Epidural anesthesia in labor: Benefits versus risks

Journal of Nurse-Midwifery

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 377-388

  King, Tekoa ^a,b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Community Based Nurse Midwifery Education Program ^*  (United States)

^d MD CNM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CESAREAN SECTION; CHILD BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; DRUG EFFECT; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; FEMALE; FETUS; HISTORY; HUMAN; LABOR; METHODOLOGY; NEWBORN; NURSING; OBSTETRIC ANESTHESIA; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL; ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL; CESAREAN SECTION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; FETUS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INFANT BEHAVIOR; INFANT, NEWBORN; LABOR, OBSTETRIC; PREGNANCY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031226525     PISSN: 00912182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0091-2182(97)00052-9     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Hawkins JL. Obstetric anesthesia workforce survey: 1992 versus 1981. Anestheslology 1994;81(3-A):1128.
2. Bonica JJ. Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologist, 1980.
3. De Haven Pitcock C, Clark RB. From Fanny to Fernand: the development of consumerism in pain control during the birth process. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:581-7.
4. Leavitt JW. Brought to bed: chudbearing in America. 1750-1950. New York: Oxford University Prass. 1986:117-27.
5. Cohen J. Doctor James Simpson Habt: Abraham De Sola and Genesis Chapter 3. Verse 16. Obstet and Gunecol 1996;88:895-8.
6. Wertz RW. Wertz DC. Birth in a hospital. In Wertz RW, Wertz DC. Lying-In: a history of childbirth in America. Yale University Press, 1989:148-54.
7. Dickerson K. Pharmacologic control of pain during labor. In: Chalmers I. edtor. Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. New York: Oxford University Press. 1983:914-49.
8. Weber SE. Cultural aspects of pain in childbearing women. JOGN January 1996;25(1):67-72.
9. Gutschc BB. Obstetric anesthesia, why? Clin Pennatol Feb 1982;9(1):215-24.
10. Caton D. Who soid childbirth is natural? Anesthesiology 1996;84:955-64.
11. Chestnut DH, Gibbi-CP. Obstetrical anesthesia. In: Gabbe SG. editor. Obstetrics, normal and piobiem pregnancies. New York: Churchill Livingston. 1991:493-96.
12. Shnider SM, Levinson G. Ralston DH. Regional anesthesia for labor and delivery. 3rd ed. In: Shnider SM. editor. Anesthesia for obstetrics. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkens. 1993:135-6.
13. Datta S. The obstetric anesthesia handbook. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book 1992.
14. Avard DM, Nimrod CM. Risks and benefits of obstetric epidural analgesic: a review. Birth Winter 1985;12(4):215-25.
15. Simpkin P. Epidural epidemic. Birth Gazette. 1994;10(4):28-34.
16. Colonna-Romano P, Salvage R. Lingaraju N, Seitman DT. Epinephrine-induced tachycardia is different from contraction-associated tachycardia in laboring patients. Anesth Analg 1996;82:294-6.
17. Toledano A. When is testing the test dose the wronq thing to do? Anesth Analg 1995;80:861-3.
18. Lysak SZ, Eisensach JC, Dobson CE. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor: a comparison of three solutions with a continuous infusion control. Anesthesiology 1990;72:44-9.
19. Peach MJ, Pavy TJ. Sims C. Westrnore MD. Storey JM, White C. Clinical experience with patient-controlled and staff-administered intermittent bolus epidural analgesia during iabor. Anaesth Intensive Care August 1995;23(4):459-63.
20. Stoddart AP. Nicholson KE, Popham PA. Low dose bupiuacaine/fentanyl epidural infusions in labour and mode of delivery. Anesthesia 1994;49:1087-90.
21. Ross BK, Kughes SC. Epidural and spinal narcotic analgesia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1987;30:553-65.
22. Hurley RJ. Spinal opioids in the management of obstetric pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1990;5(3): 146-52.
23. Camann WR, Denney RA, Holby ED, Datta S. A comparison of intrathecal, epidural, and intravenous sufpntanil for labor analgesia. Anesthesiology 1992;77:884-7.
