Three-dimensional Surface Anthropometry: Applications to the Human Body

Optics and Lasers in Engineering

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 89-117

  Jones, Peter R M ^a   Rioux, Marc ^b  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERGONOMICS; HUMAN ENGINEERING; IMAGE PROCESSING; MORPHOLOGY; OPTICAL RESOLVING POWER; PRODUCT DESIGN;

HUMAN ANATOMY;

ANTHROPOMETRY;

EID: 0031236863     PISSN: 01438166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0143-8166(97)00006-7     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Borelli, G. A., De Motu Animalium. Lugduni Batvorum, 1680-1.
2. Martin, R., Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, 2nd edn, Vol. 3. Fischer, Jena, 1928.
3. Sheldon, W. H., Stevens, S. S. & Tucker, W. B., The Varieties of Human Physique: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychology. Hafner, New York, 1940.
4. Lovesey, E. J., A method of determining facial contours by shadow projection. Royal Aircraft Establishment Technical Report no. 66192, 1966.
5. Jones, P. R. M., West, G. M. & Brooke-Wavell, K. F., Interrogation of 3D body data for applications in manufacturing industries. In Application of Computers to Manufacturing Engineering, Directorate of the Science and Engineering Research Council, Research Conf. Proc., Sheffield University, 1993, pp. 20-25.
6. Meaney, F. J. & Farrer, L. A., Clinical anthropometry and medical genetics: A compilation of body measurements in genetic and congenital disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet., 25(2) (1986) 343-359.
7. Hiritz, R. J., Thomas, T. T. & Merchant, R. K., Delineation of craniofacial abnormalities of the fetal alcohol syndrome by close range photogrammetry. Proc. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1986, pp. 101-109.
8. Takamoto, T. & Schwartz, B., Biostereometrics in ophthalmology: topographic analysis of the optic disc cup in glaucoma. SPIE Proc. Biostereometrics, 602 (1985) 219-227.
9. Laurendeau, D., Guimond, L. & Poussart, D., A computer-vision technique for the acquisition and processing of 3-D profiles of dental imprints: an application in orthodontics. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 10(3) (1991) 453-461.
10. Côté, J., Laurendeau, D. & Poussart, D., A multi-operator approach for the segmentation of 3-D images of dental imprints. Proc. Vision Interface '91, Calgary, Alberta, 1991, pp. 189-196.
11. Craxford, A. D., Rutherford, A. & Evans, M. S., Stereophotogrammetry and relief photography in assessment of foot disorders. Ann. Rheumatic Dis., 40(1) (1981) 83-86.
12. Houghton, G. R., Jefferson, R. J., Thomas, D. C., Harris, J. D. & Turner-Smith, A. R., Effects of scoliosis surgery on back shape. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 4th Int. Symp., eds I. A. F. Stokes, J. R. Pekelsky & M. S. Moreland, Mont Sainte Marie, Québec. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1987, pp. 29-34.
13. Vannier, M. W., Pilgram, T., Bhatia, G. & Brunsden, B., Facial surface scanner. IEEE Comput. Graphics Appl., 11(6) (1991) 72-80.
14. Linney, A. D., Grindrod, S. R., Arridge, S. R. & Moss, J. P., Three-dimensional visualisation of computerized tomography and laser scan data for the simulation of maxillo-facial surgery. Med. Informatics, 14(2) (1989) 109-121.
15. Linney, A. D., Tan. A. C. Richards, R., Coombes, A. M., Gardener, J. & Lees, W. R., The acquisition, visualisation and applications of three-dimensional data on the human body. Proc. Electronic Imaging of the Human Body Workshop, Dayton, Ohio, 1992, pp. 38-48.
16. Moss, J. P., Grindrod, S. R., Linney, A. D., Arridge, S. R. & James, D., A computer system for the interactive planning of maxillofacial surgery. Am. J. Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics, 94(6) (1988) 469-475.
17. Coombes, A. M., Moss, J. P., Linney, A. D., Richards, R. & James, D. R., A mathematical method for the comparison of three-dimensional changes in the facial surface. Eur. J. Orthodontics, 13 (1991) 95-110.
