Variations in photoreceptor directionality across the central retina

Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision

Volumn 14, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 2033-2040

  Burns, Stephen A ^a   Wu, Shuang ^a   He, Ji Chang ^a   Elsner, Ann E ^a  

^a SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Color vision; Cones; Photoreceptors; Vision; Waveguides

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIGHT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OPTICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PUPIL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RETINA; RETINA CONE; RETINA FOVEA;

ADULT; CONES (RETINA); FEMALE; FOVEA CENTRALIS; HUMANS; LIGHT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OPTICS; PUPIL; RETINA;

EID: 0031230738     PISSN: 10847529     EISSN: 15208532     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.14.002033     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 112, 428-450 (1933).
2. B. O’Brien, “The Stiles-Crawford effect in polarized light,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 275-278 (1947).
3. G. Westheimer, “Dependence of the magnitude of the Stiles-Crawford effect on retinal location,” J. Physiol. 192, 309-315 (1967).
4. J. M. Enoch and F. L. Tobey, “Waveguide properties of retinal receptors,” in Techniques and Observations in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Optics, Vol. 23 of Springer Series in Optical Science, J. M. Enoch and F. L. Tobey, eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981).
5. G. Toraldo de Francia, “Retinal cones as dielectric antennas,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 324 (1949).
6. A. M. Laties and J. M. Enoch, “An analysis of retinal receptor orientation”, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 10, 69-77 (1971).
7. J. M. Enoch and G. M. Hope, “Directional sensitivity of the foveal and parafoveal retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 12, 497-503 (1973).
8. D. I. A. MacLeod, “Directionally selective light adaptation a visual consequence of receptor disarray?” Vision Res. 14, 369-378 (1974).
9. V. C. Smith, J. Pokorny, and K. R. Diddie, “Color matching and the Stiles-Crawford effect in observers with early agerelated macular changes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 2113-2121 (1988).
10. R. A. Applegate and V. Lakshminarayanan, “Parametric representation of Stiles-Crawford functions: normal variation of peak location and directionality,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 1611-1623 (1993).
11. J. Krauskopf, “Some experiments with a photoelectric ophthalmoscope,” M. A. Bouman and J. J. Vos, eds. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series 125 (Excepta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, 1965).
12. G. J. V. Blokland, “Directionality and alignment of the foveal receptors assessed with light scattered from the human fundus in vivo,” Vision Res. 26, 495-500 (1986).
13. J.-M. Gorrand and F. C. Delori, “A reflectometric technique for assessing photoreceptor alignment,” Vision Res. 35, 999-1010 (1995).
14. S. A. Burns, S. Wu, F. C. Delori, and A. E. Elsner, “Direct measurement of human cone photoreceptor alignment,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2329-2338 (1995).
15. P. J. Delint, T. T. J. M. Berendschot, and D. van Norren, “Local photoreceptor alignment measured with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope,” Vision Res. 37, 243-248 (1997).
16. J. van der Kraats, T. T. J. M. Berendschot, and D. V. Norren, “The pathways of light measured in fundus reflectometry,” Vision Res. 15, 2229-2247 (1996).
17. J.-M. Gorrand and F. C. Delori, “A method for assessing the photoreceptor directionality,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. (Suppl.) 31, 425 (1990).
18. B. Chen and W. Makous, “Light capture by human cones,” J. Physiol. 414, 89-109 (1989).
19. C. A. Curcio, K. R. Sloan, R. E. Kalina, and A. E. Hendrickson, “Human photoreceptor topography,” J. Comp. Neurol. 292, 497-523 (1990).
20. S. L. Polyak, The Retina (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1941).
21. C. A. Curcio, “Diameters of presumed cone apertures in human retina, in Annual Meeting, Vol. 20 of 1987 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1987), p. 83.
22. S. A. Burns and A. E. Elsner, “Color matching at high illuminances: photopigment optical density and pupil entry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 221-230 (1993).
23. S. A. Burns and A. E. Elsner, “Color matching at high illuminances: the color-match-area effect and photopigment bleaching,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 698-704 (1985).
24. A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, and R. H. Webb, “Mapping cone pigment optical density in humans,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 52-58 (1993).