24. Abboud TK. Management of pain in parturition: the opioids. Female Patient 1994;19:29-36.
25. James FM. Maternal and fetal effects of lumbar epidural analgesia for labor and delivery in patients with gestational hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;126:195-201.
26. Amei ican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Technical Bulletin. Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. July 1996:No. 225.
27. Lagercrantz H. Slotkin TA. The "stress" of beir g born. Sci Am 1986;254:100-7.
28. Fox HA The effects of catechoiamines and drug treatment on the fetus and nawbom. Birth Fam J 1979;6:157-65.
29. Levinson G, Shnider S. Catecholamines. the effrcts of maternal fea and its treatment on uterine function and circulation. Birth Fam J 1919;6(3): 167-74.
30. Fusi L, Steer PJ, Maresh MJ, Beard RW. Materral pyrewa associared with the use of cpidural analgesia in labor. Lancet 1989;1:1250-2.
31. Uitvlugt A. Managing complications of epidural analgesia. Int Anesth Clin 1990;28:11-6.
32. Ong BY, Cohen MM, Esmail A, Cumming M, Kozody R, Palahniuk RJ. Paresthesias and motor dysfunction after labor and delivery. Anesth Analg 1987;66:18-22.
33. Scott DB, Hibbard BM. Serious non-fatal complications associ-ated with extradural block in obstetric plaice. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:537-41.
34. MacArthur C. Lewis M. Knox EG, Crawloid JS. Epidural anaesthesia and long term backache after chiMbiiti. Br Med J 1990;301:9-12.
35. Vinson DC. Association between epidural labor and fever. J Fam Pract 1993;36:617-22.
36. Liebennan E, Lang JM, Fngoiletto F, Richardson DK, Ringer SA, Cohen A. Epidural analgesia, intrapartum fever, and neonatal sepsis evaluation. Pediatrics 1997;99:415-9.
37. Breen TW, Ransil BJ, Groves PA, Oriol NE. Factors assxteteii with back pain after childbirth. Anaesthesiology 1994;31:29-34.
38. Russell R, Dundas K, Reynolds P. Long term backache after childbirth: prospective inarch for wusative factors. Br Med J 1996;312:1384-8.
39. Macarlhur A, Macarthur C, Weeks S. Epidural anaesthesia and low back pain after delivery: a prospective cohon study. Br Med J 1995;331:1336-9.
40. Crawford JS. Some maternal complications of epidural analgesia for labor. Anaesthesia 1985;40:1219-25.
41. Newton ER, Schroeder BC, Knape KG, Bennert BL. Epidural analgesia and uterine fuction. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85(5 Pt 1):749-55.
42. Jouppila R, Hollimen A. The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal fetal acid base balance. Obsted serum potassium and creatinine phosphokinase during labor. Acta Anesthesiol Scan 1976;20:259-68.
43. Studd JWW, Crawford JS, Duignan NM, Rowbotham CJ, Hughes AO. The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on the rate of cervical dilation and the outcome of labour of spontaneous onset. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1980;87:1015-21.
44. Robinson JO, Rosen M, Evans JM, Revill SI, David H, Rees GA. Maternal opinion about analgesia for labour: a controlled trial between epidural block and intramuscular ptthidine combined with inhalation. Anaesthesia 1980;35:1173-81.
45. Ryhanen P, Jouppila R, Lanning M, Jouppila P, Hollmen A, Kouvalainen K. Effect of segmental epidural analgesia on changes in peripheral blood leucocyte cuunis, lymphocyte surpopulations, and in vitro transformation in healthy parturients and their newborns. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1984;17:202-7.
46. Philipsen T, Jensen NH. Epidural block or parenteral pethidine as an anaigesic in labour: a ranciomized study concemiitg prepress in iuixxir and inslrumental deliveries Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1989;30:27-33.
47. Thorp JA, Hu DU, Albin RM, McNitt J, Meyer BA, Cohen GR, Yeast JD. The effect of iritiapartum epidural analgesia on nuliparous labor; a randomized controlled piospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:851-8.