18. Meadows, D. M., Johnson, W. O. & Allen, J., Generation of surface contours by Moiré patterns. Appl. Opt., 9 (1970) 942-947.
19. Turner-Smith, A. R., Television scanning technique for topographic body measurements. SPIE Proc. Biosteriometrics, 361 (1982) 1-5.
20. Schofield, J., Mapping the human curve. Comput. Guardian, 7 April (1988).
21. Moreland, M. S., Pope, M. H. & Armstrong, G. W. D., eds, Moire Fringe Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. Int. Symp. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981.
22. Drerup, B., Frobin, W. & Hierholzer, E., eds, Moiré Fringe Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 2nd Int. Symp., Münster, West Germany, 1983. Fischer, Stuttgart.
23. Harris, J. D. & Turner-Smith, A. R., eds, Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 3rd Int. Symp., Oxford. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1986.
24. Stokes, I. A. F., Pekelsky, J. R. & Moreland, M. S., eds, Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 4th Int. Symp., Mont Sainte Marie, Québec. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1987.
25. Neugebauer, H. & Windischbauer, G., eds, Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 5th Int. Symp., Wein. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1990.
26. Halioua, M., Liu, H. C., Chin, A. & Bowins, T. S., Automated topography of human forms by phase measuring profilometry and modal analysis. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 5th Int. Symp., Wein, eds H. Neugebauer & G. Windischbauer. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1990, pp. 91-100.
27. Swain, I. D., Daunt, S.O-N., Robertson, J. C. & Isherwood, P. A., Dynamic moire topography for the determination of postural asymmetry. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 3rd Int. Symp., Oxford. J. D. Harris & A. R. Turner-Smith eds. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1986, pp. 77-83.
28. Kováts, F. Jr, Böszörményi-Nagy, G., Nagy, G. G. & Ôrdîg, L., Morphometry upright trunk during breathing. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 1030 (1988) 255-262.
29. Lewis, J. R. T. & Sopwith, T., Three-dimensional surface measurement by computer. Image Vision Comput., 4 August (1986) 3.
30. Kováts, F. Jr., Age and chest-wall physiology. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 602 (1985) 257-261.
31. Adams, L. P., Rüther, H. & Klein, M., Development of a PC-based near real time photogrammetry system for evaluating regional body surface motion during breathing. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 1030 (1988) 352-360.
32. Gourlay, A. R., Kaye, G., Dennison, D. M., Peacock, A. J. & Morgan, M. D. L., Analysis of an optical mapping technique for lung function studies. Comput. Biol. Med., 14(1) (1984) 47-58.
33. Duret, F. & Blouin, J.-L., De l'empreinte optique à la conception et la fabrication assistées par ordinateur d'une couronne dentaire. J. Dentaire Québec, XXIII (1986) 177-180.
34. Yeung, M., Wu, C. J., Liontas, H., Chartier, P., Orban, P., Lavelle, C., Jordan, R., Domey, J. & Rioux, M., An automated posterior dental restoration system - preliminary results. The Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society Conf. Proc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1990, pp. 117-118.
35. Siemens, 1989.
36. Altschuler, B. R., Remote 3-D laser topographic mapping with dental application. SPIE Proc., Biostereometric Technol. Appl., 1380 (1990) 238-247.
37. Saunders, C. G., Reconstruction of anatomical shapes from moire contourographs. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics '82, 361 (1982) 99-106.
38. Duncan, J. P., Anatomical definition and modelling. Engng Med., 15(3) (1986) 109-116.
39. Halioua, M., Liu, H. C., Bowins, T. S. & Shih, J. K., Automated topography of human forms by phase-measuring profilometry. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 6th Int. Symp., Estoril, eds A. Alberti, B. Drerup, & E. Hierholzer. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1992, pp. 6-16.
40. Pho, R. H. W., Lim, S. Y. E. & Pereira, B. P., Computer Applications in Orthopaedics, Ann. Acad. of Med., Singapore, 19(5) (1990) 691-698.
41. Bok, S. H., Bhattacharjee, A., Nee, A. Y., Pho, R. W., Teoh, S. H. & Lim, S. Y., Computer aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) applications in cosmetic below-elbow prostheses. Ann. Acad. Med., Singapore, 19(5) (1990) 699-705.
