts of the transformation of nineteenth-century medicine, see S. E. D. Shortt, "Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century," Med. Hist., 1983, 27, 51-68; Charles Rosenberg, "The therapeutic revolution," in Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel, eds., The Therapeutic Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Mary Fissell, "The disappearance of the patient's narrative and the invention of hospital medicine," in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age Reform (London: Roudedge, 1991).
98. For accounts of the dynamic of early modern medicine, see Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and Healers (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987); Roy Porter ed., Patients and Petitioners (Cambodge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). especially Porter's own article, "Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine"; for accounts of the transformation of nineteenth-century medicine, see S. E. D. Shortt, "Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century," Med. Hist., 1983, 27, 51-68; Charles Rosenberg, "The therapeutic revolution," in Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel, eds., The Therapeutic Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Mary Fissell, "The disappearance of the patient's narrative and the invention of hospital medicine," in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age Reform (London: Roudedge, 1991).
99. For accounts of the dynamic of early modern medicine, see Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and Healers (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987); Roy Porter ed., Patients and Petitioners (Cambodge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). especially Porter's own article, "Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine"; for accounts of the transformation of nineteenth-century medicine, see S. E. D. Shortt, "Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century," Med. Hist., 1983, 27, 51-68; Charles Rosenberg, "The therapeutic revolution," in Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel, eds., The Therapeutic Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Mary Fissell, "The disappearance of the patient's narrative and the invention of hospital medicine," in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age Reform (London: Roudedge, 1991).
100. For accounts of the dynamic of early modern medicine, see Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and Healers (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987); Roy Porter ed., Patients and Petitioners (Cambodge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). especially Porter's own article, "Laymen, doctors and medical knowledge in the eighteenth century: the evidence of the Gentleman's Magazine"; for accounts of the transformation of nineteenth-century medicine, see S. E. D. Shortt, "Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century," Med. Hist., 1983, 27, 51-68; Charles Rosenberg, "The therapeutic revolution," in Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel, eds., The Therapeutic Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Mary Fissell, "The disappearance of the patient's narrative and the invention of hospital medicine," in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age Reform (London: Roudedge, 1991).
101. "A French view of '606'," Br. Med. J., 1910, 2, 1932.
102. The Times, 11 May 1906, p. 4; 1 June 1906, p. 4.
103. The Times, 11 May 1906, p. 4; 1 June 1906, p. 4.
104. In 1909, H. N. Robson published a short book regarding the technique, entitled Social Disease and Its Prevention (London: Appleton and Co., 1909). However the book received no attention at the time and later advocates of chemical prophylaxis claimed that it had been deliberately suppressed.
105. See Bridget Towers, "Health education policy 1916-1926: venereal disease and the prophylaxis dilemma," Med. Hist., 1980, 24, 70-87; Davenport-Hines, (n. 14) Sex, chpt. 6; S. M. Tomkins, "Palmitate or permanganate: the veneral prophylaxis debate in Britain, 1916-26," Med. Hist., 1993, 37, 383-98.
106. See Bridget Towers, "Health education policy 1916-1926: venereal disease and the prophylaxis dilemma," Med. Hist., 1980, 24, 70-87; Davenport-Hines, (n. 14) Sex, chpt. 6; S. M. Tomkins, "Palmitate or permanganate: the veneral prophylaxis debate in Britain, 1916-26," Med. Hist., 1993, 37, 383-98.
107. David Evans, "Tackling the 'hideous scourge': The creation of the venereal disease treatment centres in early twentieth-century Britain," Soc. Hist. Med., 1992, 5, 413-34. We agree with Evans's conclusions, but here we also further explore the social and professional climate that facilitated the acceptance of Salvarsan. Furthermore, we argue that the policy development traced by Evans was ultimately a failure, with ongoing repercussions for policy makers and caregivers.
108. "The development of preventive medicine and its application to venereal diseases," Lancet, 1913, 2, 574-75; see also "Control of venereal diseases," Br. Med. J., 1913, 2, 511-12; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; Douglas White, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 147; "Salvarsan in the treatment of syphilis," Medical Times, 1913, 41, 399-400.
