Review of electric and magnetic fields accompanying seismic and volcanic activity

Surveys in Geophysics

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 441-476

  Johnston, M J S ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Earthquakes; Electric fields; Magnetic fields; Mechanics; Prediction; Volcanoes

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; GEOPHYSICS; MAGNETIC FIELDS; SEISMIC WAVES; VOLCANOES;

ELECTROKINETIC EFFECT; PIEZOMAGNETIC EFFECT; THERMAL DEMAGNETIZATION; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

EARTHQUAKES;

EID: 0031232013     PISSN: 01693298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1006500408086     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Aceves, R.L, Park, S.K., and Strauss, D.J.: 1996, 'Statistical evaluation of the VAN method using the historic earthquake catalog in Greece', Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1425-1428.
2. Aki, K. and Richards, P.G.: 1980, Quantitative seismology - theory and methods, Freeman Press, San Francisco, 913 pp.
3. Ahmad, M.: 1964, 'A laboratory study of streaming potentials', Geophys. Prospect. 12, 49-64.
4. Baird, G.A. and Kennan, P.S.: 1985, 'Electrical response of tourmaline rocks to a pressure impulse', Tectonophysics 111, 147-154.
5. Banks, P.O., Stuart, and Liu, S.: 1991, 'Piezomagnetic fields of screw dislocation fault models', J. Geophys. Res. 96, 21575-21582.
6. Barsukov, O.M.: 1972, 'Variations of electric resistivity of mountain rocks connected with tectonic causes', Tectonophysics 14, 273-277.
7. Bernard, P.: 1992, 'Plausibility of long distance electrotelluric precursors to earthquakes',J. Geophys. Res. 97, 17,531-17,546.
8. Blanchard, D.C.: 1964. Nature 201, 1164-1166.
9. Brace, W.F., Orange, A.S., and Madden, T.R.: 1965, 'The effect of pressure on the electrical resistivity of water-saturated crystalline rocks', J. Geophys. Res. 70, 5669-5678.
10. Brace, W.F. and Orange, A.S.: 1968a, 'Electrical resistivity changes in saturated rocks during fracture and frictional sliding', J. Geophys. Res. 73: 1443-1445.
11. Brace, W.F. and Orange, A.S.: 1968b, 'Further studies on the effects of pressure on electrical resistivity of rocks', J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5407-5420.
12. Brace, W.F.: 1975, 'Dilatancy-related electrical resistivity change in rocks',Pure Appl. Geophys. 113, 207-217.
13. Brace, W.F.: 1980, 'Permeability of crystalline and argillaceous rocks', Int. J. Rock Mech. 17, 876-893.
14. Brady, B.T. and Rowell, G.A.: 1986, 'Laboratory investigations of the electrodynamics of rock fracture', Nature 321, 488-490.
15. Brady, B.T.: 1992, 'Electrodynamics of rock fracture: implications for models of rock fracture', in S.K. Park (ed.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Low Frequency Electrical Precursors, Rep. 92-15, Inst. of Geophys. and Planet. Phys., Univ. of Calif., Riverside.
16. Chalmers, 1976, Atmospheric Electricity, Pergamon, pp. 515.
17. Davis, P.M., Stacey, F.D., Zablocki, C.J., and Olsen, J.V.: 1979, 'improved signal discrimination in tectonomagnetism: discovery of a volcanomagnetic effect at Kilauea, Hawaii', Phys. Earth Plan. Int. 19, 331-336.
18. Davis, P.M., Jackson, D.D., Searls, C.A., and McPherron, R.L.: 1981, 'Detection of tectonomagnetic events using multichannel predictive filtering', J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1731-1737.
19. Davis, P.M. and Johnston, M.J.S.: 1983, 'Localized geomagnetic field changes near active faults in California, 1974-1980', J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9452-9460.
20. Davis, P.M., Pierce, D.R., McPherron, R.L., Dzurisin, D., Murray, T., Johnston, M.J.S., and Mueller, R.: 1984, 'A volcanomagnetic observation on Mount St. Helens, Washington', Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 225-228.