42. Sheffer, D. B., Herron, R. E., Morek, W. M. & Proietti-Orlandi, F., Stereophotogrammetric method for breast cancer detection. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 361 (1982) 120-124.
43. Sheffer, D. B., Price, T. E. Jr & Loughry, C. W., Reliability of a photogrammetric determination breast-thorax boundary. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 602 (1985) 196-203.
44. Jones, P. R. M., West, G. M., Harris, D. H. & Read, J. B., The Loughborough anthropometric shadow scanner LASS. Endeavour, 13(4) (1989) 162-168.
45. Neugebauer, H. & Windischbauer, G., School screening: A new pilot study in Vienna. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 4th Int. Symp., eds I. A. F. Stokes, J. R. Pekelsky & M. S. Moreland Mont Sainte Marie, Québec. Fischer, New York, 1987, pp. 177-186.
46. Batouche, M., A knowledge based system for diagnosing spinal deformations: Moiré pattern analysis and interpretation. Proc. 11th IAPR Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition. Conf. A: Computer Vision and Applications, The Hague, The Netherlands. Vol. I, 1992, pp. 591-594.
47. Mehta, M. H., Moire topography and associated asymmetries in scoliosis. Moire Fringe Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. Int. Symp., eds M. S. Moreland, M. H. Pope & G. W. D. Armstrong. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1981, pp. 198-189.
48. Jensen, R. K. & Nassas, G., A mixed longitudinal description of body shape growth. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics '85, 602 (1985) 130-135.
49. Jensen, R. K., Body segment mass, radius, and radius of gyration proportions of children. J. Biomech., 19(5) (1986) 359-368.
50. Jensen, R. K., The growth of children's moment of inertia. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 18(4) (1986) 440-445.
51. Jensen, R. K., Growth of estimated segment mass between four and sixteen years. Human Biol., 59 (1987) 173-189.
52. Richtsmeier, J. T., Beyond morphing: visualization to predict a child's skull growth. Adv. Imaging, 24 July (1993) 26-27.
53. Moss, J. P., Linney, A. D., Grindrod, S. R. & Mosse, C. A., A laser scanning system for the measurement of facial surface morphology. Opt. Lasers Engng, 10 (1989) 179-190.
54. Jones, P. R. M., Baker, A. J., Hardy, C. J. & Mowat, A. P., Measurement of body surface area in children with liver disease by a novel 3-D body scanning device. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 68 (1994) 514-518.
55. Haycock, G. B., Schwartz, G. J. & Wisotsky, D. H., Geometric methods of measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children and adults. J. Pediatrics, 93 (1978) 62-66.
56. Dunn, S. M., Keizer, R. L. & Yu, J., Measuring the area and volume of the human body with structured light. IEEE Trans. Sys. Man Cybernetics, 19 (1989) 1350-1364.
57. Karras, G. E. & Tympanidis, K. N., Studying abdomen size and shape variations during pregnancy: an application of moire topography. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 361 (1982) 89-91.
58. Karras, G. E. & Tympandis, K. N., Measuring changes in posture during pregnancy. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 4th Int. Symp., eds I. A. F. Stokes, J. R. Pekelsky & M. S. Moreland, Mont Sainte Marie, Québec. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1987, pp. 131-138.
59. Easterly, J. A., Crew Chief: a model of a maintenance technician. Report AFHRL-TP-90-18, National Technical Information Service. U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1990.
60. McDaniel, J. W. & Askren, W. B., Computer-aided design models to support ergonomics. Report AAMRL-TR-85-075, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 1985.
61. Yang, Thalmann & Thalmann 3D garment design and animation - a new design tool for the garment industry. Comput. Ind., 19 (1992) 185-191.
62. Bapu, P., Korna, M. & McDaniel, J., User's guide for combiman programs (COMputerized Biomechanical MAN-Model), Version 6. Report UDR-TR-83-51, AFAMRL-TR-83-097, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1983.
63. Paquette, S. P., Human analogue models for computer-aided design and engineering applications. Report NATICK/TR/90/054, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1990.
64. Symington, L. E. & Gordon, C. C., 1989. Applied MANPRINT research: The 1988 US Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR). Proc. Ergonomics Society's 1989 Annual Conf., ed. E. D. Megaw, Reading, England, pp. 326-329.
