Class Struggles in the Tubercular World: Nurses, Patients, and Physicians, 1903-1915

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 412-434

  Robbins, Jessica M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING; DOCTOR NURSE RELATION; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; NURSE PATIENT RELATIONSHIP; NURSING; NURSING DISCIPLINE; SOCIAL CLASS; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED STATES;

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING; FEMALE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONS; PHYSICIAN-NURSE RELATIONS; SOCIAL CLASS; SPECIALTIES, NURSING; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031226201     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.1997.0140     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Elsie M. Courrier, "Some Aspects of the Tuberculosis Problem," Amer. J. Nursing 1909, 9: 924-36; Sheila M. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), pp. 179-93.
2. Elsie M. Courrier, "Some Aspects of the Tuberculosis Problem," Amer. J. Nursing 1909, 9: 924-36; Sheila M. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1994), pp. 179-93.
3. Nurses cared for tuberculosis patients in a variety of settings, including hospitals, sanatoriums, and private-duty nursing. This essay addresses the specific history of visiting tuberculosis nurses, who entered patients' homes under the auspices of public health agencies, visiting nurses' associations, and dispensaries; the phrase "tuberculosis nurse" hereinafter refers only to these women. "Sanatorium" and "sanitarium" are alternate spellings that were used by different individuals and institutions in the tuberculosis campaign. Most of the tuberculosis nurses preferred "sanatorium"; I have followed that usage except in quotations and the names of institutions. See René and Jean Dubos, The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), p. 291 n. 1.
4. Barbara Bates, Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992); Michael E. Teller, The Tuberculosis Movement: A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988).
5. Barbara Bates, Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992); Michael E. Teller, The Tuberculosis Movement: A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988).
6. Twentieth Report of the Superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital: For the Year Ending January 31, 1909 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1909), pp. 14-15; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 234-35.
7. Twentieth Report of the Superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital: For the Year Ending January 31, 1909 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1909), pp. 14-15; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 234-35.
8. M. A. Nutting, "The Visiting Nurse for Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 7 April 1906, 16: 55.
9. R. Thelin, "The Report of the Visiting Nurse in Homes of Tuberculous Patients for Seven Weeks," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1904, 3: 33-34; Ruth Brewster Sherman, "Baltimore's Work in Tuberculosis," Amer. J. Nursing, 1901, 1: 626-30.
10. R. Thelin, "The Report of the Visiting Nurse in Homes of Tuberculous Patients for Seven Weeks," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1904, 3: 33-34; Ruth Brewster Sherman, "Baltimore's Work in Tuberculosis," Amer. J. Nursing, 1901, 1: 626-30.
11. Lillian Wald, The House on Henry Street (New York: Holt, 1915), pp. 53-54; Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), pp. 133-35.
12. Lillian Wald, The House on Henry Street (New York: Holt, 1915), pp. 53-54; Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), pp. 133-35.
13. "Miss Thelin's New Work," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1903, 2: 141-42; Reiba Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and the Prevention of Tuberculosis," Amer. J. Nursing, 1905, 5: 743- 56.
14. "Miss Thelin's New Work," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1903, 2: 141-42; Reiba Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and the Prevention of Tuberculosis," Amer. J. Nursing, 1905, 5: 743-56.
15. Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock, "Visiting Nursing: Report of the Sub-Committee on Visiting Nursing," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 32nd Annual Convention, ed. Alexander Johnson (n.p.: Heer, 1905), p. 258; John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866-1966 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974), pp. 540-44; and Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8), p. 746.
16. Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock, "Visiting Nursing: Report of the Sub-Committee on Visiting Nursing," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 32nd Annual Convention, ed. Alexander Johnson (n.p.: Heer, 1905), p. 258; John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866-1966 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974), pp. 540-44; and Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8), p. 746.
17. Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock, "Visiting Nursing: Report of the Sub-Committee on Visiting Nursing," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 32nd Annual Convention, ed. Alexander Johnson (n.p.: Heer, 1905), p. 258; John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866-1966 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974), pp. 540-44; and Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8), p. 746.
18. Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8), p. 747; Annie M. Brainard, The Evolution of Public Health Nursing (1915; reprint, New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 273-75; Mary Sewall Gardner, Public Health Nursing, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1932), pp. 263-64.
19. Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8), p. 747; Annie M. Brainard, The Evolution of Public Health Nursing (1915; reprint, New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 273-75; Mary Sewall Gardner, Public Health Nursing, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1932), pp. 263-64.
20. Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8), p. 747; Annie M. Brainard, The Evolution of Public Health Nursing (1915; reprint, New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 273-75; Mary Sewall Gardner, Public Health Nursing, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1932), pp. 263-64.
21. Ellen N. La Motte, The Tuberculosis Nurse: Her Function and Her Qualifications, A Handbook for Practical Workers in the Tuberculosis Campaign (1915; reprint, New York: Garland, 1985); Mabel Jacques, District Nursing (New York: Macmillan, 1911), pp. 51-59.
22. Ellen N. La Motte, The Tuberculosis Nurse: Her Function and Her Qualifications, A Handbook for Practical Workers in the Tuberculosis Campaign (1915; reprint, New York: Garland, 1985); Mabel Jacques, District Nursing (New York: Macmillan, 1911), pp. 51-59.
