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Volumn 112, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 477-496

Toeing the hardline? the Reagan administration and the ending of the cold war

(1)  Fischer, Beth A a  

a NONE

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EID: 0031232346     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657567     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (82)
  • 1
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  • 2
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    • Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press
    • Alexander George, "The Transition in US-Soviet Relations, 1981-1990: An Interpretation from the Perspective of International Relations Theory and Political Psychology," Political Psychology 12 (September 1991): 471. See also John Spanier, American Foreign Policy Since World War II (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1991), 347-50.
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  • 3
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    • 11 August
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    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2054 , pp. 11
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  • 4
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    • A new direction in US Foreign policy
    • 24 April
    • Alexander Haig, "A New Direction in US Foreign Policy," Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (24 April 1981): 6.
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  • 5
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    • US-Soviet relations in the context of US Foreign policy
    • 15 June
    • George Shultz, "US-Soviet Relations in the Context of US Foreign Policy," American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 (15 June 1983): 509-10.
    • (1983) American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 , pp. 509-510
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  • 6
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    • Letter to president Leonid Brezhnev
    • 22 September
    • Ronald Reagan, Letter to President Leonid Brezhnev, Department of State Bulletin 81:2056 (22 September 1981): 52.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2056 , pp. 52
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 7
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    • Address to the National Press Club, 18 November
    • Among others, see Ronald Reagan, Address to the National Press Club, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 17 (18 November 1981): 1275.
    • (1981) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , vol.17 , pp. 1275
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 9
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    • Excerpts from Weinberger statement on military budget outlay
    • 5 March
    • "Excerpts from Weinberger Statement on Military Budget Outlay," New York Times, 5 March 1981.
    • (1981) New York Times
  • 11
    • 0010941040 scopus 로고
    • A new direction
    • 24 April
    • Among others, see Haig, "A New Direction," Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (24 April 1981): 6; Overview of Recent Foreign Policy, Department of State Bulletin 82:2058 (12 November 1981): 16; Reagan, Letter to Brezhnev, Department of State Bulletin 81:2056 (22 September 1981): 52; William Clark, "President Reagan's Framework for Peace," Department of State Bulletin 82:2069 (29 October 1982): 33-4; and Lawrence Eagleburger, "Review of US Relations with the Soviet Union," American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 (1 February 1983): 499-504.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2051 , pp. 6
  • 12
    • 0010813922 scopus 로고
    • Overview of recent foreign policy
    • 12 November
    • Among others, see Haig, "A New Direction," Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (24 April 1981): 6; Overview of Recent Foreign Policy, Department of State Bulletin 82:2058 (12 November 1981): 16; Reagan, Letter to Brezhnev, Department of State Bulletin 81:2056 (22 September 1981): 52; William Clark, "President Reagan's Framework for Peace," Department of State Bulletin 82:2069 (29 October 1982): 33-4; and Lawrence Eagleburger, "Review of US Relations with the Soviet Union," American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 (1 February 1983): 499-504.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.82 , Issue.2058 , pp. 16
  • 13
    • 0002778591 scopus 로고
    • Letter to Brezhnev
    • 22 September
    • Among others, see Haig, "A New Direction," Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (24 April 1981): 6; Overview of Recent Foreign Policy, Department of State Bulletin 82:2058 (12 November 1981): 16; Reagan, Letter to Brezhnev, Department of State Bulletin 81:2056 (22 September 1981): 52; William Clark, "President Reagan's Framework for Peace," Department of State Bulletin 82:2069 (29 October 1982): 33-4; and Lawrence Eagleburger, "Review of US Relations with the Soviet Union," American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 (1 February 1983): 499-504.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2056 , pp. 52
    • Reagan1
  • 14
    • 0010820961 scopus 로고
    • President Reagan's framework for peace
    • 29 October
    • Among others, see Haig, "A New Direction," Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (24 April 1981): 6; Overview of Recent Foreign Policy, Department of State Bulletin 82:2058 (12 November 1981): 16; Reagan, Letter to Brezhnev, Department of State Bulletin 81:2056 (22 September 1981): 52; William Clark, "President Reagan's Framework for Peace," Department of State Bulletin 82:2069 (29 October 1982): 33-4; and Lawrence Eagleburger, "Review of US Relations with the Soviet Union," American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 (1 February 1983): 499-504.
