"Disobedient" generals and the politics of redemocratization: The Clinton administration and Haiti

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 112, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 363-383

  Morley, Morris ^a,b   McGillion, Chris ^c  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Council on Hemispheric Affairs ^*  (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031231890     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657562     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Quoted in Kim Ives, "The Unmaking of a President," NACLA Report on the America 27 (January/February 1994): 16.
2. Clifford Krauss, "In a Policy Shift, U.S. Pressures Haitian On Rights Abuses," New York Times, 7 October 1991; also see Thomas L. Friedman, "U.S. Won't Link Aristide Return and Democracy," New York Times, 8 October 1991.
3. Clifford Krauss, "In a Policy Shift, U.S. Pressures Haitian On Rights Abuses," New York Times, 7 October 1991; also see Thomas L. Friedman, "U.S. Won't Link Aristide Return and Democracy," New York Times, 8 October 1991.
4. See R. Jeffrey Smith, "Haitian Paramilitary Chief Spied for CIA, Sources Say," Washington Post, 7 October 1994.
5. See Al Kamen and John M. Goshko, "U.S. Eased Haiti Embargo Under Business Pressure," Washington Post, 7 February 1992.
6. Lee Hockstader and Douglas Farah, "U.S. Presses Haiti's Civilian Leaders to Find Accord," Washington Post, 5 July 1992.
7. Quoted from memorandum dated 21 July 1992, prepared by Brian Latell, the CIA's national intelligence officer for Latin America, in Christopher Marquis, "CIA Memo Discounts 'Oppressive Rule' in Haiti," Washington Post, 19 December 1993.
8. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Nomination of Warren M. Christopher to be Secretary of State, 103rd Congress, 2nd sess., 13 and 14 January 1993 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [GPO], 1993), 75.
9. See Gwen Ifill, "Haitian Is Offered Clinton's Support on an End to Exile," New York Times, 17 March 1993.
10. Quoted in Ann Devroy and R. Jeffrey Smith, "Debate Over Risks Split Administration," Washington Post, 25 September 1994.
11. Quoted in ibid.
12. Americas Watch, Silencing a People: The Destruction of Civil Society in Haiti (New York: Human Rights Watch, February 1993), 1.
13. See Stephen Engleberg, "A Haitian Leader of Paramilitaries Was Paid by C.I.A.," New York Times, 8 October 1994.
14. U.S. official, quoted in Devroy and Smith, "Debate Over Risks Split Administration."
15. Quoted in Elaine Sciolino et al., "Haiti Standoff: The U.S. Will Try Again," New York Times, 29 April 1994.
16. This unnamed administration official is quoted in Devroy and Smith, "Debate Over Risks Split Administration."
17. Quoted in Mark Danner, "The Fall of the Prophet," New York Review of Books, 2 December 1993, 44.
18. See Congressional Research Service, Issue Brief, Haiti: The Struggle for Democracy and Congressional Concerns in 1994, 22 September 1994, 9.
19. Quoted in Daniel Williams and Julia Preston, "U.S. Policy on Haiti Includes Search for Moderates," Washington Post, 8 December 1993.
20. See Congressional Research Service Issue Brief, Haiti: Prospects for Democracy and U.S. Policy Concerns, 16 October 1992, 10.
21. Devroy and Smith, "Debate Over Risks Split Administration."
22. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs, U.S. Policy Toward Haiti, 103rd Congress, 2nd sess., 8 March 1994 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1994), 112.
23. Ibid., 113.
24. Congressional Research Service, Haiti: The Struggle for Democracy and Congressional Concerns in 1994, 5.
25. See Steven Greenhouse, "Which Way Forward on Haiti?," New York Times, 9 March 1994.
26. U.S. Congress, Senate, U.S. Policy Toward Haiti, 113-114.
27. Ibid., 126.
28. Quoted in Steven Greenhouse, "Aristide Cool to U.S. Shift in Haiti Policy," New York Times, 31 March 1994.
29. See Julia Preston, "U.S. Shifts on Haiti. Gets Tougher on Army," Washington Post, 29 April 1994.
30. "Quoted in Steven A. Holmes, "With Persuasion and Muscle, Black Caucus Reshapes Haiti Policy," New York Times, 14 July 1994.
31. Quoted in Barton Gellman and Ruth Marcus, "U.S. Boosts Pressure on Haitians," Washington Post, 4 May 1992.
32. "Clinton Takes New Steps to Oust Haitian Military Leaders," USIA Wireless File, 9 May 1994.
33. Quoted in Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, "Pursuing the Restoration of Democracy in Haiti," U.S. Department of State, Dispatch, 23 May 1994, 332.