23. Nancy Tomes, "'Little World of Our Own': The Pennsylvania Hospital Training School for Nurses, 1895-1907," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1978, 33: 507-30; Martha Vicinus, Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 96-98.
24. Nancy Tomes, "'Little World of Our Own': The Pennsylvania Hospital Training School for Nurses, 1895-1907," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1978, 33: 507-30; Martha Vicinus, Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 96-98.
25. Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 85-86; Tomes, "'Little World of Our Own'" (n. 12), p. 578; Jane E. Mottus, New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920 (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1981), pp. 96-97.
26. Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 85-86; Tomes, "'Little World of Our Own'" (n. 12), p. 578; Jane E. Mottus, New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920 (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1981), pp. 96-97.
27. Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 85-86; Tomes, "'Little World of Our Own'" (n. 12), p. 578; Jane E. Mottus, New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920 (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1981), pp. 96-97.
28. "The Hospital and Training School Notes," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1909, 8: 195.
29. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 92-93; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), p. 105.
30. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 92-93; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), p. 105.
31. K. L. Lett, "Nurses' Homes," in Hospitals, Dispensaries, and Nursing, ed. John S. Billings and Henry M. Hurd (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1894; reprint: New York, Garland, 1984), p. 563 (page citation is to the reprint edition).
32. "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address at Nurses' Associated Alumnae," John Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1906, 5: 134. See also Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 87-93; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 52-54.
33. "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address at Nurses' Associated Alumnae," John Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1906, 5: 134. See also Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 87-93; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 52-54.
34. "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address at Nurses' Associated Alumnae," John Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1906, 5: 134. See also Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 87-93; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 52-54.
35. William J. Todd to William Osler and to Thomas Cullen, 19 May 1900. All letters cited are from Student Applications Files, Johns Hopkins Nurses Training School, Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (hereafter cited as SAF).
36. Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1902, 1: 60; 1903, 2: 78.
37. Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1902, 1: 60; 1903, 2: 78.
38. Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 80-81: Pope to Nutting, 15 June 1896, SAF.
39. "Ex-Nurse Dies at 87: Miss Ellen La Motte Wrote on Opium Traffic," Baltimore Sun, 3 March 1961; La Motte to Nutting, 28 July 1898, SAF.
40. Diane Hamilton, "Constructing the Mind of Nursing," Nursing Hist. Rev., 1994, 2: 3-28; Mottus, New York Nightingales (n. 13), pp. 93-94 .
41. Diane Hamilton, "Constructing the Mind of Nursing," Nursing Hist. Rev., 1994, 2: 3- 28; Mottus, New York Nightingales (n. 13), pp. 93-94 .
42. G.C.R., 19 July 1898, SAF. Georgina C. Ross served as assistant superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Training School from 1896 until she succeeded Adelaide Nutting as superintendent in 1907; see Ethel Johns and Blanche Pfefferkorn, The Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing 1889-1949 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1954), pp. 118, 176-79.
43. La Motte to Nutting, 28 July 1898, SAF.
44. See SAF.
45. Alice Kessler-Harris, "Independence and Virtue in the Lives of Wage-Earning Women: The United States, 1870-1930," in Women in Culture and Politics: A Century of Change, ed. Judith Friedlander, Blanche Wiesen Cook, Alice Kessler-Harris, and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 9-11.
46. La Motte to Nutting, 23 September 1898, SAF.
47. Michael M. Davis, Jr., Immigrant Health and the Community (New York: Harper, 1921), pp. 285-86; quotation on p. 286.
48. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 126-34; quotation on p. 127. See also Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the "Immigrant Menace" (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 202.
49. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 126-34; quotation on p. 127. See also Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the "Immigrant Menace" (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 202.
50. Donalda Hamlin, the Hospital Library and Service Bureau, Report on Informal Study of the Educational Facilities for Colored Nurses and Their Use in Hospital, Visiting and Public Health Nursing (1924-25), reprinted in Black Women in the Nursing Profession: A Documentary History, ed. Darlene Clark Hine (New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 45-59. See also Darlene Clark Hine, Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession, 1890- 1950 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
51. Donalda Hamlin, the Hospital Library and Service Bureau, Report on Informal Study of the Educational Facilities for Colored Nurses and Their Use in Hospital, Visiting and Public Health Nursing (1924-25), reprinted in Black Women in the Nursing Profession: A Documentary History, ed. Darlene Clark Hine (New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 45-59. See also Darlene Clark Hine, Black Women in White: Racial Conflict and Cooperation in the Nursing Profession, 1890-1950 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
52. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, "Caring in Its 'Proper Place': Race and Benevolence in Charleston, SC, 1813-1930," Nursing Res., 1992, 41: 14-20; Yssabella Waters, Visiting Nursing in the United States (New York: Charities Publication Committee, 1909), pp. 41, 70, 305, 307.
53. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, "Caring in Its 'Proper Place': Race and Benevolence in Charleston, SC, 1813-1930," Nursing Res., 1992, 41: 14-20; Yssabella Waters, Visiting Nursing in the United States (New York: Charities Publication Committee, 1909), pp. 41, 70, 305, 307.
54. Mabel Keaton Staupers, No Time for Prejudice: A Story of the Integration of Negroes in Nursing in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1961), pp. 7-11; Hine, Black Women in White (n. 30), p. 99.
55. Mabel Keaton Staupers, No Time for Prejudice: A Story of the Integration of Negroes in Nursing in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1961), pp. 7-11; Hine, Black Women in White (n. 30), p. 99.