109. "The development of preventive medicine and its application to venereal diseases," Lancet, 1913, 2, 574-75; see also "Control of venereal diseases," Br. Med. J., 1913, 2, 511-12; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; Douglas White, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 147; "Salvarsan in the treatment of syphilis," Medical Times, 1913, 41, 399-400.
110. "The development of preventive medicine and its application to venereal diseases," Lancet, 1913, 2, 574-75; see also "Control of venereal diseases," Br. Med. J., 1913, 2, 511-12; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; Douglas White, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 147; "Salvarsan in the treatment of syphilis," Medical Times, 1913, 41, 399-400.
111. "The development of preventive medicine and its application to venereal diseases," Lancet, 1913, 2, 574-75; see also "Control of venereal diseases," Br. Med. J., 1913, 2, 511-12; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; Douglas White, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 147; "Salvarsan in the treatment of syphilis," Medical Times, 1913, 41, 399-400.
112. "The development of preventive medicine and its application to venereal diseases," Lancet, 1913, 2, 574-75; see also "Control of venereal diseases," Br. Med. J., 1913, 2, 511-12; "The responsibility of the state in connexion with venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1914, 2, 281-86; Douglas White, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine discussion on syphilis, Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911-12, 5, 21-214, p. 147; "Salvarsan in the treatment of syphilis," Medical Times, 1913, 41, 399-400.
113. "Report," (n. 10); see especially the introduction by Local Government Board Chief Medical Officer Sir Arthur Newsholme, pp. 424-26.
114. C. W. Saleeby, "The right to cure," New Statesman, 1916, 7, 614-15, p. 614 (emphasis in original); see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3; "The control of venereal diseases," Edinburgh Review, 1916, 223, 356-72, p. 367; Pall Mall Gazette, 13 August 1913, p. 6.
115. C. W. Saleeby, "The right to cure," New Statesman, 1916, 7, 614-15, p. 614 (emphasis in original); see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3; "The control of venereal diseases," Edinburgh Review, 1916, 223, 356-72, p. 367; Pall Mall Gazette, 13 August 1913, p. 6.
116. C. W. Saleeby, "The right to cure," New Statesman, 1916, 7, 614-15, p. 614 (emphasis in original); see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3; "The control of venereal diseases," Edinburgh Review, 1916, 223, 356-72, p. 367; Pall Mall Gazette, 13 August 1913, p. 6.
117. C. W. Saleeby, "The right to cure," New Statesman, 1916, 7, 614-15, p. 614 (emphasis in original); see also The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3; "The control of venereal diseases," Edinburgh Review, 1916, 223, 356-72, p. 367; Pall Mall Gazette, 13 August 1913, p. 6.
118. Sir Malcolm Morris, "A plea for the appointment of a Royal Commission on venereal disease," Lancet, 1913, 1, 1817-19, p. 1818.
119. "Syphilis and the responsibility of the state," Lancet, 1913, 1, 1810-11.
120. See, for example. Turner, (n. 9), pp. 87-88; "The sexual disease campaign," J. State Med. (formerly J. R. Inst. Pub. Health), 1916, 24, 129-41.
121. Quoted in Daily Telegraph, 23 July 1913, p. 4.
122. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
123. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
124. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
125. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
126. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
127. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
128. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
129. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
130. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
131. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
132. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
133. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
134. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
135. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
136. Most publications include such accounts for the period c. 8-10 August 1913; see, for example, Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2; 9 August 1913, p. 2; 13 August 1913, p. 6; Obsever, 10 Aug. 1913, p. 8; Illustrated London News, 16 August 1913, p. 260; Daily News, 9 August 1913, p. 1, and 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Mail, 9 August 1913, p. 5; 11 August 1913, p. 4; 13 August 1913, p. 3, and 15 August 1913, p. 4; Manchester Guardian, 11 August 1913, p. 7; Daily Herald, 11 August 1913, p. 3; Daily Telegraph, 11 August 1913, p. 4, and 12 August 1913, p. 6.
137. Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1913, p. 2.
138. Final Report, (n. 3), p. 1.
139. "Manifesto" of the Association for Moral and Social Hygiene on the Royal Commission on Venereal Disease Report, The Shield, 1916, p. 5; for an analysis of the feminist position, see Lucy Bland, "'Cleansing the portals of life': The venereal disease campaign in the early twentieth century," in M. Langan and B. Schwarz, eds., Crises in the British State, 1880-1930 (London: Hutchinson, 1985).
140. "Manifesto" of the Association for Moral and Social Hygiene on the Royal Commission on Venereal Disease Report, The Shield, 1916, p. 5; for an analysis of the feminist position, see Lucy Bland, "'Cleansing the portals of life': The venereal disease campaign in the early twentieth century," in M. Langan and B. Schwarz, eds., Crises in the British State, 1880-1930 (London: Hutchinson, 1985).
141. "Sexual disease campaign," (n. 64), p. 131.
142. Evans's article (n. 58) provides a valuable analysis of the organization and early workings of the centers. Similar schemes were undertaken in Scotland and Ireland; for information on the Irish scheme, see "National campaign against venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1916, 2, 885; for Scotland, see "State provision for treatment of venereal disease in Scotland," Br. Med. J., 1916, 2, 657-58.
143. Evans's article (n. 58) provides a valuable analysis of the organization and early workings of the centers. Similar schemes were undertaken in Scotland and Ireland; for information on the Irish scheme, see "National campaign against venereal disease," Br. Med. J., 1916, 2, 885; for Scotland, see "State provision for treatment of venereal disease in Scotland," Br. Med. J., 1916, 2, 657-58.
144. The success of Metchnikoff's experiments was noted, with the comment that "this procedure has been shown to be also protective to man," but with no further elaboration (Final Report, [n. 3], p. 59).
145. "Report of the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases," Br. Med. J., 1916, 1, 385-86.
146. Neil McFarlane, in "Hospitals, housing, and tuberculosis in Glasgow, 1911-51," Soc. Hist. Med., 1989, 2, 59-86, makes a particularly direct and critical attack on social policies that favored hospital provision over housing reform. See also Linda Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988). and F. B. Smith, The Retreat of Tuberculosis (London: Croom Helm, 1988).
147. Neil McFarlane, in "Hospitals, housing, and tuberculosis in Glasgow, 1911-51," Soc. Hist. Med., 1989, 2, 59-86, makes a particularly direct and critical attack on social policies that favored hospital provision over housing reform. See also Linda Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988). and F. B. Smith, The Retreat of Tuberculosis (London: Croom Helm, 1988).
148. Neil McFarlane, in "Hospitals, housing, and tuberculosis in Glasgow, 1911-51," Soc. Hist. Med., 1989, 2, 59-86, makes a particularly direct and critical attack on social policies that favored hospital provision over housing reform. See also Linda Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988). and F. B. Smith, The Retreat of Tuberculosis (London: Croom Helm, 1988).
149. Dwork, (n. 4) War is Good for Babies; see also Hilary Marland, "A Pioneer in infant welfare: The Huddersfield scheme," Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6, 25-50.
150. Dwork, (n. 4) War is Good for Babies; see also Hilary Marland, "A Pioneer in infant welfare: The Huddersfield scheme," Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6, 25-50.
151. The Times, 9 August 1913, p. 3.
152. Jane Lewis, What Price Community Medicine? (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1986), chpt. 1.
153. The Times, 12 August 1913, p. 3.
154. See C. W. Saleeby, "The suppression of quackery," New Statesman, 1917, 9, 226-28.
155. Evans, (n. 58), p. 428.
156. Ibid., pp. 422-3.
157. Seymour Stritch, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 593; see also "The Royal Commission on the prevalence and effects of venereal disease," Lancet, 1913, 2, 1266; J. H. Dauber, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine debate on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 70-72; Daily Chronicle, 11 August 1913, p. 5.
