Review of materials for holographic optics

Journal of Imaging Science and Technology

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 443-456

  Colburn, Willis S ^a  

^a Kaiser Optical Systems Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GELS; IMAGE QUALITY; IMAGE RECORDING; PERFORMANCE; PHOTORESISTS; POLYMERS; STABILITY;

DICHROMATED GELATIN; PHOTOPOLYMERS;

HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL ELEMENTS;

EID: 0031221762     PISSN: 10623701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. R. J. Collier, C. B. Burckhardt, and L. H. Lin, Optical Holography, Academic Press, New York, 1971.
2. H. Kogelnik, Coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48, 2909 (1969).
3. F. S. Harris, Jr., G. C. Sherman, and B. H. Billings, Copying holograms, Appl. Opt. 5, 665 (1966).
4. D. B. Brumm, Copying holograms, Appl. Opt. 5, 1946 (1966).
5. C. N. Kurtz, Copying reflection holograms, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 856 (1968).
6. R. Kubitzek, K. Frölich, S. Tropartz, and C. G. Stojanoff, Development and experimental investigation of a copying procedure for the reproduction of large format transmissive holograms, Proc. SPIE 1507, 365 (1991).
7. M. L. Armstrong and D. F. Tipton, Machine for continuous hologram production, Proc. SPIE 1914, 134 (1993).
8. D. Tipton, M. Armstrong, and S. Stevenson, Improved process of reflection holography replication and heat processing, Proc. SPIE 2176, 172 (1994).
9. M. Wenyon and P. Ralli, Mass production of volume holographic diffusers, SID 1994 Digest XXV, 285 (1994).
10. R. Bartolini, W. Hannan, D. Karlsons, and M. Lurie, Embossed hologram motion pictures for television playback, Appl. Opt. 9, 2283 (1970).
11. R.A. Bartolini, N. Feldstein, and R.J. Ryan, Replication of relief-phase holograms for prerecorded video, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 1408 (1973).
12. K.A. Haines, Development of embossed holograms, Proc. SPIE 2652, 45 (1996).
13. J. Kosar, Light-Sensitive Systems: Chemistry and Application of Nonsilver Halide Photographic Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1965, chap. 2.
14. D. Meyerhofer, Spatial resolution of relief holograms in dichromated gelatin, Appl. Opt. 10, 416 (1971).
15. T.A. Shankoff, Phase holograms in dichromated gelatin, Appl. Opt. 7, 2101 (1968).
16. R.K. Curran and T.A. Shankoff, The mechanism of hologram formation in dichromated gelatin, Appl. Opt. 9, 1651 (1970).
17. D. Meyerhofer, Phase holograms in dichromated gelatin, RCA Review 33, 110 (1972).
18. D.M. Samoilovich, A. Zeichner, and A.A. Friesem, The mechanism of volume hologram formation in dichromated gelatin, Photogr. Sci. Eng. 24, 161 (1980).
19. B.J. Chang, Dichromated gelatin holograms and their applications, Opt. Eng. 19, 642 (1980).
20. S. Sjölinder, Dichromated gelatin and the mechanism of hologram formation, Photogr. Sci. Eng. 25, 112 (1981).
21. J.R. Magariños and D.J. Coleman, Holographic mirrors, Opt. Eng. 24, 769 (1985).
22. N.J. Phillips, R.D. Rallison, C.A. Barnett, S.R. Schicker, and Z.A. Coleman, Dichromated gelatin - some heretical comments, Proc. SPIE 1914, 101 (1993).
23. J.E. Jolley, The microstructure of photographic gelatin binders, Photogr. Sci. Eng. 14, 169 (1970).
24. M. Chang, Dichromated gelatin of improved optical quality, Appl. Opt. 10, 2550 (1971).
25. B.J. Chang and C.D. Leonard, Dichromated gelatin for the fabrication of holographic optical elements, Appl. Opt. 18, 2407 (1979).
26. T.G. Georgekutty and H.-K. Liu, Simplified dichromated gelatin hologram recording process, Appl. Opt. 26, 372 (1987).