    • (1982) Department of State Bulletin , vol.82 , Issue.2069 , pp. 33-34
    • Clark, W.1
  • 15
    • 0010889578 scopus 로고
    • Review of US relations with the Soviet union
    • 1 February
    • Among others, see Haig, "A New Direction," Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (24 April 1981): 6; Overview of Recent Foreign Policy, Department of State Bulletin 82:2058 (12 November 1981): 16; Reagan, Letter to Brezhnev, Department of State Bulletin 81:2056 (22 September 1981): 52; William Clark, "President Reagan's Framework for Peace," Department of State Bulletin 82:2069 (29 October 1982): 33-4; and Lawrence Eagleburger, "Review of US Relations with the Soviet Union," American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 (1 February 1983): 499-504.
    • (1983) American Foreign Policy: Current Documents 1983 , pp. 499-504
    • Eagleburger, L.1
  • 16
    • 0010876276 scopus 로고
    • News conference in Manila
    • 20 June
    • Alexander Haig, News Conference in Manila, Department of State Bulletin 81:2053 (20 June 1981): 42.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2053 , pp. 42
    • Haig, A.1
  • 20
    • 0010933989 scopus 로고
    • Framework for peace
    • 29 October
    • Clark, "Framework for Peace," Department of State Bulletin 82:2069 (29 October 1982): 33-4.
    • (1982) Department of State Bulletin , vol.82 , Issue.2069 , pp. 33-34
  • 21
    • 84905632337 scopus 로고
    • Interview with Walter Cronkite
    • 3 March
    • Ronald Reagan, Interview with Walter Cronkite, Department of State Bulletin 81:2049 (3 March 1981): 9-10.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2049 , pp. 9-10
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 22
    • 0003299928 scopus 로고
    • US likely to defer meeting with Soviets on control of arms
    • 2 March
    • Bernard Gwertzman, "US Likely to Defer Meeting with Soviets on Control of Arms," New York Times, 2 March 1981.
    • (1981) New York Times
    • Gwertzman, B.1
  • 23
    • 84976719360 scopus 로고
    • Program for economic recovery and US-Soviet relations
    • 24 February
    • Ronald Reagan, "Program for Economic Recovery and US-Soviet Relations," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 17 (24 February 1981): 182-3. See also Alexander Haig, Interview with Ken Sparks, Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (16 March 1981): 24.
    • (1981) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , vol.17 , pp. 182-183
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 24
    • 0010880037 scopus 로고
    • Interview with Ken Sparks
    • 16 March
    • Ronald Reagan, "Program for Economic Recovery and US-Soviet Relations," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 17 (24 February 1981): 182-3. See also Alexander Haig, Interview with Ken Sparks, Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (16 March 1981): 24.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2051 , pp. 24
    • Haig, A.1
  • 27
    • 0010933034 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of foreign and defense policies
    • 30 July
    • Alexander Haig, "Relationship of Foreign and Defense Policies," Department of State Bulletin 81:2054 (30 July 1981): 18; and Interview with Sparks, Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (16 March 1981): 24-25.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2054 , pp. 18
    • Haig, A.1
  • 28
    • 0010815511 scopus 로고
    • Interview with Sparks
    • 16 March
    • Alexander Haig, "Relationship of Foreign and Defense Policies," Department of State Bulletin 81:2054 (30 July 1981): 18; and Interview with Sparks, Department of State Bulletin 81:2051 (16 March 1981): 24-25.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2051 , pp. 24-25
  • 31
    • 0003362616 scopus 로고
    • Major shift by Reagan
    • 10 May
    • For speculation on the end of linkage see Bernard Gwertzman, "Major Shift by Reagan," New York Times, 10 May 1982; Reagan, Interview, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (21 May 1982): 715-716; and Comments on Domestic and Foreign Policy Issues, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (24 May 1982): 689-690.