65. McConville, J. T., & Clauser, C. E., An anthropometric data bank, its hidden dimensions. In Anthropometry and Biomechanics, Theory and Applications, eds R. Easterby, K. H. E. Kroemer, & D. B. Chaffin. Plenum Press, New York, 1980, pp. 35-42.
66. McConville, J. T., Clauser, C. E., Churchill, T. D., Cuzzi, J. & Kaleps, I., Anthropometric relationships of body and body segment moments of inertia. Final report AFAMRL-TR-80-119, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1980.
67. Young, J. W., Chandler, R. F., Snow, C. C., Robinette, K. M., Zehner, G. F. & Lofberg, M. S., Anthropometric and mass distribution characteristics adult female. Report FAA-AM-83-16, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1983.
68. Greiner, T. M. & Gordon, C. C., Assessment of long-term changes in anthropometric dimensions: secular trends of U.S. army males. Report NATICK/TR-91/006, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1990.
69. Dickson, K. J., Space human factors publications: 1980-1990. Report NAS1.26:4351; NASA-CR-4351, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1991.
70. Fowkes, R. S. & Aiken, E. G., Human factors in mining search system. Report BUMINES-IC-9243, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1990.
71. Rider, J. P. & Unger R. L., Human factors model concerning the man-machine interface of mining crewstations. Proc. NASA Conf. Space Telerobotics, Vol. 1, 1989, pp. 119-127.
72. Uesugi, M., Three-dimensional curved shape measuring system using image encoder. J. Robotics Mechatronics, 3(3) (1991) 190-195.
73. Brooke-Wavell, K. F., Jones, P. R. M. & West, G. M., Reliability and repeatability of 3-D body scanner (LASS) measurements compared to anthropometry. Ann. Human Biol., 21(6) (1994) 571-577.
74. Roebuck, J. A., Calibration, validation, and evaluation of scanning systems: anthropometric issues and recommendations for electronic imaging. Proc. Electronic Imaging Human Body Workshop, Dayton, Ohio, 1992, pp. 131-146.
75. Hall, P. S. & Campbell, B. L., Helmet-mounted systems technology planning for the future. SPIE Proc., 1695 (1992) 2-8.
76. Robinette, K. M., Anthropometry for HMD design. SPIE Proc., 1695 (1992) 138-145.
77. Case, H., Erving, C. & Robinette, K. M., Anthropometry of a fit test sample used in evaluating the current and improved MCU-2/P masks, Report AAMRL-TR-89-009, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1989.
78. Oestenstad, R. K., Dillon, H. K. & Perkins, L. L., Distribution of faceseal leak sites on half-Mask respirators and their association with facial dimensions. National Institue for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1990.
79. Hidson, D. J., Computer-aided design of a respirator facepiece model. Report DREO-902, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1984.
80. Rash, C. E., Verona, R. W. & Crowley, J. S., Human factors and safety considerations of night vision systems flight using thermal imaging systems. SPIE Proc., 1290 (1990) 142-164.
81. Czaja, S., Hand anthropometrics. Technical paper with comments, PC A04/MF A01, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1983.
82. Robinette, K. M., Ervin, C. & Zehner, G. F., Dexterity testing of chemical defense gloves. Report AAMRL-TR-86-021, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1986.
83. Robinette, K. M. & Annis, J. F., Nine-size system for chemical defense gloves. Report AAMRL-TR-86-029, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1986.
84. Hidson, D., Development of a standard anthropometric dimension set for use in computer-aided glove design. Technical Report DREO-TN-9122, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1991.
85. Tremblay, J. F., Crown, E. M. & Rigakis, K. B., Anthropometric analysis of fit problems in chemical protective gloves. In Performance of Protective Clothing, Vol. 4, ASTM Special Technical Publication no. 1133, eds J. P. McBriarty & N. W. Henry. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1992, pp. 634-650.
86. Quattrocolo, S. & Holzer, K., Calibration, validation, and evaluation of scanning systems: Project MIDA anthropometrical identification machine. Proc. Electronic Imaging Human Body Workshop, Dayton, Ohio, 1992, pp. 124-130.