158. Seymour Stritch, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 593; see also "The Royal Commission on the prevalence and effects of venereal disease," Lancet, 1913, 2, 1266; J. H. Dauber, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine debate on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 70-72; Daily Chronicle, 11 August 1913, p. 5.
159. Seymour Stritch, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 593; see also "The Royal Commission on the prevalence and effects of venereal disease," Lancet, 1913, 2, 1266; J. H. Dauber, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine debate on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 70-72; Daily Chronicle, 11 August 1913, p. 5.
160. Seymour Stritch, letter to Br. Med. J., 1911, 1, 593; see also "The Royal Commission on the prevalence and effects of venereal disease," Lancet, 1913, 2, 1266; J. H. Dauber, contribution to Royal Society of Medicine debate on syphilis, reported in Br. Med. J., 1912, 2, 70-72; Daily Chronicle, 11 August 1913, p. 5.
161. A flurry of correspondence in the Br. Med. J. in late June and early July 1916 debated the question of sickness payments for venereal disease, with the majority favoring a generous approach to sufferers.
162. "Control of venereal diseases," (n. 61), p. 367; see also "Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 692-93; Dauber, (n. 82).
163. "Control of venereal diseases," (n. 61), p. 367; see also "Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis," Br. Med. J., 1911, 2, 692-93; Dauber, (n. 82).
164. See, for example, White, (n. 59), p. 147.
165. Evans, (n. 58).
166. See, for example, Otto May, Prevention of Venereal Diseases (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1918), chpt. 2; J. E. R. McDonagh, "The treatment of venereal diseases," Practitioner, 1916, 97, 508; Archdall Reid, Prevention of Venereal Diseases (London: Heinemann, 1920), p. 114.
167. See, for example, Otto May, Prevention of Venereal Diseases (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1918), chpt. 2; J. E. R. McDonagh, "The treatment of venereal diseases," Practitioner, 1916, 97, 508; Archdall Reid, Prevention of Venereal Diseases (London: Heinemann, 1920), p. 114.
168. See, for example, Otto May, Prevention of Venereal Diseases (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1918), chpt. 2; J. E. R. McDonagh, "The treatment of venereal diseases," Practitioner, 1916, 97, 508; Archdall Reid, Prevention of Venereal Diseases (London: Heinemann, 1920), p. 114.
169. C. W. Saleeby, "The crime of cowardice," New Statesman, 1920, 20, 568-69; for further elaboration, see Tomkins, (n. 57).
170. The voluminous literature on this subject is most often identified with the work of Thomas McKeown, especially The Modern Rise of Population (New York: Academic Press, 1976), and The Role of Medicine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976). McKeown's chief critic, Simon Szreter ("The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline c. 1850-1914: A re-interpretation of the role of public health," Soc. Hist. Med., 1988, 1, 1-38) challenges McKeown's views on the relative roles ot nutrition and public health but agrees with his fundamental conclusions regarding the limitations of therapeutic intervention to secure health status.
171. The voluminous literature on this subject is most often identified with the work of Thomas McKeown, especially The Modern Rise of Population (New York: Academic Press, 1976), and The Role of Medicine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976). McKeown's chief critic, Simon Szreter ("The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline c. 1850-1914: A re-interpretation of the role of public health," Soc. Hist. Med., 1988, 1, 1-38) challenges McKeown's views on the relative roles ot nutrition and public health but agrees with his fundamental conclusions regarding the limitations of therapeutic intervention to secure health status.
172. The voluminous literature on this subject is most often identified with the work of Thomas McKeown, especially The Modern Rise of Population (New York: Academic Press, 1976), and The Role of Medicine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976). McKeown's chief critic, Simon Szreter ("The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline c. 1850-1914: A re-interpretation of the role of public health," Soc. Hist. Med., 1988, 1, 1-38) challenges McKeown's views on the relative roles ot nutrition and public health but agrees with his fundamental conclusions regarding the limitations of therapeutic intervention to secure health status.
173. Pickstone, (n. 2), p. 22.
174. C. W. Saleeby, "Venereal disinfection," New Statesman, 1919, 14, 30.