25. J. Pokorny and V. C. Smith, “Effect of field size on red green color mixture equations,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 705-708 (1976).
26. B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of light entering the pupil at different points and its relation to brightness threshold measurements,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 124, 81-96 (1937).
27. A. Safir and L. Hyams, “Distribution of cone orientations as an explanation of the Stiles-Crawford effect,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 757-765 (1969).
28. J. M. Enoch and G. M. Hope, “An analysis of retinal receptor orientation IV. Center of the entrance pupil and the center of convergence of orientation and directional sensitivity,” Invest. Ophthalmol. 11, 1017-1021 (1972).
29. M. A. Wilson, M. C. W. Campbell, and P. Simonet, “Change of pupil centration with change of illumination and pupil size,” Optom. Vision Sci. 69, 129-136 (1992).
30. S. A. Burns, A. E. Elsner, J.-M. Gorrand, M. R. Kreitz, and F. C. Delori, “Comparison of reflectometric and psychophysical measures of cone orientation,” in Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Vol. 1 of 1992 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1992), pp. 160-163.
31. S. J. Starr, F. W. Fitzke, and R. W. Massof, “The Stiles-Crawford effect in the central fovea,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. (Suppl.) 20, 172 (1979).
32. J. A. Van Loo and J. M. Enoch, “The scotopic Stiles-Crawford effect,” Vision Res. 15, 1005-1009 (1975).
33. H. E. Bedell and J. M. Enoch, “A study of the Stiles-Crawford (S-C) function at 35° in the temporal field and the stability of the foveal S-C function peak over time,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 435-442 (1979).
34. J. M. Gorrand, “Directional effects of the retina appearing in the aerial image,” J. Opt. 16, 279-287 (1985).
35. W. L. Makous, “A transient Stiles-Crawford effect,” Vision Res. 8, 1271-1284 (1968).
36. J. E. Bailey and G. G. Heath, “Flicker effects on receptor directional sensitivity,” Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 55, 807-812 (1978).
37. D. G. Birch and M. A. Sandberg, “Psychophysical studies of cone optical bandwidth in patients with retinitis pigmentosa,” Vision Res. 22, 1113-1117 (1982).
38. D. R. Williams, “Visual consequences of the foveal pit,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19, 653-667 (1980).
39. A. W. Snyder and C. Pask, “The Stiles-Crawford effect-explanations and onsequences,” Vision Res. 13, 1115-1137 (1973).
40. M. P. Rowe, N. Engheta, S. S. J. Easter, and E. N. J. Pugh, “Graded-index model of a fish double cone exhibits differential polarization sensitivity,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 55-70 (1994).
41. D. I. A. MacLeod, D. R. Williams, and W. Makous, “A visual nonlinearity fed by single cones,” Vision Res. 32, 347-363 (1992).
42. W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 112, 428-450 (1933).
43. B. O’Brien, “The Stiles-Crawford effect in polarized light,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 37, 275-278 (1947).
44. G. Westheimer, “Dependence of the magnitude of the Stiles-Crawford effect on retinal location,” J. Physiol. 192, 309-315 (1967).
45. J. M. Enoch and F. L. Tobey, “Waveguide properties of retinal receptors,” in Techniques and Observations in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Optics, Vol. 23 of Springer Series in Optical Science, J. M. Enoch and F. L. Tobey, eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981).
46. G. Toraldo de Francia, “Retinal cones as dielectric antennas,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 324 (1949).
47. A. M. Laties and J. M. Enoch, “An analysis of retinal receptor orientation,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 10, 69-77 (1971).
48. J. M. Enoch and G. M. Hope, “Directional sensitivity of the foveal and parafoveal retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 12, 497-503 (1973).
49. D. I. A. MacLeod, “Directionally selective light adaptation a visual consequence of receptor disarray?” Vision Res. 14, 369-378 (1974).
50. V. C. Smith, J. Pokorny, and K. R. Diddie, “Color matching and the Stiles-Crawford effect in observers with early agerelated macular changes,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 5, 2113-2121 (1988).
51. R. A. Applegate and V. Lakshminarayanan, “Parametric representation of Stiles-Crawford functions: normal variation of peak location and directionality,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 1611-1623 (1993).
52. J. Krauskopf, “Some experiments with a photoelectric ophthalmoscope,” M. A. Bouman and J. J. Vos, eds. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series 125 (Excepta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, 1965).