56. W. E. B. DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (New York: Schocken Books, 1967), p. 152. See also Sadie T. Mossell, A Study of the Negro Tuberculosis Problem in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Henry Phipps Institute, 1923), pp. iii, 8; H. R. M. Landis, "The Tuberculosis Problem and the Negro," Public Health Nurse, 1923, 15: 25-26.
57. W. E. B. DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (New York: Schocken Books, 1967), p. 152. See also Sadie T. Mossell, A Study of the Negro Tuberculosis Problem in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Henry Phipps Institute, 1923), pp. iii, 8; H. R. M. Landis, "The Tuberculosis Problem and the Negro," Public Health Nurse, 1923, 15: 25-26.
58. W. E. B. DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (New York: Schocken Books, 1967), p. 152. See also Sadie T. Mossell, A Study of the Negro Tuberculosis Problem in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Henry Phipps Institute, 1923), pp. iii, 8; H. R. M. Landis, "The Tuberculosis Problem and the Negro," Public Health Nurse, 1923, 15: 25-26.
59. Mabel Jacques, "The State of Pennsylvania against Tuberculosis," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 41: 151; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 109-10; Nellie M. Casey, "Report of the Special Committee on Tuberculosis Nursing," Amer. J. Nursing, 1912, 12: 945-47; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 90-92.
60. Mabel Jacques, "The State of Pennsylvania against Tuberculosis," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 41: 151; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 109-10; Nellie M. Casey, "Report of the Special Committee on Tuberculosis Nursing," Amer. J. Nursing, 1912, 12: 945-47; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 90-92.
61. Mabel Jacques, "The State of Pennsylvania against Tuberculosis," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 41: 151; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 109-10; Nellie M. Casey, "Report of the Special Committee on Tuberculosis Nursing," Amer. J. Nursing, 1912, 12: 945-47; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 90-92.
62. Mabel Jacques, "The State of Pennsylvania against Tuberculosis," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 41: 151; Reverby, Ordered to Care (n. 13), pp. 109-10; Nellie M. Casey, "Report of the Special Committee on Tuberculosis Nursing," Amer. J. Nursing, 1912, 12: 945-47; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 90-92.
63. Courrier, "Some Aspects" (n. 1), p. 929.
64. Mabel Jacques, "The Anti-Tuberculosis Wave," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1910, 44: 230; Erna Slike, "The Anti-Tuberculosis Movement in Charleston," Amer. J. Nursing, 1910, 11: 91-96. See also Barbara Melosh, "The Physician's Hand": Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982), p. 88.
65. Mabel Jacques, "The Anti-Tuberculosis Wave," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1910, 44: 230; Erna Slike, "The Anti-Tuberculosis Movement in Charleston," Amer. J. Nursing, 1910, 11: 91-96. See also Barbara Melosh, "The Physician's Hand": Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982), p. 88.
66. Mabel Jacques, "The Anti-Tuberculosis Wave," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1910, 44: 230; Erna Slike, "The Anti-Tuberculosis Movement in Charleston," Amer. J. Nursing, 1910, 11: 91-96. See also Barbara Melosh, "The Physician's Hand": Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982), p. 88.
67. Hamilton, "Constructing the Mind" (n. 22), pp. 14-17.
68. Miriam Ames, "Mary E. Lent, a Pioneer in Public Health Nursing," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1947, 46: 61; "Ex-Nurse Dies" (n. 21); Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (1965; reprint, New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 265-82; Esther Gaskins Price, Pennsylvania Pioneers against Tuberculosis (New York: National Tuberculosis Association, 1952), pp. 130-33.
69. Miriam Ames, "Mary E. Lent, a Pioneer in Public Health Nursing," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1947, 46: 61; "Ex-Nurse Dies" (n. 21); Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (1965; reprint, New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 265-82; Esther Gaskins Price, Pennsylvania Pioneers against Tuberculosis (New York: National Tuberculosis Association, 1952), pp. 130-33.
70. Miriam Ames, "Mary E. Lent, a Pioneer in Public Health Nursing," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1947, 46: 61; "Ex-Nurse Dies" (n. 21); Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (1965; reprint, New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 265-82; Esther Gaskins Price, Pennsylvania Pioneers against Tuberculosis (New York: National Tuberculosis Association, 1952), pp. 130-33.
71. Miriam Ames, "Mary E. Lent, a Pioneer in Public Health Nursing," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1947, 46: 61; "Ex-Nurse Dies" (n. 21); Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (1965; reprint, New York: Norton, 1981), pp. 265-82; Esther Gaskins Price, Pennsylvania Pioneers against Tuberculosis (New York: National Tuberculosis Association, 1952), pp. 130-33.
72. William H. Allen, Woman's Part in Government: Whether She Votes or Not (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1911), pp. 87-99, 177-240; Mary Ritter Beard, Woman's Work in Municipalities (New York: Appleton, 1915), p. 62; Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Historical Foundations of Women's Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830-1930," in Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, ed. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 43-93.
73. William H. Allen, Woman's Part in Government: Whether She Votes or Not (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1911), pp. 87-99, 177-240; Mary Ritter Beard, Woman's Work in Municipalities (New York: Appleton, 1915), p. 62; Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Historical Foundations of Women's Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830-1930," in Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, ed. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 43-93.