48. Kilpatrick S, Laros R. Characteristics of normal labor. Obstet and Gynecol 1989;74:85-7.
49. Patterson C. Sounders NSG. Wadsworth J. The characteristics of the second stage of labour in 25,069 sinqleton deliveries in the Northwest Thames health region, 1998. Br J Ob/Gyn 1992;99:377-80,
50. Reynolds JL, Yudkin PL. Changes in the management of labor; 1. Length and management of ths second sfoge. Can Med Assoc J 1987;136:1041-5.
51. Derham RJ, Crowhurst T. The second stage of labour: durational dilemmas. Australian and New Zealand J Obstet Gynecol 1991;31:31-6.
52. American College of Obstetricans and Gyrrmlogists, Committee Opinion #59. Obsteiric Forceps. 1989.
53. Crawford JS. The second thousand epidural blocks in an obstetric hospital practice. Br J Ancsth 1972;44:1277-87
54. Hoult IJ, MacLennan AH, Carrie LES. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: relation to fetal malposition and inatmmemal delivery. Br Med J 1977;1:14-6.
55. Kaminski HM, Staff A. Arman J. The effect of epedural analge-sia on the frequency of instrumental obstetric delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:770-3.
56. Niehaue L, Chaska BW, Nesse RE. The effect of epidural anesthesia on type of delivery. J Am Board Fam Pract 1983;1:238-44.
57. Hawkins JL, Hess KR, Kubicek MA, Joyce TH. Morrow DH. A revaluation of the association between instrument delivery and epidural analgesia Regional Anesthesia 1995;220:50-6.
58. Ramin SM, Gambling DR. Lucas MJ. Shana SK, Sidawi JE Leveno KJ. Randomized trial of epidural versus intravenous analgesia during labor. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:783-94.
59. Jouppila P, Jouppfe R, Moilanen K, Pakarinen A. The effect of segmental epidaral analgesia on maternal prolactin during labor. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:234-8.
60. Phillips KC, Thomas TA. Second stage of labour with or without extradural analgesia, Awsthesia 1983;38:972-6.
61. Chestnut DH, Bates UN, Choi WW. Continuous infusion epidural analgesia with lidocaine: efficacy and influence during the second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:323-7.
62. Chestnut DH, Laszewski LJ, Pollack KL, Bates JN, Manage NK, Choi WW. Continuous epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine-0.0002% fentanyl during the second stage of labor. Anesthesiology 1990;72:613-8.
63. McQueen J. Mylrea L. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour. Br Med J 1977;1:640-1.
64. Bruhn M, Diernaes E. Delayed pushing and frequency of vacuum extraction in deliveries under lumbar epidural analgesia. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1990;49;3711-3.
65. Gleeson N, Griffith AP. The management of the second stage of labour in primiparae with epidural analgesia. Br J Clin Prac 1991;45:90-1.
66. Maresh M, Choong KH, Beard RW. Delayed pushing with lumbar epidural analgesia in labour. Br Med J 1983;90:623-7.
67. Saunders NJ, Spiby H, Gilbert L, Fraser RB, Hall JM, Mutton PM, Jackson A. Edmonds DK. Oxytocin infusion during second stage of labour in primiparous women using epidural analgesia: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Br Med J 1989;299:1423-6.
68. Gribble RK, Meier PR. Effect of epidural analgesia on the primary cesarean rate. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:231-3.
69. Larson DD. The effect of initiating an obstetric anesthesiology service on rate of cesarean section and rate of forceps delivery [abstract], Soc Obstet Anesth Perinatal. 1992.
70. Iglesias S. Reducing the cesarean section rate in a rural community hospital. Can Med Assoc J 1991;145:1459-64.
71. Socol ML, Garcia PM, Peaceman AM, Dooley SL. Reducing cesarean births at a primarily private university hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168-1748-58.
72. Neuhoff D, Burke S, Porreco MD. Cesarean birth for failed progress in labor. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:915-20.
73. De Regt RH, Minkoff HL, Feldman J, Schwartz RH. Relation of private cr clinic care to the cesarean birth rate. N Engl J Med 1986;315:619-24.
74. Johnson S, Rosenfeld J. The effect of epidural anesthesia on the length of labor. J Fam Pract 1995;40:244-7.
75. Lieberman E. Lang JM, Cohen A, D'Agostino R, Datta S. Frigoletto FD. Association of epidural analgesia with cesarean delivery in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:993-1000.