34. Congressional Research Service, Report to Congress, Cuban and Haitian Asylum Seekers: Recent Trends, 1 September 1994.
35. Quoted in Elaine Sciolino, "Exile in Style Being Offered to Haitian Chiefs," New York Times, 20 June 1994.
36. Devroy and Smith, "Debate Over Risks Split Administration."
37. Quoted in Michael R. Gordon, "Weighing Options, U.S. Aides Assess Invasion of Haiti," New York Times, 30 May 1994.
38. See Sciolino, "Exile in Style Being Offered to Haitian Chiefs."
39. Quoted in Gordon, "Weighing Options, U.S. Aides Assess Invasion of Haiti."
40. "Transcript of May 8 White House News Conference," USIA Wireless File, 9 May 1994.
41. See Elaine Sciolino, "Aristide Adopts a New Role: From Robespierre to Gandhi," New York Times, 18 September 1994.
42. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy Toward Haiti, 103rd Congress, 2nd sess., 8 June 1994 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1994), 11.
43. Quoted in Daniel Williams, "U.S. Looks for Moderation in Aristide's Mixed Signals," Washington Post, 18 July 1994.
44. Quoted in Sciolino, "Aristide Adopts A New Role: From Robespierre to Gandhi."
45. See Congressional Research Service, Cuban and Haitian Asylum Seekers: Recent Trends.
46. Quoted in Ann Devroy and Barton Gelman, "Exodus From Haiti Strains U.S. Policy," Washington Post, 7 July 1994.
47. See Pilita Clark, "Haiti Risks Invasion After Expulsions," Sydney Morning Herald, 13 July 1994, 10;
48. Elaine Sciolino "Haiti Invasion Imminent, Envoy Says," New York Times, 4 July 1994.
49. See Elaine Sciolino, "Top U.S. Officials Divided in Debate on Invading Haiti," New York Times, 4 August 1994.
50. Quoted in Devroy and Gellman, "Exodus From Haiti Strains U.S. Policy."
51. John H. Cushman, Jr. et al., "On the Brink of War, a Tense Battle of Wills," New York Times, 20 September 1994. On the Cuban refugee figures, see Congressional Research Service, Cuban and Haitian Asylum Seekers: Recent Trendy, Congressional Research Service, Issue Brief, Cuba: Issues for Congress, 6 September 1994, 14.
52. John H. Cushman, Jr. et al., "On the Brink of War, a Tense Battle of Wills," New York Times, 20 September 1994. On the Cuban refugee figures, see Congressional Research Service, Cuban and Haitian Asylum Seekers: Recent Trendy, Congressional Research Service, Issue Brief, Cuba: Issues for Congress, 6 September 1994, 14.
53. John H. Cushman, Jr. et al., "On the Brink of War, a Tense Battle of Wills," New York Times, 20 September 1994. On the Cuban refugee figures, see Congressional Research Service, Cuban and Haitian Asylum Seekers: Recent Trendy, Congressional Research Service, Issue Brief, Cuba: Issues for Congress, 6 September 1994, 14.
54. Quoted in Doyle McManus and Robin Wright, "U.S. Tried Covert Action to Rid Haiti of Rulers," Los Angeles Times, 16 September 1994.
55. "Haitian Regime as Bad as Duvalier, U.S. Says," USIA Wireless File, 15 September 1994.
56. "The Crisis in Haiti," reprinted in U.S. Department of State, Dispatch, 19 September 1994, 605.
57. "Agreement Sets Conditions for Haitian Leaders to Retire," Text. USIA Wireless File, 19 September 1994.
58. See Douglas Farah, "U.S. Assists Dictators' Luxury Exile," Washington Post, 14 October 1994.
59. U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Policy Toward, And Presence in Haiti, 103rd Congress, 2nd sess., 13, 27, and 28 September 1994 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1994), 25.
60. Cushman et al., "On the Brink of War, a Tense Battle of Wills."
61. Norman Kempster and Doyle McManus, "U.S. Cautions Aristide Over Divisive Action," Los Angeles Times, 17 September 1994.
62. Quoted in Anthony Boadle, "U.S. to Keep Haiti Army Intact Despite Black Record," Reuters Wire. 10 October 1994; Larry Rohter, "Some Aristide Supporters Seek Abolition of Military," New York Times, 22 November 1994.
63. Quoted in Anthony Boadle, "U.S. to Keep Haiti Army Intact Despite Black Record," Reuters Wire. 10 October 1994; Larry Rohter, "Some Aristide Supporters Seek Abolition of Military," New York Times, 22 November 1994.
64. Quoted in Worth Cooley-Post, "Haiti Shows It's Ready for Democracy," National Catholic Reporter, 28 July 1995, 9. (Emphasis added.)