74. William H. Allen, Woman's Part in Government: Whether She Votes or Not (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1911), pp. 87-99, 177-240; Mary Ritter Beard, Woman's Work in Municipalities (New York: Appleton, 1915), p. 62; Kathryn Kish Sklar, "The Historical Foundations of Women's Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830-1930," in Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, ed. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 43-93.
75. Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1908, 7: 133.
76. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), p. 16; Regina Markell Morantz, "The 'Connecting Link': The Case for the Woman Doctor in Nineteenth-Century America," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), pp. 117-28; Susan Armeny, "Organized Nurses, Women Philanthropists, and the Intellectual Bases for Cooperation among Women, 1898-1920," in Nursing History: New Perspectives, New Possibilities, ed. Ellen Condliffe Lagemann (New York: Teachers College Press, 1983), pp. 13-45.
77. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), p. 16; Regina Markell Morantz, "The 'Connecting Link': The Case for the Woman Doctor in Nineteenth-Century America," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), pp. 117-28; Susan Armeny, "Organized Nurses, Women Philanthropists, and the Intellectual Bases for Cooperation among Women, 1898-1920," in Nursing History: New Perspectives, New Possibilities, ed. Ellen Condliffe Lagemann (New York: Teachers College Press, 1983), pp. 13-45.
78. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), p. 16; Regina Markell Morantz, "The 'Connecting Link': The Case for the Woman Doctor in Nineteenth-Century America," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), pp. 117-28; Susan Armeny, "Organized Nurses, Women Philanthropists, and the Intellectual Bases for Cooperation among Women, 1898-1920," in Nursing History: New Perspectives, New Possibilities, ed. Ellen Condliffe Lagemann (New York: Teachers College Press, 1983), pp. 13-45.
79. Gardner, Public Health Nursing (n. 10), p. 274.
80. B.B.M., "The Visiting Nurse - Some Experiences," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 40: 100-102; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 7-12; Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn: The Rise and Decline of Public Health Nursing, 1900-1930 (New York: Garland, 1989), pp. 216- 17; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), p. 243 .
81. B.B.M., "The Visiting Nurse - Some Experiences," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 40: 100-102; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 7-12; Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn: The Rise and Decline of Public Health Nursing, 1900-1930 (New York: Garland, 1989), pp. 216- 17; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), p. 243 .
82. B.B.M., "The Visiting Nurse - Some Experiences," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 40: 100-102; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 7-12; Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn: The Rise and Decline of Public Health Nursing, 1900-1930 (New York: Garland, 1989), pp. 216-17; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), p. 243 .
83. B.B.M., "The Visiting Nurse - Some Experiences," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 40: 100-102; Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), pp. 7-12; Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn: The Rise and Decline of Public Health Nursing, 1900-1930 (New York: Garland, 1989), pp. 216- 17; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), p. 243 .
84. Ellen N. La Motte, "The Danger of Sending Consumptives to the Country," Charities and the Commons, 6 March 1907, 17: 1061-62.
85. Slike, "Anti-Tuberculosis Movement" (n. 36), p. 92.
86. Winifred Allen and Elizabeth McConnell, "The Teachableness of the Consumptive Patient," in Nursing and the Public's Health: An Anthology of Sources, ed. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson (New York: Garland, 1989), pp. 175-80.
87. Courrier, "Some Aspects" (n. 1), p. 927.
88. David McBride, From TB to AIDS: Epidemics among Urban Blacks since 1900 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), pp. 9-30.
89. Rosa Lowe, "Atlanta's Tuberculosis Dispensary for Negroes," Survey, 16 October 1909, 23: 91-92; Bonnie S. Kantor, "The New Scientific Public Health Movement: A Case Study of Tuberculosis in Baltimore, Maryland 1900-1910" (Sc.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1985), pp. 144-51. Kantor suggests that the focus on preventing tuberculous "others" - both African-American and immigrant - from spreading disease to the "better elements" emerged in Baltimore's public health establishment after 1907 as part of a broader turn toward segregationist politics, and was a key element in shifting the attention of the tuberculosis campaign from social issues to restricting individuals. The position that restricting the infected individual was the most important part of tuberculosis control had been argued by some reformers, however, from the earliest years of the campaign, and the appeal to the wealthy on the basis of their self-interest in preventing the spread of disease from the poor to themselves was a standard argument. See Henry W. Baker, "What Shall We Do with the Consumptives," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 29th Annual Session, ed. Isabel C. Barrows (Boston: Ellis, 1902), pp. 231-37; Ellen N. La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work of the Instructive Visiting Nurse Association of Baltimore," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 189; Edward T. Devine, "President's Address: The Dominant Note of the Modern Philanthropy," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 33rd Annual Session, ed. Alexander Johnson, (n.p.: Herr, 1906), p. 3.