27. M.H. Jeong and J.B. Song, Dichromated gelatin reflection holographic optical element derived from Kodak 649F plates, Appl. Opt. 31, 161 (1992).
28. L.H. Lin, Hologram formation in hardened dichromated gelatin films, Appl. Opt. 8, 963 (1969).
29. S. Sjölinder, Dichromated gelatin and light sensitivity, J. Imaging Sci. 30, 151 (1986).
30. S.P. McGrew, Color control in dichromated gelatin reflection holograms, Proc. SPIE 215, 24 (1980).
31. C. Solano, R.A. Lessard, and P.C. Roberge, Red sensitivity of dichromated gelatin films, Appl. Opt. 24, 1189 (1985).
32. A. Graube, Holograms recorded with red light in dye sensitized dichromated gelatin, Opt. Commun. 8, 251 (1973).
33. M. Akage, Spectral sensitization of dichromated gelatin, Photogr. Sci. Eng. 18, 248 (1974).
34. T. Kubota, T. Ose, M. Sasaki, and K. Honda, Hologram formation with red light in methylene-blue-sensitized dichromated gelatin, Appl. Opt. 15, 556 (1976).
35. T. Kubota and T. Ose, Lippmann color holograms recorded in methylene-blue-sensitized dichromated gelatin, Opt. Lett. 4, 289 (1979).
36. L.H. Lin and E.T. Doherty, Efficient and aberration-free wavefront reconstruction from holograms illuminated at wavelengths differing from the forming wavelength, Appl. Opt. 10, 1314 (1971).
37. D.J. Coleman and J. Magarinos, Controlled shifting of the spectral response of reflection holograms, Appl. Opt. 20, 2600 (1981).
38. M. Assenheimer, Y. Amitai, and A.A. Friesem, Recursive design for an efficient HOE with different recording and readout wavelengths, Appl. Opt. 27, 4747 (1988).
39. Y. Amitai, A.A. Friesem, and V. Weiss, Designing holographic lenses with different recording and readout wavelengths, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 80 (1990).
40. B.J. Chang, Post-processing of developed dichromated gelatin holograms, Opt. Commun. 17, 270 (1976).
41. T. Kubota, Control of the reconstruction wavelength of Lippmann holograms recorded in dichromated gelatin, Appl. Opt. 28, 1845 (1989).
42. H. Owen, Holographic optical elements in dichromated gelatin, Proc. SPIE 523, 296 (1985).
43. J. Jannson, T. Jannson, and K.H. Yu, Solar control tunable Lippmann holowindows, Solar Energy Materials 14, 289 (1986).
44. D. Corlatan, M. Schäfer, and G. Anders, Wavelength shifting and bandwidth broadening in DCG, Proc. SPIE 1507, 354 (1991).
45. C. Rich and J. Petersen, Broadband IR Lippmann holograms for solar control applications, Proc. SPIE 1667, 165 (1992).
46. P. G. Boj, J. Crespo, and J.A. Quintana, Broadband reflection holograms in dichromated gelatin, Appl. Opt. 31, 3302 (1992).
47. G. M. Naik, A. Mathur, and S.V. Pappu, Dichromated gelatin holograms: An investigation of their environmental stability, Appl. Opt. 29, 5292 (1990).
48. R. Pawluczyk, Modified Brewster angle technique for the measurement of the refractive index of a DCG layer, Appl. Opt. 29, 589 (1990).
49. J. L. Salter and M. F. Loeffler, Comparison of dichromated gelatin and Du Pont HRF-700 photopolymer as media for holographic notch filters, Proc SPIE 1555, 268 (1991).
50. R. D. Rallison and S. R. Schicker, Polarization properties of gelatin holograms, Proc. SPIE 1667, 266 (1992).
51. L. D. Dickson, R.D. Rallison, and B.H. Yung, Holographic polarization-separation elements, Appl. Opt. 33, 5378 (1994).
52. G. Campbell, T.J. Kim, and R.K. Kostuk, Comparison of methods for determining the bias index of a dichromated gelatin hologram, Appl. Opt. 34, 2548 (1995)
53. X. Ning and J.D. Masso, Multiline holographic notch filters, Proc. SPIE 1545, 125 (1991).
54. D. Liu, W. Tang, W. Huang, and Z. Liang, Relationship between the diffraction efficiency of a reflection hologram and the thickness and absorption of the recording medium, Opt. Eng. 31, 809 (1992).