    • (1982) New York Times
    • Gwertzman, B.1
  • 32
    • 0010813923 scopus 로고
    • Interview
    • 21 May
    • For speculation on the end of linkage see Bernard Gwertzman, "Major Shift by Reagan," New York Times, 10 May 1982; Reagan, Interview, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (21 May 1982): 715-716; and Comments on Domestic and Foreign Policy Issues, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (24 May 1982): 689-690.
    • (1982) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , vol.18 , pp. 715-716
    • Reagan1
  • 33
    • 0010888438 scopus 로고
    • Comments on domestic and foreign policy issues
    • 24 May
    • For speculation on the end of linkage see Bernard Gwertzman, "Major Shift by Reagan," New York Times, 10 May 1982; Reagan, Interview, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (21 May 1982): 715-716; and Comments on Domestic and Foreign Policy Issues, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (24 May 1982): 689-690.
    • (1982) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , vol.18 , pp. 689-690
  • 34
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    • Reagan to request $38B increase in military outlays
    • 5 March
    • Richard Halloran, "Reagan to Request $38B Increase in Military Outlays," New York Times, 5 March 1981; William M. Kaufmann, A Reasonable Defense (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1986), 25; Ronald Reagan, Remarks at Dinner for the Conservative Political Action Conference, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (26 February 1982): 237.
    • (1981) New York Times
    • Halloran, R.1
  • 35
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    • Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
    • Richard Halloran, "Reagan to Request $38B Increase in Military Outlays," New York Times, 5 March 1981; William M. Kaufmann, A Reasonable Defense (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1986), 25; Ronald Reagan, Remarks at Dinner for the Conservative Political Action Conference, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (26 February 1982): 237.
    • (1986) A Reasonable Defense , pp. 25
    • Kaufmann, W.M.1
  • 36
    • 0010815513 scopus 로고
    • Remarks at dinner for the conservative political action conference
    • 26 February
    • Richard Halloran, "Reagan to Request $38B Increase in Military Outlays," New York Times, 5 March 1981; William M. Kaufmann, A Reasonable Defense (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1986), 25; Ronald Reagan, Remarks at Dinner for the Conservative Political Action Conference, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 18 (26 February 1982): 237.
    • (1982) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , vol.18 , pp. 237
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 37
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    • Issues and answers
    • Appearance on ABC's 19 July
    • Haig, Appearance on ABC's "Issues and Answers," Department of State Bulletin 81:2054 (19 July 1981): 24.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2054 , pp. 24
  • 38
    • 0003299928 scopus 로고
    • US likely to defer meeting with soviets on control of arms
    • 2 March
    • Bernard Gwertzman, "US Likely to Defer Meeting with Soviets on Control of Arms," New York Times, 2 March 1981.
    • (1981) New York Times
    • Gwertzman, B.1
  • 39
    • 0010813597 scopus 로고
    • News conference
    • 29 January
    • Ronald Reagan, News Conference, Department of State Bulletin 81:2048 (29 January 1981): 12; and Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Willing to Broaden Talks on Nuclear Arms," New York Times, 14 May 1982.
    • (1981) Department of State Bulletin , vol.81 , Issue.2048 , pp. 12
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 40
    • 0010934212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reagan willing to broaden talks on nuclear arms
    • 14 May
    • Ronald Reagan, News Conference, Department of State Bulletin 81:2048 (29 January 1981): 12; and Steven R. Weisman, "Reagan Willing to Broaden Talks on Nuclear Arms," New York Times, 14 May 1982.
    • New York Times , pp. 1982
    • Weisman, S.R.1
  • 41
    • 0010888439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eureka College
    • Reagan, Eureka College.