90. Rosa Lowe, "Atlanta's Tuberculosis Dispensary for Negroes," Survey, 16 October 1909, 23: 91-92; Bonnie S. Kantor, "The New Scientific Public Health Movement: A Case Study of Tuberculosis in Baltimore, Maryland 1900-1910" (Sc.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1985), pp. 144-51. Kantor suggests that the focus on preventing tuberculous "others" - both African-American and immigrant - from spreading disease to the "better elements" emerged in Baltimore's public health establishment after 1907 as part of a broader turn toward segregationist politics, and was a key element in shifting the attention of the tuberculosis campaign from social issues to restricting individuals. The position that restricting the infected individual was the most important part of tuberculosis control had been argued by some reformers, however, from the earliest years of the campaign, and the appeal to the wealthy on the basis of their self-interest in preventing the spread of disease from the poor to themselves was a standard argument. See Henry W. Baker, "What Shall We Do with the Consumptives," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 29th Annual Session, ed. Isabel C. Barrows (Boston: Ellis, 1902), pp. 231-37; Ellen N. La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work of the Instructive Visiting Nurse Association of Baltimore," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 189; Edward T. Devine, "President's Address: The Dominant Note of the Modern Philanthropy," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 33rd Annual Session, ed. Alexander Johnson, (n.p.: Herr, 1906), p. 3.
91. Rosa Lowe, "Atlanta's Tuberculosis Dispensary for Negroes," Survey, 16 October 1909, 23: 91-92; Bonnie S. Kantor, "The New Scientific Public Health Movement: A Case Study of Tuberculosis in Baltimore, Maryland 1900-1910" (Sc.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1985), pp. 144-51. Kantor suggests that the focus on preventing tuberculous "others" - both African-American and immigrant - from spreading disease to the "better elements" emerged in Baltimore's public health establishment after 1907 as part of a broader turn toward segregationist politics, and was a key element in shifting the attention of the tuberculosis campaign from social issues to restricting individuals. The position that restricting the infected individual was the most important part of tuberculosis control had been argued by some reformers, however, from the earliest years of the campaign, and the appeal to the wealthy on the basis of their self-interest in preventing the spread of disease from the poor to themselves was a standard argument. See Henry W. Baker, "What Shall We Do with the Consumptives," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 29th Annual Session, ed. Isabel C. Barrows (Boston: Ellis, 1902), pp. 231-37; Ellen N. La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work of the Instructive Visiting Nurse Association of Baltimore," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 189; Edward T. Devine, "President's Address: The Dominant Note of the Modern Philanthropy," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 33rd Annual Session, ed. Alexander Johnson, (n.p.: Herr, 1906), p. 3.
92. Rosa Lowe, "Atlanta's Tuberculosis Dispensary for Negroes," Survey, 16 October 1909, 23: 91-92; Bonnie S. Kantor, "The New Scientific Public Health Movement: A Case Study of Tuberculosis in Baltimore, Maryland 1900-1910" (Sc.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1985), pp. 144-51. Kantor suggests that the focus on preventing tuberculous "others" - both African-American and immigrant - from spreading disease to the "better elements" emerged in Baltimore's public health establishment after 1907 as part of a broader turn toward segregationist politics, and was a key element in shifting the attention of the tuberculosis campaign from social issues to restricting individuals. The position that restricting the infected individual was the most important part of tuberculosis control had been argued by some reformers, however, from the earliest years of the campaign, and the appeal to the wealthy on the basis of their self-interest in preventing the spread of disease from the poor to themselves was a standard argument. See Henry W. Baker, "What Shall We Do with the Consumptives," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 29th Annual Session, ed. Isabel C. Barrows (Boston: Ellis, 1902), pp. 231-37; Ellen N. La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work of the Instructive Visiting Nurse Association of Baltimore," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 189; Edward T. Devine, "President's Address: The Dominant Note of the Modern Philanthropy," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 33rd Annual Session, ed. Alexander Johnson, (n.p.: Herr, 1906), p. 3.
93. Rosa Lowe, "Atlanta's Tuberculosis Dispensary for Negroes," Survey, 16 October 1909, 23: 91-92; Bonnie S. Kantor, "The New Scientific Public Health Movement: A Case Study of Tuberculosis in Baltimore, Maryland 1900-1910" (Sc.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, 1985), pp. 144-51. Kantor suggests that the focus on preventing tuberculous "others" - both African-American and immigrant - from spreading disease to the "better elements" emerged in Baltimore's public health establishment after 1907 as part of a broader turn toward segregationist politics, and was a key element in shifting the attention of the tuberculosis campaign from social issues to restricting individuals. The position that restricting the infected individual was the most important part of tuberculosis control had been argued by some reformers, however, from the earliest years of the campaign, and the appeal to the wealthy on the basis of their self-interest in preventing the spread of disease from the poor to themselves was a standard argument. See Henry W. Baker, "What Shall We Do with the Consumptives," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 29th Annual Session, ed. Isabel C. Barrows (Boston: Ellis, 1902), pp. 231-37; Ellen N. La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work of the Instructive Visiting Nurse Association of Baltimore," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 189; Edward T. Devine, "President's Address: The Dominant Note of the Modern Philanthropy," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the 33rd Annual Session, ed. Alexander Johnson, (n.p.: Herr, 1906), p. 3.
94. Mabel Jacques, "The Tuberculosis Problem and the Negro Race," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1908, 40: 305.
95. Mabel Jacques, "The Visiting Nurse in Tuberculosis: Her Importance as an Educational Agent," J. Outdoor Life, 1909, 6: 136-37, quoted in Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), p. 295.
96. Mabel Jacques, "The Visiting Nurse in Tuberculosis: Her Importance as an Educational Agent," J. Outdoor Life, 1909, 6: 136-37, quoted in Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), p. 295.