55. L.B. Au, J.C.W. Newell, and L. Solymar, Nonuniformities in thick dichromated gelatin transmission gratings, J. Mod. Opt. 34, 1211 (1987).
56. R.D. Rallison and S.R. Schicker, Using thick DCG, 30 to 100 μm, Proc. SPIE 1914, 82 (1993).
57. S.A. Sergeant and A.E. Hurst, Off-axis photopolymer holographic elements for large field of view visor projected displays, Proc. SPIE 2405, 52 (1995).
58. D.G. McCauley, C.E. Simpson, and W.J. Murbach, Holographic optical element for visual display applications, Appl. Opt. 12, 232 (1973).
59. D.H. Close, Holographic optical elements, Opt. Eng. 14, 408 (1975).
60. R.B. Wood and M.J. Hayford, Holographic and classical head-up display technology for commercial and fighter aircraft, Proc. SPIE 883, 36 (1988).
61. C.T. Bartlett, Second generation holographic head-up display, Proc. SPIE 1988, 135 (1993).
62. S. Sjölinder, Bandwidth in dichromated gelatin holographic filters, Opt. Acta 31, 1001 (1984).
63. S. S. Duncan, J. A. McQuoid, and D. J. McCartney, Holographic filters in dichromated gelatin position tuned over the near-infrared region, Opt. Eng. 24, 781 (1985).
64. M. M. Carrabba, K.M. Spencer, C. Rich, and D. Rauh, Utilization of a holographic Bragg diffraction filter for Rayleigh line rejection in Raman spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc. 44, 1558 (1990).
65. H. Owen, Holographic notch filter, Proc. SPIE 1555, 228 (1991).
66. D. E. Battey, J. B. Slater, R. Wludyka, H. Owen, D. M. Pallister, and M. D. Morris, Axial transmissive fl 1.8 imaging Raman spectrograph with volume-phase holographic filter and grating, Appl. Spectrosc. 47, 1913 (1993).
67. E. Herrala, J. Okkonen, T. Hyvärinen, M. Aikio, and J. Lammasniemi, Imaging spectrometer for process industry applications, Proc. SPIE 2248, 33 (1994).
68. J. A. Arns, Holographic transmission gratings improve spectroscopy and ultrafast laser performances, Proc. SPIE 2404, 174 (1995).
69. H. Owen, D.E. Battey, M. J. Pelletier, and J. B. Slater, New spectroscopic instrument based on volume holographic optical elements, Proc. SPIE 2406, 260 (1995).
70. R. R. A. Syms and L. Solymar, Planar volume phase holograms formed in bleached photographic emulsions, Appl. Opt. 22, 1479 (1983).
71. S. Sjölinder, Secondary holograms in dichromated gelatin filters, Opt. Acta 31, 1013 (1984).
72. B. Yang, M. D. Morris, and H. Owen, Holographic notch filter for low-wavenumber Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc. 45, 1533 (1991).
73. J.-K. Rhee, T. S. Sosnowski, T. B. Morris, J. A. Arns, and W. S. Colburn, Chirped-pulse amplification of 85-fs pulses at 250 kHz with third-order dispersion compensation by use of holographic transmission gratings, Opt. Lett. 19, 1550 (1994).
74. C. C. K. Cheng and B.J. Chang, Two-dimensional holographic deflection and scanning system, Proc. Tech. Program, Electro-Optics/Laser 77 Conf., 755 (1977).
75. L. D. Dickson, G. T. Sincerbox, and A. D. Wolfheimer, Holography in the IBM 3687 Supermarket Scanner, IBM J. Res. Develop. 26, 228 (1982).
76. W. H. Bloss, M. Griesinger, and E. R. Reinhardt, Dispersive concentrating systems based on transmission phase holograms for solar applications, Appl. Opt. 21, 3739 (1982).