21. Dobrovolsky, I.P., Gershenzon, N. I., and Gokhberg, M.B.: 1989, Theory of electrokinetic effects occurring at the final stage in the preparation of a tectonic earthquake', Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 57, 144-156.
22. Dologlou-Revelioti, E. and Varotsos, P.: 1986, Thermally stimulated currents in rocks, 1', Geophys. 59, 177-182.
23. Draganov, A.B., Inan, U.S., and Taranenko, Y.N.: 1991, 'ULF magnetic signatures at the Earth surface due to ground water flow: a possible precursor to earthquakes', Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1127-1130.
24. Emeleus, T.G.: 1977, Thermomagnetic measurements as a possible tool in prediction of volcano activity in the volcanoes of the Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea', J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 2, 343-359.
25. Ernst, T., Jankowski, J., Rozluski, C., and Teisseyre, R.: 1993, 'Analysis of the electromagnetic field recorded in the Friuli seismic zone, Northeast Italy', Tectonophys. 224, 141-148.
26. Dzurisin, D., Denlinger, R.P., and Rosenbaum, J.G.: 1990, 'Cooling rate and thermal structure determined from progressive magnetization of the dacite dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington', Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 95, 2763-2780.
27. Fenoglio, M.A., Fraser-Smith, A.C., Beroza, G.C., and Johnston, M.J.S.: 1993, 'Comparison of ultra-low frequency electromagnetic signals with aftershock activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake sequence', Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 83, 347-357.
28. Fenoglio, M.A., Johnston, M.J.S., and Byerlee, J.: 1995, 'Magnetic and electric fields associated with changes in high pore pressure in fault zones - Application to the Loma Prieta ULF emissions', J. Geophys. Res. 100, 12951-12958.
29. Finkelstein, D., Hill, R.D., and Powell, J.R.: 1973, 'The piezoelectric theory of earthquake lightning', J. Geophys. Res. 78, 992-993.
30. Fitterman, D.V. and Madden, T.R.: 1977, 'Resistivity observations during creep events at Melendy Ranch, California', J. Geophys. Res. 82, 5401-5408.
31. Fitterman, D.V.: 1978, 'Electrokinetic and magnetic anomalies associated with dilatant regions in a layered earth', J Geophys. Res. 83, 5923-5928.
32. Fitterman, D.V: 1979, 'Theory of electrokinetic-magnetic anomalies in a faulted half-space', J. Geophys. Res. 84, 6031-6040.
33. Fitterman, D.V.: 1981, 'Correction to "Theory of electrokinetic-magnetic anomalies in a faulted half-space", J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9585-9588.
34. Francis, S.H.: 1975, 'Global propagation of atmospheric gravity waves: a review', J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 37, 1011-1054.
35. Fraser, D.C.: 1966, 'The magnetic fields of ocean waves', Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 11, 507-517.
36. Fraser-Smith, A.C., Bernardi, A., McGill, P.R., Ladd, M.E., Helliwell, R.A., and Villard, O.G., Jr.: 1990, 'Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the M7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake', Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1465-1468.
37. Fraser-Smith, A.C., Bernardi, A., McGill, P.R., Ladd, M.E., Helliwell, R.A., and Villard, O.G., Jr.: 1990, 'Ultra-low frequency magnetic field measurements in Southern California during the Northridge earthquake of 17 January, 1994', Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2195-2198.
38. Freund, F., Whang, E.J., and Lef, J.: 1992, 'Hole-type charge carriers in olivine and feldspars: key to the enigmatic electric earthquake phenomena?, in S.K. Park (ed.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Low Frequency Electrical Precursors, Rep. 92-15, Inst. of Geophys. and Planet. Phys., Univ. of Calif., Riverside.
39. Fujinawa, Y., Kumagai, T., and Takahashi, K.: 1992, 'A study of anomalous underground electric field variations associated with a volcanic eruption', Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 9-12.
40. Fujinawa, Y. and Takahashi, K.: 1994, 'Anomalous VLF subsurface electric field changes preceding earthquakes', in M. Hayakawa and Y. Fujinawa (eds.), Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, pp. 131-147.