    • Reagan1
  • 42
    • 0003362616 scopus 로고
    • Major shift by Reagan
    • 10 May
    • Bernard Gwertzman, "Major Shift by Reagan," New York Times, 10 May 1982.
    • (1982) New York Times
    • Gwertzman, B.1
  • 43
    • 0010930570 scopus 로고
    • The Reagan administration and Soviet-American relations
    • D. E. Kyvig, ed., New York: Praeger
    • Seventy percent of all Soviet strategic missiles were land-based. John L. Caddis, "The Reagan Administration and Soviet-American Relations" in D. E. Kyvig, ed., Reagan and the World (New York: Praeger, 1990), 21.
    • (1990) Reagan and the World , pp. 21
    • Caddis, J.L.1
  • 45
    • 0010890814 scopus 로고
    • Reagan to propose missile terms
    • 17 November
    • Leslie Gelb, "Reagan to Propose Missile Terms," New York Times, 17 November 1981: "Reagan's Arms Proposal Assailed, Current Digest of the Soviet Press 33, 1981, 7.
    • (1981) New York Times
    • Gelb, L.1
  • 46
    • 0010941042 scopus 로고
    • Reagan's arms proposal assailed
    • Leslie Gelb, "Reagan to Propose Missile Terms," New York Times, 17 November 1981: "Reagan's Arms Proposal Assailed, Current Digest of the Soviet Press 33, 1981, 7.
    • (1981) Current Digest of the Soviet Press , vol.33 , pp. 7
  • 47
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    • Challenges of US-Soviet relations at the 50-year mark
    • 31 October
    • All quotations from Dam's 31 October 1983 speech are from Kenneth W. Dam, "Challenges of US-Soviet Relations at the 50-Year Mark," Department of State Bulletin 83:2081 (31 October 1983): 26-30.
    • (1983) Department of State Bulletin , vol.83 , Issue.2081 , pp. 26-30
    • Dam, K.W.1
  • 48
    • 0010812055 scopus 로고
    • The US-Soviet relationship
    • 16 January
    • All quotations from Reagan's 16 January 1984 speech are from Ronald Reagan, "The US-Soviet Relationship," Department of State Bulletin 84:2083 (16 January 1984): 1-4.
    • (1984) Department of State Bulletin , vol.84 , Issue.2083 , pp. 1-4
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 49
    • 0010892173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shultz, "US-Soviet Relations," 509; and Dam. "Challenges of US-Soviet Relations," 28.
    • US-Soviet Relations , pp. 509
    • Shultz1
  • 52
    • 0010933036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This analysis used the deputy secretary's speech and the president's address as published in the Department of State Bulletin. Therefore, the typeface and spacing is the same for both. Each line of the respective speeches was coded according to whether the speaker was referring to one of the seven theme under examinetion. Somelines may have referred to more than one topic and, therefore, may have coede twice. Other lines were not coded at all because they dealt with subjects not under examination.
  • 53
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    • President Reagan's address to the Irish Parliament, 4 June
    • See President Reagan's address to the Irish Parliament, Department of State Bulletin 84:2089 (4 June 1984): 17.
    • (1984) Department of State Bulletin , vol.84 , Issue.2089 , pp. 17
  • 54
    • 0010813598 scopus 로고
    • Address to the United Nations, 24 September
    • See Ronald Reagan, Address to the United Nations, American Foriegn Policy: Current Documents 1984 (24 September 1984): 220-7; and George Shultz, Statement at the CDE [Conference on Disarmament in Europe] in Stockholm, Department of State Bulletin 84:2084 (17 January 1984): 34-6.