77. J. A. Quintana, P. G. Boj, A. Bonmatí, J. Crespo, M. Pardo, and C. Pastor, Solar holoconcentrators in dichromated gelatin, Proc. SPIE 1051, 160 (1989).
78. E.U. Wagemann, P. Froening, and C.G. Stojanoff, New method for recording large-size holograms of the reflective type with adjustable spectral characteristics in DCG, Proc. SPIE 2951, 2 (1996).
79. J.L. Horner and J.E. Ludman, Single holographic element wavelength demultiplexer, Appl. Opt. 20, 1845 (1981).
80. D. J. McCartney, D. B. Payne, and S. S. Duncan, Position-tunable holographic filters in dichromated gelatin for use in single-mode-fiber demultiplexers, Opt. Lett. 10, 303 (1985).
81. B. Moslehi, P. Harvey, J. Ng, and T. Jannson, Fiber-optic wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing using volume holographic gratings, Opt. Lett. 14, 1088 (1989).
82. Y. Ishii and T. Kubota, Wavelength demultiplexer in multimode fiber that uses optimized holographic optical elements, Appl. Opt. 32, 4415 (1993).
83. K.-H. Brenner and F. Sauer, Diffractive-reflective optical interconnects, Appl. Opt. 27, 4251 (1988).
84. R. K. Kostuk, Y.-T. Huang, D. Hetherington, and M. Kato, Reducing alignment and chromatic sensitivity of holographic optical interconnects with substrate-mode holograms, Appl. Opt. 28, 4939 (1989).
85. M.R. Wang, G. J. Sonek, R. T. Chen, and T. Jannson, Large fanout optical interconnects using thick holographic gratings and substrate wave propagation, Appl. Opt. 31, 236 (1992).
86. B. Robertson, M. R. Taghizadeh, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, High-efficiency, wide-bandwidth optical fanout elements in dichromated gelatin, Opt. Lett. 15, 694 (1990).
87. R. K. Kostuk, M. Kato, and Y.-T. Huang, Polarization properties of substrate-mode holographic interconnects, Appl. Opt. 29, 3848 (1990).
88. Y.-T. Huang and Y.-H. Chen, Polarization-selective elements with a substrate-mode grating pair structure, Opt. Lett. 18, 921 (1993).
89. Y.-T. Huang, Polarization-selective volume holograms: general design, Appl. Opt. 33, 2115 (1994).
90. D. Meyerhofer, Holographic and interferometric viewing screens, Appl. Opt. 12, 2180 (1973).
91. J. M. Tedesco, L. A. K. Brady, and W. S. Colburn, Holographic diffusers for LCD backlights and projection screens, SID 93 Digest XXIV, 29 (1993).
92. J. M. Tedesco, Holographic diffusers for LCD cockpit displays, Proc. SPIE 2219, 1 (1994).
93. R. A. Lessard and G. Manivannan, Eds., Selected Papers on Photopolymers, MS 114, SPIE Opt. Eng. Press, Bellingham, Washington, 1995.
94. D. H. Close, A. D. Jacobson, J. D. Margerum, R. G. Brault, and F. J. McClung, Hologram recording on photopolymer materials, Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 159 (1969).
95. J. A. Jenney, Holographic recording with photopolymers, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1155 (1970).
96. W. S. Colburn and K. A. Haines, Volume hologram formation in photopolymer materials, Appl. Opt. 10, 1636 (1971).
97. R. H. Wopschall and T. R. Pampalone, Dry photopolymer film for recording holograms, Appl. Opt. 11, 2096 (1972).
98. B. L. Booth, Photopolymer material for holography, Appl. Opt. 14, 593 (1975).
99. R. T. Ingwall and H. L. Fielding, Hologram recording with a new photopolymer system, Opt. Eng. 24, 808 (1985).
100. W .K. Smothers, T. J. Trout, A. M. Weber, and D. J. Mickish, Hologram formation in DuPont's new photopolymer materials, IEE Conference Publication 311, 184 (1989).
101. A. M. Weber, W. K. Smothers, T. J. Trout, and D. J. Mickish, Hologram recording in Du Pont's new photopolymer materials, Proc. SPIE 1212, 30 (1990).