41. Gamble, T.D., Goubau, W.M., and Clarke, J.: 1979, 'Magnetotellurics with a remote reference', Geophysics 44, 53-58.
42. Gokhberg, M.B., Morgounov, V.A., Yoshino, T., and Tomizawa, I.: 1982, 'Experimental measurements of electromagnetic emissions possibly related to earthquakes in Japan', J. Geophys. Res. 87, 7824-7828.
43. Hamada, K.: 1992, 'Statistical evaluation of the SES predictions issued in Greece: alarm and success rates', Tectonophysics 224, 203-210.
44. Hamano, Y., Boyd, R., Fuller, M., and Lanham, M.: 1989, Induced susceptibility anisotropy of igneous rocks caused by uniaxial compression', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 41, 203-220.
45. Hashimoto, T. and Tanaka, Y.: 1995, 'A large self-potential anomaly on Unzen Volcano, Shimabara Peninsula, Kyushu Island, Japan', Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 191-194.
46. Hayakawa, M. and Fujinawa, F. (eds.): 1994, Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction, Terr. Sci. Pub. Comp, Tokyo, pp 677.
47. Henderson, T.R., Sonwalker, V.S., Helliwell, R.A., Inan, U.S., and Fraser-Smith, A.C.: 1993, 'A search for ELF/VLF emissions induced by earthquakes as observed in the ionosphere by the DE-2 satellite', J. Geophys. Res. 98, 9503-9509.
48. Honkura, Y., Niblett, E.R., and Kurtz, R.D.: 1976, 'Changes in magnetic and telluric fields in a seismically active region of Eastern Canada: preliminary results of earthquake prediction studies', Tectonophysics 34, 219-230.
49. Honkura, Y. and Kuwata, Y.: 1993, 'Estimation of electric fields in the conducting earth's crust for oscillating electric current dipole sources and implications for anomalous electric fields associated with earthquakes', Tectonophys. 224, 257-264.
50. Hurst, A.W. and Christoffel, D.A.: 1973, 'Surveillance of white island volcano 1968-72. Thermomagnetic effects due to volcanic activity', New Zealand. J. Geol. Geophys. 16, 965-972.
51. Ishido, T. and Mizutani, M.: 1981, 'Experimental and theoretical basis of electrokinetic phenomena to rock-water systems and its applications to geophysics', J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1763-1775.
52. Jackson, D.B. and Kauahikaua, J.: 1987, 'Regional self-potential anomalies at Kilauea Volcano', U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 1350 40, 947-959.
53. Johnston, M.J.S.: 1978, 'Local magnetic field variations and stress change near a slip discontinuity on the San Andreas fault', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 30, 511-522.
54. Johnston, M.J.S., Mueller, R.J., and Dvorak, J.: 1981, 'Volcanomagnetic observations during eruptions, May - August 1980, in the 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens', Washington, U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Paper, 1250, pp. 183-189.
55. Johnston, M.J.S., Mueller, R.J., Ware, R.H., and Davis, P. M.: 1984, 'Precision of geomagnetic measurements in a tectonically active region', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 36, 83-95.
56. Johnston, M.J.S., Linde, A.T., Gladwin, M.T., and Borcherdt, R.D.: 1987, 'Fault failure with moderate earthquakes', Tectonophysics 144, 189-206.
57. L 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake', Science 237, 1201-1203.
58. Johnston, M.J.S.: 1989, 'Review of magnetic and electric field effects near active faults and volcanoes in the U.S.A.', Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 57, 47-63.
59. Johnston, M.J.S. and Parrot, M. (eds.): 1989, 'Seismoelectromagnetic effects', Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 57, 1-177.
60. Johnston, M.J.S., Mueller, R.J., and Sasai, Y.: 1994, 'Magnetic field observations in the near-field of the 28 June 1992 M7.3 Landers, California, earthquake', Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 84, 792-798.
61. Kalashnikov, A.C.: 1954, 'The possible application of magnetometric methods to the question of earthquake indications', Tr. Geofiz. Inst. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Sb. Statei. 25, 162-180.
62. Kalashnikov, A.C. and Kapitsa, S.P.: 1952, 'Magnetic susceptibility of elastically stressed rocks', Proc. (Doclady) Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 86, 521-523.