    • (1984) American Foriegn Policy: Current Documents 1984 , pp. 220-227
    • Reagan, R.1
  • 55
    • 0010934514 scopus 로고
    • Statement at the CDE [Conference on Disarmament in Europe] in Stockholm
    • 17 January
    • See Ronald Reagan, Address to the United Nations, American Foriegn Policy: Current Documents 1984 (24 September 1984): 220-7; and George Shultz, Statement at the CDE [Conference on Disarmament in Europe] in Stockholm, Department of State Bulletin 84:2084 (17 January 1984): 34-6.
    • (1984) Department of State Bulletin , vol.84 , Issue.2084 , pp. 34-36
    • Shultz, G.1
  • 56
    • 0010878626 scopus 로고
    • An interview with the president
    • 19 November
    • "An Interview with the President," Time, 19 November 1984, 36.
    • (1984) Time , pp. 36
  • 58
    • 0010934515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 225
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 225.
  • 61
    • 0010890815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 224
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 224.
  • 62
    • 0010892174 scopus 로고
    • Holding their ground
    • 8 October
    • "Holding Their Ground," Time, 8 October 1984, 16.
    • (1984) Time , pp. 16
  • 64
    • 0010811545 scopus 로고
    • Bush: 'We too want deeds,'
    • 15 February
    • "Bush: 'We Too Want Deeds,'" Wshington Post, 15 February 1984.
    • (1984) Wshington Post
  • 67
    • 0010814215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 226
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 226.
  • 68
    • 0010888440 scopus 로고
    • Soviet's visit set in secrecy
    • 30 September
    • Lou Cannon and David Hoffman, "Soviet's Visit Set in Secrecy," Washington Post, 30 September 1984.
    • (1984) Washington Post
    • Cannon, L.1    Hoffman, D.2
  • 70
    • 0010880039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 224
    • Reagan, Address to the UN, 224.
  • 71
    • 0010891464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 226.
  • 72
    • 0010934516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 76
    • 0010890817 scopus 로고
    • Shultz terms Soviet talks 'good first step'
    • 1 August
    • David B. Ottaway and Celestine Bohlen, "Shultz Terms Soviet Talks 'Good First Step'," Washington Post, 1 August 1985; Lou Cannon and David Hoffman, "Possible Accord on Arms Talks Seen," Washington Post, 19 November 1985.
    • (1985) Washington Post
    • Ottaway, D.B.1    Bohlen, C.2
  • 77
    • 0010820962 scopus 로고
    • Possible accord on arms talks seen
    • 19 November
    • David B. Ottaway and Celestine Bohlen, "Shultz Terms Soviet Talks 'Good First Step'," Washington Post, 1 August 1985; Lou Cannon and David Hoffman, "Possible Accord on Arms Talks Seen," Washington Post, 19 November 1985.
    • (1985) Washington Post
    • Cannon, L.1    Hoffman, D.2
  • 78
    • 0010877149 scopus 로고
    • Gorbachev agrees to visit us next year
    • 21 November
    • David Hoffman and Don Oberdorfer, "Gorbachev Agrees to Visit US Next Year," Washington Post, 21 November 1985.
    • (1985) Washington Post
    • Hoffman, D.1    Oberdorfer, D.2
  • 80
    • 0010933037 scopus 로고
    • Gorbachev sincere, Reagan tells aides
    • 23 November
    • Lou Cannon, "Gorbachev Sincere, Reagan Tells Aides," Washington Post, 23 November 1985; and Hoffman and Oberdorfer, "Gorbachev Agrees to Visit."
    • (1985) Washington Post
    • Cannon, L.1
  • 81
    • 0010812056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lou Cannon, "Gorbachev Sincere, Reagan Tells Aides," Washington Post, 23 November 1985; and Hoffman and Oberdorfer, "Gorbachev Agrees to Visit."
    • Gorbachev Agrees to Visit
  • 82
    • 0010877150 scopus 로고
    • Gorbachev discusses 'lively' exchanges
    • 22 November
    • Celestine Bohlen, "Gorbachev Discusses 'Lively' Exchanges," Washington Post, 22 November 1985.
    • (1985) Washington Post
    • Bohlen, C.1


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