76. Thorp JA, Parisi VM. Boylan PMB, Johnson DA. The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:670-5.
77. Thorp JA, Eckert LO, Ang MS, et al. Epidural analgesia and cesarean section for dystocia: risk factors in nulliparas. Am J Perinatal 1991;8:402-10.
78. Stavrou C, Hofmann GR, Boezaart AP. Prolonged fetal bradycardia during epidural analgesia: incidence, timing and significance. South African Med J 1992;77:66-8.
79. EddtJsion JM, Maresh M, Horsman EL. et al. Comparison of the maternal affects associated with inicrmittent or continuous infusion of extradural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1992;69:154-8.
80. Kuhnert BR, Linn PL. Kuhnert PM. Obstetric medication and neonatal behavior: symposium on developmental and behavioral issues in perinaiology. Gin Perinatal 1985;12:423-40.
81. Howell CJ, Chalmers I. A review of prcspectiveiy controlled comparisons of epidural with non-epidural forms of pain relief during labor. Int J Obstet Anest 1992;1:93-110.
82. Corkc BC, Neurohehavioural responses of the newborn. Anaesthesia 1977;32:539-43.
83. S3. Lieberman BA. et al. The effects of maternally administered pethidine or epidural bupivacaine on the fetus and the newborn. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86:598-606.
84. Murray AD, Dolby RM. Nation RL, Thomas DB. Effects of epidural anesthesia and newborn behavior: a re-analysis toward synergistic effects. Child Dev 1981;52:71-82.
85. Rosenblatt DB, Belsey EM, Lieberman BA, Redshaw M. Caldwell J. Notarianni L. Smith RL, Beard RW. The influence of maternal analgesia on neonaial behavior: II. Epidural bupivacaine. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:407-13.
86. Abboud TK, Khoo SS, Miller F, Doan T, Henriksen EA. Maternal, fetal and neonatal responses after epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, 2-chloroprocaine, or lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1982;61:638-44.
87. Abboud TK, David S. Nagappala S, Costandi J, Vanagi T. Horoutunian S, Yeh SU, Maternal, fetal and neonatal effects of lidocaine with and without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 1984;63:973-9.
88. Kileff ME, James FM, Dewan DM, Floyd HM. Neonatal neurobehavioral responses after epidural anesthesia for cesarean section using lidocaine and bupivacaine. Anesth Analog 1984;63:413-7.
89. Sepkoski CM, Barry L, Ostheimer GW, Brazelton TB. The effects of maternal epidural anesthesia on neonatal behavior during the first month. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992;34:1072-80.
90. Kangas-Saarsh T, Jouppila R, Jouppila P, Hollmen A. Punka M, Juujarvi K. The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on the neurobehavioral responses of newborn infants. Anaesthesiol Scand 1987;31:347-51.
91. Lester BM, Als H, Brazelton TB, Regional obstetric aneslhesia and newborn behavior: a reanalysis toward synergistic effects. Child Dav 1982;53:687-92.
92. Brazelton TB. Psychophysiologic reactions in the neonate: effect of maternal medication on the newborn and his behavior. J Ped 1963;58:513-8.
93. Bush DJ. A comparison of informed consent for obstetric anaesthesia in the USA and the UK. Int J Obstet Anaesth 1995;4:1-6.
94. Glid WM. informed consent: a review. Anasth Analog 1989;68:649-53.
95. Knapp RM. Letter to editor: legal view of informed consent for anesthesia during labor. Anesthesiology 1990:72:211.
96. Swan HD, Borshoff DC. Informed consent: recall of risk information following epidural anakjesia in labour. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994;22:139-41.
97. Hueston WJ, McClaffin RR, Mansfield CJ, Rudy M. Fetors associated with the use of intrapartum epidural analgesia. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84(4 Pt 1):579-82.
98. American College of Nurse-Midwives. ACNM Code of Ethics. May 18, 1990.
99. Roberts J. Alternative positions for childbirth; port I. First stage of labor. J Nurse Midwifery 1980:25:11-7.