63. Kapitsa, S.P.: 1955, 'Magnetic properties of eruptive rocks exposed to mechanical stresses', Izv. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Ser. Geofiz. 6, 489-504.
64. Kean, W.F., Day, R., Fuller, M., and Schmidt, V.A.: 1976, 'The effect of uniaxial compression on the initial susceptibility of rocks as a function of grain size and composition of their constituent titanomagnetites', J. Geophys. Res. 85, 861-872.
65. Kern, J.W.: 1961, 'Effect of moderate stresses on directions of thermoremanent magnetization', J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3801-3805.
66. Langbein, J.O., Hill, D.P., Parker, T.N., and Wilkinson, S.K.: 1993, 'An episode of reinflation of Long Valley Caldera, Eastern California: 1989-1991, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 15851-15870.
67. Lisowski, M., Prescott, W.H., Savage, J.C., and Johnston, M.J.S.: 1990, 'Geodetic estimate of coseismic slip during the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake', Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1437-1440.
68. Lockner, D.A. and Byerlee, J.D.: 1985, 'Complex resistivity of fault gouge and its significance for earthquake lights and induced polarization', Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 211-214.
69. Lockner, D.A. and Byerlee, J.D.: 1986, 'Changes in complex resistivity during creep in granite,' Pure App. Geophys. 124, 659-676.
70. Lockner, D.A., Byerlee, J.D., Kuksenko, V., Ponomarev, A., and Sidorin., A.: 1991, 'Quasistatic fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite', Nature, 350, 39-42.
71. Lowell, F. and Rose-Innes, A. C.: 1980, Adv. Phys. 29, 947-1023.
72. Madden, T.R., LaTorraca, G.A., and Park, S.K.: 1992, 'Electrical conductivity variations around the Palmdale section of the San Andreas fault zone', J. Geophys. Res. 98, 795-808.
73. Mattesen, M.J.: 1971, J. Colloid. and Interface Science 37, 879-890.
74. Martin, III, R.J.: 1980, 'Is piezomagnetism influenced by microcracks during cyclic loading', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 32, 741-755.
75. Miyakoshi, J., Shiozaki, I., and Nakamura, M.: 1994, Observation of geoelectric potential difference in Wakayama between multi-channeled grounded electrodes of short-spacing in the hope of detecting an earthquake precursor', in M. Hayakawa and Y. Fujinawa eds., Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, pp. 55-70.
76. Mizutani, H. and Ishido, T.: 1976, 'A new interpretation of magnetic field variation associated with Matsushiro earthquakes', J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 28,179-188.
77. Molchanov, O.A. Mazhaeva, O., Goliavin, A.N., and Hayakawa, M.: 1993, 'Observation by the InterCosmos-24 Satellite of ELF-VLF electromagnetic emissions associated with earthquakes', Annales Geophysicale 11, 431-440.
78. Mori, T., Ozima, M., and Takayama, H.: 1993, 'Real-time detection of anomalous geoelectric changes', Phys. Earth. Plan. Int. 77, 1-12.
79. Mueller, R.J., Johnston, M.J.S., Smith, B.E., and Keller, V.G.: 1981, 'U.S. geological survey magnetometer network and measurement techniques in western U.S.A.', U.S.G.S. Open-File Report 81-1346, Menlo Park, CA.
80. Mueller, R.J. and Johnston, M.J.S.: 1990, 'Seismomagnetic effect generated by the October 18, 1989, M7.1 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake', Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1231-1234.
81. Mueller, R.J., Johnston, M.J.S., and Langbein, J.: 1991, 'Possible tectonomagnetic effects observed from mid-1989 to mid-1990, in Long Valley Caldera, California' Geophys. Res. Letts. 18, 601-604.
82. Mueller, R.J. and Johnston, M.J.S.: 1996, 'Magnetic field monitoring near active faults and volcanic Calderas in California: 1974-1995', (accepted Phys. Earth. Plan. Int.).