102. B. M. Monroe, W. K. Smothers, D. E. Keys, R. R. Krebs, D. J. Mickish, A. F. Harrington, S. R. Schicker, M. K. Armstrong, D. M. T. Chan, and C. Weathers, Improved photopolymers for holographic recording. I. Imaging properties, J. Imaging Sci. 35, 19 (1991).
103. A. Bloom, R. A. Bartolini, and H. A. Weakliem, Organic materials for optical devices, Opt. Eng. 17, 446 (1978).
104. K. Matsumoto, T. Kuwayama, M. Matsumoto, and N. Taniguchi, Holographic optical elements using polyvinyl carbazole holographic material, Proc. SPIE 600, 9 (1985).
105. H. Yamamoto, K. Maeda, S. Ishizuka, and T. Kubota, Real-time measurement of wavelength selectivity of reflection holograms, Appl. Opt. 31, 7397 (1992).
106. W. K. Smothers, B. M. Monroe, A. M. Weber, and D. E. Keys, Photopolymers for holography, Proc. SPIE 1212, 20 (1990).
107. B. M. Monroe, Improved photopolymers for holographic recording. II. Mechanism of hologram formation, J. Imaging Sci. 35, 25 (1991).
108. G. Zhao and P. Mouroulis, Diffusion model of hologram formation in dry photopolymer materials, J. Mod. Opt. 41, 1929 (1994).
109. S. Piazzolla and B. K. Jenkins, Holographic grating formation in photopolymers, Opt. Lett. 21, 1075 (1996).
110. W. J. Gambogi, W. K. Smothers, K. W. Steijn, S. H. Stevenson, and A. M. Weber, Color holography using Du Pont holographic recording films, Proc. SPIE, 2405, 62 (1995).
111. J. D. Masso and X. Ning, Slanted fringe holograms in Du Pont photopolymer, Proc. SPIE 2405, 37 (1995).
112. S. A. Zager and A.M. Weber, Display holograms in Du Pont's OmniDex films, Proc. SPIE 1461, 58 (1991).
113. W. J. Gambogi, A. M. Weber, and T. J. Trout, Advances and applications of Du Pont holographic photopolymers, Proc. SPIE 2043, 2 (1993).
114. R. T. Ingwall and M. Troll, Mechanism of hologram formation in DMP-128 photopolymer, Opt. Eng. 28, 586 (1989).
115. M. Troll and J. Formosa, Structural and optical properties of DMP-128 holograms during environmental testing, Proc. SPIE 1051, 90 (1989).
116. R. T. Ingwall and M. Troll, The mechanism of hologram formation in DMP-128 photopolymer, Proc. SPIE 863, 94 (1988).
117. R. T. Ingwall, A. Stuck, and W. T. Vetterling, Diffraction properties of holograms recorded in DMP-128, Proc. SPIE 615, 81 (1986).
118. R. V. Pole and H. P. Wollenmann, Holographic laser beam deflector, Appl. Opt. 14, 976 (1975).
119. R. V. Pole, H. W. Werlich, and R. J. Krusche, Holographic light deflection, Appl. Opt. 17, 3294 (1978).
120. J. C. Kirsch, D. A. Gregory, T. D. Hudson, and D. J. Lanteigne, Design of photopolymer holograms for optical interconnect applications, Opt. Eng. 27, 301 (1988).
121. J. M. Wang, L. Cheng, and A. A. Sawchuk, Light-efficient two-dimensional perfect shuffles with Du Pont photopolymer holograms, Appl. Opt. 32, 7148 (1993).
122. C. Zhao and R. T. Chen, Fan-out intensity optimization of bidirectional photopolymer hologram-based optical backplane bus, Opt. Eng. 35, 983 (1996).
123. J. Biles, Holographic color filters for LCDs, SID 94 Digest XXV, 403 (1994).
124. C. Joubert, A. Delboulbé, B. Loiseaux, and J. P. Huignard, Holographic elements for LCD projectors, Proc. SPIE 2406, 248 (1995).