87. Jones, P. R. M., Li, P., Brooke-Wavell, K. F. & West, G. M., Format for human body modelling from 3-D scanning. Int. J. Clothing Sci. Technol., 71 (1995) 514-518.
88. Okabe, H., Imaoka, H., Tomiha, T. & Niwaya, H., Three-dimensional apparel CAD system. Comput. Graphics, 26(2) (1992) 105-110.
89. Hinds, B. K., McCartney, J. & Woods, G., Pattern development for 3D surfaces. Comput.-Aided Des., 23(8) (1991) 583-592.
90. Robinette, K. M., Mellian, S. A. & Ervin, C. A., Development of sizing systems for navy women's uniforms. Report NCTRF-TR-183, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1990.
91. Zehner, G. F., Ervin, C., Robinette, K. M. & Daziens, P., Fit Evaluation of female body armor. Report AAMRL-TR-87-046, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 1987.
92. Lord, M., Foot shape representation for a CAD application. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 4th Int. Symp., eds I. A. F. Stokes, J. R. Pekelsky & M. S. Moreland, Mont Sainte Marie, Québec. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1987, pp. 293-300.
93. Lord, M. & Travis, R. P., Surface modelling the foot from OSIRIS scans. Surface Topography and Spinal Deformity: Proc. 5th Int. Symp., eds H. Neugebauer & G. Windischbauer, Wein. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1990, pp. 227-230.
94. Sheffer, D. B. & Herron, R. E., Biostereometrics. In Non-topographic Photogrammetry, 1989, pp. 359-366.
95. Smith, S. H., Jones, P. R. M. & West, G. M., 3-D scanning: a new tool in the study of human body composition. Ann. Human Biol., 17(4) (1990) 340.
96. Lele, S. & Richtsmeier, J. T., Euclidean distance matrix analysis: a coordinate-free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data. Am. J. Phys. Anthropology, 86 (1991) 415-427.
97. Lele, S. & Richtsmeier, J. T., On comparing biological shapes: detection of influential landmarks. Am. J. Phys. Anthropology, 87 (1992) 49-65.
98. Richtsmeier, J. T. & Lele, S., A coordinate-free approach to the analysis of growth patterns: models and theoretical considerations. Biol. Rev., 68 (1993) 381-411.
99. Richtsmeier, J. T. Applications of finite-element scaling analysis in primatology. Folia Primatol., 53 (1989) 50-64.
100. Kalvin, A. D., Dean, D., Hublin, J.-J. & Braun, M., Visualization in anthropology: reconstruction of human fossils from multiple pieces. Proc. of Visualization '92, Boston, MA, 1992, pp. 404-410.
101. Savara, B. S., Steen, J. C. & Vannier, M. W., Applications of biostereometrics to biomedical and anthropological research. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 602 (1985) 148-153.
102. Allard, P., Nagata, S. D., Duhaime, M., Labelle, H. & Murphy, N., Ankle kinematics described by means of stereophotogrammetry and mathematical modelling. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 602 (1985) 187-194.
103. Huiskes, R., Kremers, J., de Lange, A., Woltring, H. J., Selvik, G. & van Rens, Th. J. G., Analytical stereophotogrammetric determination of three-dimensional knee-joint geometry. J. Biomech., 18(8) (1985) 559-570.
104. Bougoss, M. & Ghosh, S. K., A study of human knee by using close-range photogrammetry. SPIE Proc., Biostereometrics, 602 (1985) 179-186.
105. Costigan, P. A., Wyss, U. P., Deluzio, K. J. & Li, J., Semiautomatic three-dimensional knee motion assessment system. Med. Biol. Engng Comput., 30 (1992) 343-350.
106. Probe, J. D., Quantitative assessment of human motion using video motion analysis. Proc. Third Annual Workshop on Space Operations Automation and Robotics (SOAR 1989), NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1990, pp. 155-157.
107. Herron, R. E., Cuzzi, J., Bender, M. J. & Hugg, J. E., Stereometric measurement of body and limb volume changes during extended space missions. Soc. Franc. Photogram. Paris, 40 (1970) 45-50.