83. Mulargia, F. and Gasperini, P.: 1992, 'Analyzing the statistical validity of earthquake precursors, an application to the "VAN" method', Geophys. J. Int. 111, 32-44.
84. Nagao, T., Uyeda, S., Asai, Y., and Kono, Y.: 1996, 'Recently observed anomalous changes in geoelectric potential preceding earthquakes in Japan', (submitted to Phys. Earth. Planet. Int.).
85. Nagata, T.: 1969, 'Basic magnetic properties of rocks under the effect of mechanical stresses', Tectonophysics 21, 427-445.
86. Nourbehecht, B.: 1963, 'Irreversible thermodynamic effects in inhomogeneous media and their applications in certain geoelectric problems, thesis', Mass. Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Mass.
87. Ohnaka, M. and Kinoshita, H.: 1968, 'Effects of uniaxial compression on remanent magnetization', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 20, 93-99.
88. Oike, K. and Ogawa, T.: 1986, 'Electromagnetic radiation from shallow earthquakes observed in the LF range', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 38, 1031-1041.
89. Oshiman, N., Sasai, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Honkura, Y., and Tanaka, H.: 1983., 'Local changes in the geomagnetic total intensity associated with crustal uplift in the Izu Peninsula, Japan', Earthq. Pred. Res. 2, 209-219.
90. Ozima, M., Mori, T., and Takayama, H.: 1989, Observation of earth-potential using telegraph facilities and analysis with BAYTAP-G', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 41, 945-962.
91. Park, S.K.: 1991, 'Monitoring changes of resistivity prior to earthquakes in Parkfield, California, with telluric arrays', J. Geophys. Res. 96, 14,211-14,237.
92. Park S.K. and Fitterman, D. V.: 1990, 'Sensitivity of the telluric monitoring array in Parkfield, California, to changes of resistivity', J. Geophys. Res. 95, 15,557-15,571.
93. Park, S.K, Johnston, M.J.S., Madden, T.R., Morgan, F.D., and Morrison, H.F.: 1993, 'Electromagnetic precursors to earthquakes in the ULF band: a review of observations and mechanisms', Rev. Geophys. 31, 117-132.
94. Parrot, M., Achache, J., Berthelier, J.J., Blanc, E., Deschamps, A., Lefeuvre, F., Menvielle, M., Plantet, J.L., Tarits, P., and Villain, J.P.: 1993, 'High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects', Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 77, 65-83.
95. Parrot, M. and Johnston, M.J.S. (Eds.): 1993, 'Seismo-electromagnetic effects', Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 77: 1-137, 1993.
96. Parrot, M.: 1994, 'Statistical study of ELF/VLF emissions recorded by a low-altitude satellite during seismic events', J. Geophys. Res. 99, 23,339-23,34?.
97. Petiau, G. and Dupis, G.: 1980, 'Noise, temperature coefficient, and long time stability of electrodes for telluric observations', Geophys. Prospect. 28, 792-804.
98. Pike, S.J., Henyey, T.L., Revol, J., and Fuller, M.D.: 1981, 'High-pressure apparatus for use with a cryogenic magnetometer', J. Geophys. Res. 33, 449-466.
99. Revol, J., Day, R., and Fuller, M.: 1977, 'Magnetic behavior of magnetite and rocks stressed to failure -relation to earthquake prediction', Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 37, 296-306.
100. Rees, R., Rymer, H., and McGuire, W.I.: 1995, 'Micromagnetic variations at Mount Etna, Sicily', Abs. IUGG Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, p. 236.
101. Rikitake, T.: 1966, 'Elimination of non-local changes from total intensity values of the geomagnetic field', Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 44, 1041-1070.
102. Rikitake, T.: 1968, 'Geomagnetism and earthquake prediction', Tectonophysics 6, 59-68.
103. Rikitake, T.: 1976, Earthquake Prediction, Elsevier, New York, pp. 357.
104. Rikitake, T. and Yokoyama, I.: 1955, 'Volcanic activity and changes in geomagnetism', J. Geophys. Res. 60, 165-172.
105. Rozluski, C.P. and Yukutake, T.: 1993, 'Preliminary analysis of magnetotelluric and seismic activity in the Chubu district, Japan', Acta. Geophys. Polonica 41, 17-26.
