Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 1217-1232

  Hulme, Charles ^a   Roodenrys, Steven ^a,d   Brown, Gordon D A ^b   Schweickert, Richard ^c   Martin, Sarah ^a   Stuart, George ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; PHONETICS; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; PHONETICS; PRACTICE (PSYCHOLOGY); REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SERIAL LEARNING; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 0031226409     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1217     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. London: Oxford University Press (Clarendon).
2. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47-90). New York: Academic Press.
3. Baddeley, A. D., Lewis, V. J., & Vallar, G. (1984). Exploring the articulatory loop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 36(A), 233-252.
4. Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575-589.
5. Batchelder, W. H., & Riefer, D. M. (1986). The statistical analysis of a model for storage and retrieval processes in human memory. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 39, 129-149.
6. Batchelder, W. H., & Riefer, D. M. (1990). Multinomial processing tree models of source monitoring. Psychological Review, 97, 548-564.
7. Brown, G. D. A. (1990). A neural-net model of human short-term memory. In L. B. Almeida & C. J. Wellekens (Eds.), Neural networks: Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 412, pp. 175-185). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
8. Brown, G. D. A., & Hulme, C. (1995). Modeling item length effects in memory span: No rehearsal needed? Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 594-621.
9. Chechile, R. (1987). Trace susceptibility theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 203-222.
10. Chechile, R., & Meyer, D. L. (1976). A Baysean procedure for separately estimating storage and retrieval components of forgetting. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 13, 269-295.
11. Cowan, N. (1992). Verbal memory span and the timing of spoken recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 668-684.
12. Cowan, N., Day, L., Saults, J. S., Keller, T. A., Johnson, T., & Flores, L. (1992). The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 1-17.
13. Cox, R., Hulme, C., & Brown, G. D. A. (1992). STM Experimenter: Using HyperCard and MacRecorder in short-term memory experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 24, 575-579.
14. Craik, F. I. M. (1968). Two components in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7, 996-1004.
15. Crowder, R. G. (1978). Memory for phonologically uniform lists. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 73-89.
16. DeLosh, E. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (1996). The role of order information in free recall: Application to the word-frequency effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1136-1146.
17. Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977). Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 39, 1-38.
18. Ellis, A. W. (1980). Errors in speech and short-term memory: The effects of phonemic similarity and syllable position. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 624-634.
19. Farrand, P., & Jones, D. M. (1996). Direction of report in spatial and verbal serial short-term memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 49(A), 140-158.
20. Gregg, V. H., Freedman, C. M., & Smith, D. K. (1989). Word frequency, articulatory suppression and memory span. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 363-374.
21. Howes, D. H. (1957). On the relation between the intelligibility and frequency of occurrence of English words. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29, 296-305.
22. Hu, X. (1991). General program for processing tree models [Computer program]. Irvine, CA: University of California, School of Behavioral Sciences.
23. Hu, X., & Batchelder, W. H. (1992). The statistical analysis of general processing tree models with the EM algorithm (Tech. Rep. No. MBS 92-06). Irvine, CA: University of California, School of Behavioral Sciences.
24. Hulme, C., & Mackenzie, S. (1992). Working memory and severe learning difficulties. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
25. Hulme, C., Maughan, S., & Brown, G. D. A. (1991). Memory for familiar and unfamiliar words: Evidence for a long-term memory contribution to short-term memory span. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 685-701.
26. Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Brown, G. D. A., & Mercer, R. (1995). The role of long-term memory mechanisms in memory span. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 527-536.
27. Kučera, H., & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
28. Levin, J. R. (1985). Some methodological and statistical 'bugs' in research in children's learning. In M. Pressley and C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive learning and memory in children (pp. 205-234). New York: Springer-Verlag.
29. Li, S.-C., & Lewandowsky, S. (1993). Intralist distractors and recall direction: Constraints on models of memory for serial order. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 895-908.
30. Li, S.-C., & Lewandowsky, S. (1995). Forward and backward recall: Different retrieval processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 837-847.
31. Mandler, G., Goodman, G. O., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. L. (1982). The word frequency paradox in recognition. Memory & Cognition, 10, 33-42.
32. Nairne, J. S. (1990). A feature model of immediate memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 251-269.
33. Penney, C. G. (1989). Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory. Memory & Cognition, 17, 398-422.
34. Quinlan, P. T. (1992). Oxford psycholinguistic database [Computer software]. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
35. Reed, T. R. C., & Cressie, N. A. (1988). Goodness-of-fit statistics for discrete multivariate data. New York: Springer-Verlag.
36. Riefer, D. M., & Batchelder, W. H. (1988). Multinomial modeling and the measurement of cognitive processes. Psychological Review, 95, 318-339.
37. Roodenrys, S., Hulme, C., Alban, J., Ellis, A., & Brown, G. D. A. (1994). Effects of word frequency and age of acquisition on short-term memory span. Memory & Cognition, 22, 695-701.
38. Schweickert, R. (1993). A multinomial processing tree model for degradation and redintegration in immediate recall. Memory & Cognition, 21, 167-175.
39. Schweickert, R., & Boruff, B. (1986). Short-term memory capacity: Magic number or magic spell? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 419-425.
40. Sperling, G., & Speelman, R. G. (1970). Acoustic similarity and auditory short-term memory: Experiments and a model. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory (pp. 152-202). New York: Academic Press.
41. Tehan, G., & Humphreys, M. S. (1988). Articulatory loop explanations of memory span and pronunciation rate correspondences: A cautionary note. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26, 293-296.
42. Watkins, M. J. (1977). The intricacy of memory span. Memory & Cognition, 5, 529-534.
43. Wright, C. C. (1979). Duration differences between rare and common words and their implications for the interpretation of word frequency effects. Memory & Cognition, 7, 411-419.