108. Nagamine, T., Uemura, T. & Masuda, I., 3D facial image analysis for human identification. Proc. 11th IAPR Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition. Conf. A: Computer Vision and Applications, The Hague, The Netherlands. Vol. I, 1992, pp. 324-327.
109. Russell, P. D., Image processing offers hope in the search for missing children. Adv. Imaging, 5(11) (1990) 46-68.
110. Vanezis, P., Blowes, R. W., Linney, A. D., Tan, A. C., Richards, R. & Neave, R., Application of 3-D computer graphics for facial reconstruction and comparison with sculpting techniques. Forensic Sci. Int., 42 (1989) 69-84.
111. Decraemer, W. F., Dirckx, J. J. J. & Funnell, W. R. J., Shape and derived geometrical parameters adult, human tympanic membrane measured with a phase-shift moiré interferometer. Hearing Res., 51 (1991) 107-122.
112. Newhall, B., Photosculpture. Image, 7(5) (1958) 100-105.
113. Grindon. J. R., Non-contact 3-D surface digitization human head. NCGA '89, Vol. I. Philadelphia, PA, 1989, pp. 132-141.
114. Waters, K. & Terzopoulos, D., The computer synthesis of expressive faces. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 335 (1992) 87-93.
115. Terzopoulos, D. & Waters, K., Physically-based facial modelling, analysis, and animation. J. Visualization Comput. Animation, 1(2) (1990) 73-80.
116. Terzopoulos, D. & Waters, K., Analysis of facial images using physical and anatomical models. Proc. Third Int. Conf. Computer Vision, Osaka, Japan, 1990, pp. 7270-7232.
117. Carignan, M., Yang, Y., Magnenat Thalmann, N. & Thalmann, D. Dressing animated synthetic actors with complex deformable clothes. Comput. Graphics, 26(2) (1992) 99-104.
118. Lee, Y., Terzopoulos, D. & Waters, K., Constructing physics-based facial models of individuals. Proc. Graphics Interface '93, Toronto, Ontario, 1993, pp. 1-8.
119. Williams, L., 3D paint. Report ACM D89 791-351-5/001/0003/0225, 1990, pp. 225-233.
120. Williams, L., Performance-driven facial animation. Comput. Graphics, 24(4) (1900) 235-244.
121. Mase, K., Suenaga, Y. & Akimoto, T., Head reader: a head motion understanding system for better man-machine interaction. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 3, 1987, pp. 970-974.
122. Mase, K., Watanabe, Y. & Suenaga, Y., A realtime head motion detection system. SPIE Proc., 1260 (1990) 262-269.
123. Zheng, J. Y. & Kishino, F., 3D models from contours: further identification of unexposed areas. Proc. 11th IAPR Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition. Conf. A: Computer Vision and Applications, The Hague, The Netherlands, Vol.I, 1992, pp. 349-353.
124. Delingette, H., Watanabe, Y. & Suenaga, Y., Simplex based animation. In N. Thalmann and D. Thalmann, editors, Models and Techniques in Computer Animation (Computer Animation '93), pp. 13-28. Springer-Verlag, May 1993.
125. Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Artificial Intelligence Department 1991-92 Annual Report, 1992.
126. Grossweiner, L. I., Karagiannes, J. L., Johnson, P. W. & Zhang, Z., Gaussian beam spread in biological tissues. Appl. Opt., 29(3) (1990) 379-383.
127. Arnfield, M. R., Tulip, J. & McPhee, M. S., Optical propagation in tissue with anisotropic scattering. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng, 35(5) (1988) 372-381.
128. Yoon, G., Welch, A. J., Motamedi, M. & van Gemert, M. C. J., Development and application of three-dimensional light distribution model for laser irradiated tissue. IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, QE-23(10) (1987) 1721-1733.
129. Bolin, F. P., Preuss, L. E., Taylor, R. C. & Sandu, T. S., A study of the three-dimensional distribution of light (632-8 nm) in tissue. IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, QE-23(10) (1987) 1734-1738.
130. Henderson, A. R., Laser radiation hazards. Opt. Laser Technol., April (1984) 75-80.
131. Rioux, M., Beraldin, J. A., O'Sullivan, M. & Cournoyer, L., Eye-safe laser scanner for range imaging. Appl. Opt., 30(16) (1991) 2219-2223.