97. Ellen N. La Motte, Johns Hopkins Nurses' Alum. Mag., 1906, 5: 39-42.
98. J. S. Ames, "The Work of District Nurses among Tuberculous Patients in Baltimore," Amer. J. Nursing, 1904, 4: 671-73; La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work" (n. 49), pp. 188-93.
99. J. S. Ames, "The Work of District Nurses among Tuberculous Patients in Baltimore," Amer. J. Nursing, 1904, 4: 671-73; La Motte, "Tuberculosis Work" (n. 49), pp. 188-93.
100. La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 249-51; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 124-25, 238.
101. La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 249-51; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 124-25, 238.
102. M. Adelaide Nutting, "Visiting Nurses in the Homes of Tuberculous Patients," Amer. J. Nursing, 1904, 4: 502; Mabel Jacques, "Anti-Tuberculosis Wave" (n. 36), p. 229; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 238-39.
103. M. Adelaide Nutting, "Visiting Nurses in the Homes of Tuberculous Patients," Amer. J. Nursing, 1904, 4: 502; Mabel Jacques, "Anti-Tuberculosis Wave" (n. 36), p. 229; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 238-39.
104. M. Adelaide Nutting, "Visiting Nurses in the Homes of Tuberculous Patients," Amer. J. Nursing, 1904, 4: 502; Mabel Jacques, "Anti-Tuberculosis Wave" (n. 36), p. 229; Bates, Bargaining for Life (n. 3), pp. 238-39.
105. Nancy Tomes, "The Private Side of Public Health: Sanitary Science, Domestic Hygiene, and the Germ Theory, 1870-1900," Bull. Hist. Med., 1990, 64: 509-39.
106. Rules written by Mary E. Edgecomb for the Providence District Nursing Association, quoted in Gardner, Public Health Nursing (n. 10), pp. 282-83, n. 6.
107. Mabel Jacques, "The Tuberculosis Work in Buffalo," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1910, 45: 362-65.
108. Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), pp. 88, 90-91, 201, 234-35, 250; Johanna Von Wagner, "Tuberculosis Work of a Sanitary Inspector," Amer. J. Nursing, 1909, 9: 328-32; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 170-78; Rothman, Living in the Shadow (n. 1), p. 193; David F. Musto, "Quarantine and the Problem of AIDS," Milbank Quart., 1980, 64 (Suppl. 1): 107-8.
109. Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), pp. 88, 90-91, 201, 234-35, 250; Johanna Von Wagner, "Tuberculosis Work of a Sanitary Inspector," Amer. J. Nursing, 1909, 9: 328-32; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 170-78; Rothman, Living in the Shadow (n. 1), p. 193; David F. Musto, "Quarantine and the Problem of AIDS," Milbank Quart., 1980, 64 (Suppl. 1): 107-8.
110. Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), pp. 88, 90-91, 201, 234-35, 250; Johanna Von Wagner, "Tuberculosis Work of a Sanitary Inspector," Amer. J. Nursing, 1909, 9: 328-32; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 170-78; Rothman, Living in the Shadow (n. 1), p. 193; David F. Musto, "Quarantine and the Problem of AIDS," Milbank Quart., 1980, 64 (Suppl. 1): 107-8.
111. Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), pp. 88, 90-91, 201, 234-35, 250; Johanna Von Wagner, "Tuberculosis Work of a Sanitary Inspector," Amer. J. Nursing, 1909, 9: 328-32; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 170-78; Rothman, Living in the Shadow (n. 1), p. 193; David F. Musto, "Quarantine and the Problem of AIDS," Milbank Quart., 1980, 64 (Suppl. 1): 107-8.
112. Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), pp. 88, 90-91, 201, 234-35, 250; Johanna Von Wagner, "Tuberculosis Work of a Sanitary Inspector," Amer. J. Nursing, 1909, 9: 328-32; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 170-78; Rothman, Living in the Shadow (n. 1), p. 193; David F. Musto, "Quarantine and the Problem of AIDS," Milbank Quart., 1980, 64 (Suppl. 1): 107-8.
113. Gardner, Public Health Nursing (n. 10), pp. 278-80; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 262-72.
114. Gardner, Public Health Nursing (n. 10), pp. 278-80; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 262-72.
115. "Visiting Nurses at Phthisis Exhibit: Work Done by Graduates in War on Tuberculosis Told by Lecturers," unidentified Philadelphia newspaper clipping, 4 March 1909, from the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia Records, box 40, folder 11, Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
116. Allen and McConnell, "Teachableness of the Consumptive" (n. 46), p. 179.
117. Ellen N. La Motte, Report of the Tuberculosis Division (Baltimore: n.p., 1913), p. 7.
118. Ellen N. La Motte, "Municipal Care of Tuberculosis," Amer. J. Nursing, 1912, 12: 935-43, quotation on p. 941. See also Slike, "Anti-Tuberculosis Movement" (n. 36), pp. 91-93.
119. Ellen N. La Motte, "Municipal Care of Tuberculosis," Amer. J. Nursing, 1912, 12: 935- 43, quotation on p. 941. See also Slike, "Anti-Tuberculosis Movement" (n. 36), pp. 91-93.
120. Linda Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth-Century Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 66-67.
121. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, "Bringing Care to the People: Lillian Wald's Legacy to Public Health Nursing," Amer. J. Public Health, 1993, 83: 1778.