106. Sasai, Y.: 1980, 'Application of the elasticity dislocation theory of dislocations to tectonomagnetic modeling', Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 55, 387-447.
107. Sasai, Y.: 1983, 'A surface integral representation of the tectonomagnetic field based on the linear piezomagnetic effect', Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 58, 763-785.
108. Sasai, Y., Shimomura, T., Hamano, Y., Utada, H., Yoshino, T., Koyama, S., Ishikawa, Y., Nakagawa, I., Yokoyama, Y., Ohno, M., Watanabe, H., Yukutake, T., Tanaka, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Nakaya, K., Tsunomura, S., Muromatsu, F., and Murakami, R.: 199, 'Volcano-magnetic effect observed during the 1986 eruption of Izu-Oshima volcano', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 42, 291-317.
109. Sasai, Y.: 1991a, 'Piezomagnetic field associated with the Mogi model revisited: analytic solution for a finite spherical source', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 43, 21-64.
110. Sasai, Y.: 1991b, 'Tectonomagnetic modeling on the basis of linear piezomagnetic effect,' Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 66, 585-722.
111. Sasai, Y.: 1994, 'Resolution of contradiction between seismomagnetic models', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 42, 329-340.
112. Shamsi, S. and Stacey, F.D.: 1969, 'Dislocation models and seismomagnetic calculations for California 1906 and Alaska 1964 earthquakes', Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 59, 1435-1448.
113. Shercliff, J.A.: 1965, A Textbook of Magnetohydrodynamics, Pergamon Press, London, 265 pp.
114. Shnirman, M., Schreider, S., and Dmitrieva, O.: 1993, 'Statistical evaluation of the VAN predictions issued during the period 1987-1989', Tectonophys. 224, 211-221.
115. Stacey, F.D.: 1962, Theory of magnetic susceptibility of stressed rocks', Phil. Mag. 7, 551-556.
116. Stacey, F.D.: 1964, 'The seismomagnetic effect', Pure Appl. Geophys. 58, 5-22.
117. Stacey, F.D., Barr, K.G., and Robson, G.R.: 1965, 'The volcanomagnetic effect,' Pure Appl. Geophys. 62, 96-104.
118. Stacey, F.D. and Johnston, M.J.S.: 1972, 'Theory of the piezomagnetic effect in titanomagnetite-bearing rocks', Pure Appl. Geophys. 97, 146-155.
119. Stacey, F.D. and Banerjee, S.K.: 1974, The Physical Principles of Rock Magnetism., Amsterdam: Elsevier.
120. Stacey, F.D.: 1992, Physics of the Earth, Third Edition, Brookfield Press, 513 pp.
121. Tanaka, Y.: 1993, 'Eruption mechanism inferred from geomagnetic changes with special attention to the 1989-1990 activity of Aso volcano', J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 56, 319-338.
122. Tanaka, T.: 1995, 'Volcanomagnetic effects on the Unzen volcano (1990-1992)', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 47, 325-336.
123. Tuck, G.T., Stacey, F.D., and Starkey, J.: 1977, 'A search for the piezoelectric effect in quartz-bearing rock', Tectonophysics 39, 7-11.
124. Utada, H.: 1993, On the physical background of the VAN earthquake prediction method', Tectonophys. 224, 149-152.
125. Varotsos, P. and Alexopoulos, K.: 1987, 'Physical properties of the variations in the electric field of the electric field of the Earth preceding earthquakes, III, Tectonophysics 136, 335-339.
126. Varotsos, P. and Lazaridou, M.: 1991, 'Latest aspects on earthquake prediction in Greece based on seismic electric signals', Tectonophysics 188: 321-347.
127. Varotsos, P., Alexopoulos, K., and Azaridou, M.: 1993a, 'Latest aspects of earthquake prediction in Greece based on seismic electric signals, II', Tectonophys. 224, 1-38.
128. Varotsos, P., Alexopoulos, K., Lazaridou-Varotsou, M., and Nagao, T.: 1993b, 'Earthquake predictions issued in Greece by seismic electric signals since February 6, 1990', Tectonophys. 224, 269-288.