53. G. J. V. Blokland, “Directionality and alignment of the foveal receptors assessed with light scattered from the human fundus in vivo,” Vision Res. 26, 495-500 (1986).
54. J.-M. Gorrand and F. C. Delori, “A reflectometric technique for assessing photoreceptor alignment,” Vision Res. 35, 999-1010 (1995).
55. S. A. Burns, S. Wu, F. C. Delori, and A. E. Elsner, “Direct measurement of human cone photoreceptor alignment,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 2329-2338 (1995).
56. P. J. Delint, T. T. J. M. Berendschot, and D. van Norren, “Local photoreceptor alignment measured with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope,” Vision Res. 37, 243-248 (1997).
57. J. van der Kraats, T. T. J. M. Berendschot, and D. V. Norren, “The pathways of light measured in fundus reflectometry,” Vision Res. 15, 2229-2247 (1996).
58. J.-M. Gorrand and F. C. Delori, “A method for assessing the photoreceptor directionality,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. (Suppl.) 31, 425 (1990).
59. B. Chen and W. Makous, “Light capture by human cones,” J. Physiol. 414, 89-109 (1989).
60. C. A. Curcio, K. R. Sloan, R. E. Kalina, and A. E. Hendrickson, “Human photoreceptor topography,” J. Comp. Neurol. 292, 497-523 (1990).
61. S. L. Polyak, The Retina (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1941).
62. C. A. Curcio, “Diameters of presumed cone apertures in human retina, in Annual Meeting, Vol. 20 of 1987 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1987), p. 83.
63. S. A. Burns and A. E. Elsner, “Color matching at high illuminances: photopigment optical ensity and pupil entry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 221-230 (1993).
64. S. A. Burns and A. E. Elsner, “Color matching at high illuminances: the color-match-area effect and photopigment bleaching,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 698-704 (1985).
65. A. E. Elsner, S. A. Burns, and R. H. Webb, “Mapping cone pigment optical density in humans,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 52-58 (1993).
66. J. Pokorny and V. C. Smith, “Effect of field size on red green color mixture equations,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 705-708 (1976).
67. B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of light entering the pupil at different points and its relation to brightness threshold measurements,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 124, 81-96 (1937).
68. A. Safir and L. Hyams, “Distribution of cone orientations as an explanation of the Stiles-Crawford effect,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 757-765 (1969).
69. J. M. Enoch and G. M. Hope, “An analysis of retinal receptor orientation IV. Center of the entrance pupil and the center of convergence of orientation and directional sensitivity,” Invest. Ophthalmol. 11, 1017-1021 (1972).
70. M. A. Wilson, M. C. W. Campbell, and P. Simonet, “Change of pupil centration with change of illumination and pupil size,” Optom. Vision Sci. 69, 129-136 (1992).
71. S. A. Burns, A. E. Elsner, J.-M. Gorrand, M. R. Kreitz, and F. C. Delori, “Comparison of reflectometric and psychophysical measures of cone orientation,” in Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Vol. 1 of 1992 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1992), pp. 160-163.
72. S. J. Starr, F. W. Fitzke, and R. W. Massof, “The Stiles-Crawford effect in the central fovea,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. (Suppl.) 20, 172 (1979).
73. J. A. Van Loo and J. M. Enoch, “The scotopic Stiles-Crawford effect,” Vision Res. 15, 1005-1009 (1975).
74. H. E. Bedell and J. M. Enoch, “A study of the Stiles-Crawford (S-C) function at 35° in the temporal field and the stability of the foveal S-C function peak over time,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 435-442 (1979).
75. J. M. Gorrand, “Directional effects of the retina appearing in the aerial image,” J. Opt. 16, 279-287 (1985).
76. W. L. Makous, “A transient Stiles-Crawford effect,” Vision Res. 8, 1271-1284 (1968).
77. J. E. Bailey and G. G. Heath, “Flicker effects on receptor directional sensitivity,” Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 55, 807-812 (1978).
78. D. G. Birch and M. A. Sandberg, “Psychophysical studies of cone optical bandwidth in patients with retinitis pigmentosa,” Vision Res. 22, 1113-1117 (1982).
79. D. R. Williams, “Visual consequences of the foveal pit,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19, 653-667 (1980).
80. A. W. Snyder and C. Pask, “The Stiles-Crawford effect-explanations and onsequences,” Vision Res. 13, 1115-1137 (1973).
81. M. P. Rowe, N. Engheta, S. S. J. Easter, and E. N. J. Pugh, “Graded-index model of a fish double cone exhibits differential polarization sensitivity,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 55-70 (1994).
82. D. I. A. MacLeod, D. R. Williams, and W. Makous, “A visual nonlinearity fed by single cones,” Vision Res. 32, 347-363 (1992).