122. Theodore B. Sachs, "The Tuberculosis Nurse," Amer. J. Nursing, 1908, 8: 597-98, quotation on p. 597.
123. La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 102-3.
124. Slike, "Anti-Tuberculosis Movement" (n. 36), p. 96.
125. La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), pp. 942-43; E. N. La Motte, "The American Tuberculosis Exhibition," Amer. J. Nursing, 1906, 6: 305-11; idem, "Danger of Sending Consumptives" (n. 43), pp. 1061-62; idem, "'Light Work' as a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 1907, 18: 749-53, Mabel Jacques, "The Property Owner and His Agent in the Tuberculosis Crusade," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1909, 42: 308- 10; idem, "Relief, and the Tuberculosis Family," ibid., 1911, 46: 276-77 .
126. La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), pp. 942-43; E. N. La Motte, "The American Tuberculosis Exhibition," Amer. J. Nursing, 1906, 6: 305-11; idem, "Danger of Sending Consumptives" (n. 43), pp. 1061-62; idem, "'Light Work' as a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 1907, 18: 749-53, Mabel Jacques, "The Property Owner and His Agent in the Tuberculosis Crusade," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1909, 42: 308- 10; idem, "Relief, and the Tuberculosis Family," ibid., 1911, 46: 276-77 .
127. La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), pp. 942-43; E. N. La Motte, "The American Tuberculosis Exhibition," Amer. J. Nursing, 1906, 6: 305-11; idem, "Danger of Sending Consumptives" (n. 43), pp. 1061-62; idem, "'Light Work' as a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 1907, 18: 749-53, Mabel Jacques, "The Property Owner and His Agent in the Tuberculosis Crusade," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1909, 42: 308- 10; idem, "Relief, and the Tuberculosis Family," ibid., 1911, 46: 276-77 .
128. La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), pp. 942-43; E. N. La Motte, "The American Tuberculosis Exhibition," Amer. J. Nursing, 1906, 6: 305-11; idem, "Danger of Sending Consumptives" (n. 43), pp. 1061-62; idem, "'Light Work' as a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 1907, 18: 749-53, Mabel Jacques, "The Property Owner and His Agent in the Tuberculosis Crusade," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1909, 42: 308- 10; idem, "Relief, and the Tuberculosis Family," ibid., 1911, 46: 276-77 .
129. La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), pp. 942-43; E. N. La Motte, "The American Tuberculosis Exhibition," Amer. J. Nursing, 1906, 6: 305-11; idem, "Danger of Sending Consumptives" (n. 43), pp. 1061-62; idem, "'Light Work' as a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 1907, 18: 749-53, Mabel Jacques, "The Property Owner and His Agent in the Tuberculosis Crusade," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1909, 42: 308-10; idem, "Relief, and the Tuberculosis Family," ibid., 1911, 46: 276-77 .
130. La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), pp. 942-43; E. N. La Motte, "The American Tuberculosis Exhibition," Amer. J. Nursing, 1906, 6: 305-11; idem, "Danger of Sending Consumptives" (n. 43), pp. 1061-62; idem, "'Light Work' as a Factor in the Spread of Tuberculosis," Charities and the Commons, 1907, 18: 749-53, Mabel Jacques, "The Property Owner and His Agent in the Tuberculosis Crusade," Trained Nurse Hosp. Rev., 1909, 42: 308- 10; idem, "Relief, and the Tuberculosis Family," ibid., 1911, 46: 276-77 .
131. Mary E. Lent, "The True Functions of the Tuberculosis Nurse," in Transactions of the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis (Philadelphia: Fell, 1908), 3: 580-81.
132. Mabel Jacques, "Report of Special Nurse on Tuberculosis," 23rd Annual Report of the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia for the Year Ending February 28, 1909, p. 12, Visiting Nurse Society Records, box 1 (n. 61); Davis, Immigrant Health (n. 28), pp. 3-4; R. Thelin, "The Tuberculosis Section," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1904, 3: 140-43; La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), p. 940;
133. Mabel Jacques, "Report of Special Nurse on Tuberculosis," 23rd Annual Report of the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia for the Year Ending February 28, 1909, p. 12, Visiting Nurse Society Records, box 1 (n. 61); Davis, Immigrant Health (n. 28), pp. 3-4; R. Thelin, "The Tuberculosis Section," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1904, 3: 140-43; La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), p. 940;
134. Mabel Jacques, "Report of Special Nurse on Tuberculosis," 23rd Annual Report of the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia for the Year Ending February 28, 1909, p. 12, Visiting Nurse Society Records, box 1 (n. 61); Davis, Immigrant Health (n. 28), pp. 3-4; R. Thelin, "The Tuberculosis Section," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1904, 3: 140-43; La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), p. 940;
135. Mabel Jacques, "Report of Special Nurse on Tuberculosis," 23rd Annual Report of the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia for the Year Ending February 28, 1909, p. 12, Visiting Nurse Society Records, box 1 (n. 61); Davis, Immigrant Health (n. 28), pp. 3-4; R. Thelin, "The Tuberculosis Section," Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1904, 3: 140-43; La Motte, "Municipal Care" (n. 64), p. 940;
136. Nutting, "Visiting Nurses" (n. 55), pp. 505-6;
137. Lent, "True Functions" (n. 71), 3: 576-84.
138. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), p. 102; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 71- 73. Similar difficulties faced medical social workers attempting to establish their own sphere of professional responsibility; see Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 40.
139. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), p. 102; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 71-73. Similar difficulties faced medical social workers attempting to establish their own sphere of professional responsibility; see Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 40.
140. Jacques, District Nursing (n. 11), p. 102; La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 71- 73. Similar difficulties faced medical social workers attempting to establish their own sphere of professional responsibility; see Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 40.
141. La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), pp. 91-102.
142. Brainard, Evolution (n. 10), pp. 275-81.
143. Sherman, "Baltimore's Work" (n. 6), p. 629.
144. La Motte, Tuberculosis Nurse (n. 11), p. 89.
145. Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 111; William Travis Howard, Jr., Public Health Administration and the Natural History of Disease in Baltimore, Maryland, 1797-1920, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication no. 351 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1924), pp. 171-72.
146. Johns Hopkins Nurses Alum. Mag., 1905, 4: 111; William Travis Howard, Jr., Public Health Administration and the Natural History of Disease in Baltimore, Maryland, 1797-1920, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication no. 351 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1924), pp. 171-72.
147. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 240-41; Glennis Zilm and Ethel Warbinek, "Early Tuberculosis Nursing in British Columbia," Can. J. Nursing Res., 1995, 27: 65-81; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), pp. 76-77; Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8). p. 747; "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address" (n. 17), pp. 131-36; Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), p. 205.
148. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 240-41; Glennis Zilm and Ethel Warbinek, "Early Tuberculosis Nursing in British Columbia," Can. J. Nursing Res., 1995, 27: 65-81; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), pp. 76-77; Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8). p. 747; "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address" (n. 17), pp. 131-36; Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), p. 205.
149. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 240-41; Glennis Zilm and Ethel Warbinek, "Early Tuberculosis Nursing in British Columbia," Can. J. Nursing Res., 1995, 27: 65-81; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), pp. 76-77; Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8). p. 747; "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address" (n. 17), pp. 131-36; Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), p. 205.
150. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 240-41; Glennis Zilm and Ethel Warbinek, "Early Tuberculosis Nursing in British Columbia," Can. J. Nursing Res., 1995, 27: 65-81; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), pp. 76-77; Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8). p. 747; "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address" (n. 17), pp. 131-36; Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), p. 205.
151. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 240-41; Glennis Zilm and Ethel Warbinek, "Early Tuberculosis Nursing in British Columbia," Can. J. Nursing Res., 1995, 27: 65-81; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), pp. 76-77; Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8). p. 747; "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address" (n. 17), pp. 131-36; Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), p. 205.
152. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 240-41; Glennis Zilm and Ethel Warbinek, "Early Tuberculosis Nursing in British Columbia," Can. J. Nursing Res., 1995, 27: 65-81; Teller, Tuberculosis Movement (n. 3), pp. 76-77; Thelin, "Visiting Nurses and Prevention" (n. 8). p. 747; "Extracts from Miss Damer's Address" (n. 17), pp. 131-36; Waters, Visiting Nursing (n. 31), p. 205.
153. Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz, "Cart before Horse: Theory, Practice, and Professional Image in American Public Health, 1870-1920," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1974, 29: 55-73.
154. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 288-89; George Rosen, Preventive Medicine in the United States, 1900-1975: Trends and Interpretations (New York: Prodist, 1977), pp. 32- 33, 55-68; Diane Hamilton, "Research and Reform: Community Nursing and the Framingham Tuberculosis Project, 1914-1923," Nursing Res., 1992, 41: 8-13.
155. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 288-89; George Rosen, Preventive Medicine in the United States, 1900-1975: Trends and Interpretations (New York: Prodist, 1977), pp. 32-33, 55-68; Diane Hamilton, "Research and Reform: Community Nursing and the Framingham Tuberculosis Project, 1914-1923," Nursing Res., 1992, 41: 8-13.
156. Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 288-89; George Rosen, Preventive Medicine in the United States, 1900-1975: Trends and Interpretations (New York: Prodist, 1977), pp. 32- 33, 55-68; Diane Hamilton, "Research and Reform: Community Nursing and the Framingham Tuberculosis Project, 1914-1923," Nursing Res., 1992, 41: 8-13.
157. Hamilton, "Research and Reform" (n. 81), pp. 8-13; Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 68-69.
158. Hamilton, "Research and Reform" (n. 81), pp. 8-13; Buhler-Wilkerson, False Dawn (n. 43), pp. 68-69.
159. The East Harlem Nursing and Health Demonstration, "A Comparative Study of Generalized and Specialized Nursing and Health Services," in The East Harlem Health Center Demonstration: An Anthology of Pamphlets, ed. Susan Reverby (New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 32-33.
160. Melosh, "Physician's Hand" (n. 35), p. 139. In Great Britain, specialized nurses continue to work as "tuberculosis visitors": see Ceridwen S. D. Williams, "The Role of the Tuberculosis Visitor," in Clinical Tuberculosis, ed. P. D. O. Davies (London: Chapman and Hall, 1994), pp. 341-44.
161. Melosh, "Physician's Hand" (n. 35), p. 139. In Great Britain, specialized nurses continue to work as "tuberculosis visitors": see Ceridwen S. D. Williams, "The Role of the Tuberculosis Visitor," in Clinical Tuberculosis, ed. P. D. O. Davies (London: Chapman and Hall, 1994), pp. 341-44.
162. Paula Baker, "The Domestication of Politics: Women and American