125. G. Moss, Diffractive optics, Photonics Spectra 29, 152 (1995).
126. W. J. Gambogi, S. R. Mackara, and T. J. Trout, Diffractive printing methods using volume holograms, Proc. SPIE 1914, 145 (1993).
127. M.H. Metz, Z. A. Coleman, N. J. Phillips, and C. Flatow, Holographic optical element for compact fingerprint imaging system, Proc. SPIE 2659, 141 (1996).
128. S. Wadle, D. Wuest, J. Cantalupo, and R. S. Lakes, Holographic diffusers, Opt. Eng. 33, 213 (1994).
129. E. Simova and M. Kavehrad, Light shaping diffusers for indoor wireless infrared communications via a holographic approach, Proc. SPIE 2689, 284 (1996).
130. Q. Huang and P. R. Ashley, Holographic Bragg grating input-output couplers for polymer waveguides at an 850-nm wavelength, Appl. Opt. 36, 1198 (1997).
131. F. Clube, S. Gray, D. Struchen, J.-C. Tisserand, S. Malfoy, and Y. Darbellay, Holographic microlithography, Opt. Eng. 34, 2724 (1995).
132. B. Loiseaux, A. Delboulbé, J. P. Huignard, P. Tournois, G. Cheriaux, and F. Salin, Characterization of perpendicular chirped phase volume grating pairs for laser pulse stretching, Opt. Lett. 21, 806 (1996).
133. A. Labeyrie and J. Flamand, Spectrographic performance of holographically made diffraction gratings, Opt. Commun. 1, 5 (1969).
134. D. Rudolph and G. Schmahl, High-precision gratings produced with laserlight and photoresist layers (in German), Optik 30, 475 (1970).
135. N.K. Sheridon, Production of blazed holograms, Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 316 (1968).
136. H. J. Gerritsen, W. J. Hannan, and E. G. Ramberg, Elimination of speckle noise in holograms with redundancy, Appl. Opt. 7, 2301 (1968).
137. M. J. Beesley and J. G. Castledine, The use of photoresist as a holographic recording medium, Appl. Opt. 12, 2720 (1970).
138. M. L. Dakss, L. Kuhn, P. F. Heidrich, and B. A. Scott, Grating coupler for efficient excitation of optical guided waves in thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 523 (1970).
139. F. H. Dill, Optical lithography, IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. ED-22, 440 (1975).
140. F. H. Dill, W. P. Hornberger, P. S. Hauge, and J. M. Shaw, Characterization of positive photoresist, IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. ED-22, 445 (1975).
141. R. A. Bartolini, Characteristics of relief phase holograms recorded in photoresists, Appl. Opt. 13, 129 (1974).
142. I. J. Wilson, R. C. McPhedran, and M. D. Waterworth, A new high-performance diffraction grating, Opt. Commun. 9, 263 (1973).
143. S. Austin and F. T. Stone, Fabrication of thin periodic structures in photoresist: a model, Appl. Opt. 15, 1070 (1976).
144. S. Austin and F. T. Stone, Thin periodic structures in photoresist: fabrication and experimental evaluation, Appl. Opt. 15, 2126 (1976).
145. M. C. Hutley, Diffraction Gratings, Academic Press, New York, 1982, chap. 4.
146. H. Werlich, G. Sincerbox, and B. Yung, Fabrication of high-efficiency-surface relief holograms, J. Imaging Tech. 10, 105 (1984).
147. G. Schmahl and D. Rudolph, Holographic diffraction gratings, in Progress in Optics, vol. 14, E. Wolf, Ed., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976, p. 196.
148. C. J. Kramer, Hologon laser scanners for nonimpact printing, Proc. SPIE 390, 165 (1983).
149. H. W. Yen, M. Nakamura, E. Garmire, S. Somekh, and A. Yariv, Optically pumped GaAs waveguide lasers with a fundamental 0.11-μ corrugation feedback, Opt. Commun. 9, 35 (1973).
150. M. C. Hutley, Blazed interference diffraction gratings for the ultraviolet, Opt. Acta 22, 1 (1975).
151. C. J. Kramer, Holographic laser scanner for high-resolution imaging applications, Digest of Technical Papers, Conf. Lasers Electro-Optics 148 (1981).