129. Varotsos, P., Eftaxias, K., Lazaridou, M., Nomicos, K., Bogris, N., Makris, G. Antonopoulos, G., and Kopanas, J.: 1996, 'Recent earthquake predictions results in Greece based on the observation of seismic electric signals', Acta. Geophysica Polonica (in press).
130. Ware, R.H., Johnston, M.J.S., and Mueller, R.J.: 1985, 'A comparison of proton and self-calibrating rubidium magnetometers for tectonomagnetic studies', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 37, 1051-1061.
131. Warwick, J.W., Stoker, C., and Meyer, T.R.: 1982, 'Radio emission associated with rock fracture: possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960', J. Geophys. Res. 87, 2851-2859.
132. Williamson, S.J. and Kaufman, L.: 1981, 'Biomagnetism'. J. Magn. Mat. 22, 129-201.
133. Wilson, E.: 1922, On the susceptibility of feebly magnetic bodies as affected by compression', Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 101, 445-452.
134. Yamazaki, Y.: 1965, 'Electrical conductivity of strained rocks (1st paper), laboratory experiments on sedimentary rocks', Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 44, 783-802.
135. Yamazaki, Y.: 1974, 'Coseismic resistivity steps', Tectonophysics 22, 159-171.
136. Yoshino, T., Tomizawa, I., and Shibata, T.: 1985, 'Possibility of using a direction finding technique to locate earthquake epicenters from electromagnetic precursor radiation', Ann. Geophys. 3, 727-730.
137. Yoshino, T.: 1991, 'Low-frequency seismogenic electromagnetic emissions as precursors to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in Japan', J. Sci. Explor. 5, 121-144.
138. Yoshino, T. and Sato, H.: 1993, 'The study of exciting process of seismogenic emission at epicenter by magnetic flux based on statistical analysis', JISHIN 16, 8-24.
139. Yukutake, T.: 1990a, 'An overview of the eruptions of Oshima volcano, Izu, 1986-1987, from the geomagnetic and geoelectric standpoints', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 42, 141-355.
140. Yukutake, T., Utada, H., Yoshino, T., Watanabe, H., Hamano, Y., Sasai, Y., Kimoto, E., Otani, K., and Shimomura, T.: 1990b, 'Changes in the geomagnetic total intensity observed before the eruption of Oshima volcano in 1986', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 42, 277-290.
141. Yukutake, T., Yoshino, T., Utada, H., Watanabe, H., Hamano, Y., and Shimomura, T.: 1990c, 'Changes in the electrical resistivity of the central cone, Mihara-yama, of Oshima volcano observed by a direct current method', J. Geomag. Geoelec. 42, 151-168.
142. Zlotnicki, J. and Le Mouel, J.L.: 1988, 'Volcano-magnetic effects observed on Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion island): 1985-1987', J. Geophys. Res. 93, 9157-9171.
143. Zlotnicki, J. and Le Mouel, J.L.: 1990, 'Possible electrokinetic origin of large magnetic variations at La Fournaise volcano', Nature 343, 633-636.
144. Zlotnicki, J., Le Mouel, J.L., and Pambrun, C.: 1992, 'Variations anomales lentes du champ magnetique terrestre sur le Piton de la Fournaise', Compte Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 314, 661-669.
145. Zlotnicki, J., Le Mouel, J.L., Delmond, J.C., Pambrun, C., and Delorme, H.: 1993, 'Magnetic variations on Piton de la Fournaise volcano. Volcanomagnetic signals associated with the November 6 and 30, 1987, eruptions', J. Volc. Geotherm. Res. 56, 281-296.
146. Zlotnicki, J., Michel, S., and Ammen, C.: 1994, 'Anomalies de polarization spontanee et systems convectifs sur le volcan du Piton de la Fournaise (Ile de la Reunion, France)', Compte Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 318, 1325-1331.
147. Zlotnicki, J. and Bof, M.: 1996, 'Volcanomagnetic signals associated with the quasi-static continuous activity of the andesitic Merapi volcano (Indonesia): 1990-1995. (Accepted PEPI).