152. R. C. Enger and S. K. Case, High-frequency holographic transmission gratings in photoresist, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1113 (1983).
153. R. D. Boyd, J. A. Britten, D. E. Decker, B. W. Shore, B. C. Stuart, M. D. Perry, and L. Li, High-efficiency metallic diffraction gratings for laser applications, Appl. Opt. 34, 1697 (1995).
154. R. C. Enger and S. K. Case, Optical elements with ultrahigh spatial-frequency surface corrugations, Appl. Opt. 22, 3220 (1983).
155. G. J. Dunning and M. L. Minden, Scattering from high-efficiency diffraction gratings, Appl. Opt. 19, 2419 (1980).
156. J. Flamand, F. Bonnemason, A. Thévenon, and J. M. Lerner, Blazing of holographic gratings using ion-etching, Proc. SPIE 1055, 288 (1989).
157. J. Cordelle, J. Flamand, and G. Pieuchard, Aberration-corrected concave gratings made holographically, in Optical Instruments and Techniques, J. H. Dickson, Ed., Oriel Press 1970, p. 117.
158. A. Thévenon, J. Flamand, J. P. Laude, B. Touzet, and J. Lerner, Aberration-corrected plane gratings, Proc. SPIE 815, 136 (1987).
159. C. Palmer, Theory of second-generation holographic diffraction gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 1175 (1989).
160. I. D. Torbin and A. M. Nizhin, Use of polymerizing cements for making replicas of optical surfaces, Opti. Technol. 40, 192 (1973).
161. E. G. Loewen, Diffraction gratings, Opt. Eng. 15, 446 (1976).
162. E. G. Loewen, M. Nevière, and D. Maystre, Grating efficiency theory as it applies to blazed and holographic gratings, Appl. Opt. 16, 2711 (1977).
163. M. Breidne and D. Maystre, Equivalence of ruled, holographic, and lamellar gratings in constant deviation mountings, Appl. Opt. 19, 1812 (1980).
164. A. J. Caruso, G. H. Mount, and B. E. Woodgate, Absolute S- and P-plane polarization efficiencies for high-frequency gratings in the VUV, Appl. Opt. 20, 1764 (1981).
165. M. G. Moharam and T. K. Gaylord, Diffraction analysis of dielectric surface-relief gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 1385 (1982).
166. M. G. Moharam and T. K. Gaylord, Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of metallic surface-relief gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 3, 1780 (1986).
167. M. Breidne, S. Johansson, L-E. Nilsson, and H. Åhlèn, Blazed holographic gratings, Opt. Acta, 26, 1427 (1979).
168. H. Nagata and M. Kishi, Production of blazed holographic gratings by a simple optical system, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 14, Suppl 14-1, 181 (1975).
169. H. A. Obermayer, Efficiency of blazed holographic diffraction gratings coated with different surface materials, Opt. Commun. 13, 426 (1975).
170. L. Mashev and S. Tonchev, Formation of holographic diffraction gratings in photoresist, Appl. Phys. A26, 143 (1981).
171. Y. Aoyagi, K. Sano, and S. Namba, High spectroscopic qualities in blazed ion-etched holographic gratings, Opt. Commun. 29, 253 (1979).
172. J. J. Hanak and J.P. Russell, Permanent holograms in glass by RF sputter etching, RCA Review, 32, 319 (1971).
173. H. L. Garvin, E. Garmire, S. Somekh, H. Stoll, and A. Yariv, Ion beam micromachining of integrated optics components, Appl. Opt. 12, 455 (1973).
174. L. F. Johnson, G.W. Kammlott, and K.A. Ingersoll, Generation of periodic surface corrugations, Appl. Opt. 17, 1165 (1978).
175. D. Heflinger, J. Kirk, R. Cordero, and G. Evans, Submicron grating fabrication on GaAs by holographic exposure, Opt. Eng. 21, 537 (1982).
176. K. Knop, Reflection grating polarizer for the infrared, Opt. Commun. 26, 281 (1978).
177. L. H. Cescato, E. Gluch, and N. Streibl, Holographic quarterwave plates, Appl. Opt. 29, 3286 (1990).
178. B. R. Clay, M. T. Gale, W.J. Hannan, and K. Knop, Embossed holograms, Proceedings of the Technical Program, Electro-Optics/Laser 77 Conf., 353 (1977).
179. J. R. Burns, Large-format embossed holograms, Proc. SPIE 523, 7 (1985).
180. E. G. Loewen, M. Nevière, and D. Maystre, Optimal design for beam sampling mirror gratings, Appl. Opt. 15, 2937 (1976).
181. Y. Ono, Y. Kimura, Y. Ohta, and N. Nishida, Antireflection effect in ultra high spatial-frequency holographic relief gratings, Appl. Opt. 26, 1142 (1987).
182. Y. Kimura, S. Sugama, and Y. Ono, Compact optical head using a holographic optical element for CD players, Appl. Opt. 27, 668 (1988).
183. W. R. Graver, J. W. Gladden, and J.W. Eastes, Phase holograms formed by silver halide (sensitized) gelatin processing, Appl. Opt. 19, 1529 (1980).
184. B. J. Chang and K. Winick, Silver-halide gelatin holograms, Proc. SPIE 245, 172 (1980).
185. P. Hariharan, Silver halide sensitized gelatin holograms: mechanism of hologram formation, Appl. Opt. 25, 2040 (1986).
186. A. M. Tai, E. J. Sieczka, R. Radler, and J. Upatnieks, Holographic gunsights for small arms, Proc. SPIE 2689, 210 (1996).
187. J. M. Moran and I. P. Kaminow, Properties of holographic gratings photoinduced in polymethyl methacrylate, Appl. Opt. 12, 1964 (1973).
188. W. J. Tomlinson, E. A. Chandross, H. P. Weber, and G. D. Aumiller, Multicomponent photopolymer systems for volume phase holograms and grating devices, Appl. Opt. 15, 534 (1976).
189. S. Calixto, Dry polymer for holographic recording, Appl. Opt. 26, 3904 (1987).
190. D. Brady, A. G.-S. Chen, and G. Rodriguez, Volume holographic pulse shaping, Opt. Lett. 17, 610 (1992).
191. S. Martin, P. E. L. G. Leclere, Y. L. M. Renotte, V. Toal, and Y. F. Lion, Characterization of an acrylamide-based dry photopolymer holographic recording material, Opt. Eng. 33, 3942 (1994).
192. R. A. Lessard, R. Changkakoti, and G. Manivannan, Holographic Recording Materials, in Processes in Photoreactive Polymers, V. V. Krongauz and A. D. Trifunac, eds., New York, Chapman and Hall, 1995, pp. 307-367.
193. R.A. Lessard and G. Manivannan, Holographic recording materials: an overview, Proc. SPIE 2405, 2 (1995).
194. I. Bányász, D.-J. Lougnot, and C. Turck, Holographic recording with a near IR sensitive photopolymer system using a laser diode, Proc. SPIE 2405, 24 (1995).
195. J.-P. Fouassier and F. Morlet-Savary, Photopolymers for laser imaging and holographic recording: design and reactivity of photosensitizers, Opt. Eng. 35, 304 (1996).
196. V. Weiss, E. Millul, and A.A. Friesem, Photopolymeric holographic recording media: in-situ and real-time characterization, Proc. SPIE 2688, 11 (1996).
197. K. B. Hill and D. J. Brady, Pulse shaping in volume reflection holograms, Opt. Lett. 18, 1739 (1993).
198. T. Kuwayama, N. Taniguchi, Y. Kuwae, and N. Kushibiki, Reflection holograms recorded on poly-(N-vinylcarbazole) holographic material, Appl. Opt. 28, 2455 (1989).
199. A. Bloom and W. J. Burke, Sensitization of dichromated-poly(vinyl alcohol) to visible wavelengths, Appl. Opt. 16, 2614 (1977).
200. T. Todorov, L. Nikolova, and N. Tomova, Polarization holography. 1: A new high-efficiency organic material with reversible photoinduced birefringence, Appl. Opt. 23, 4309 (1984).
201. S. Lelièvre and J. J. A. Couture, Dichromated polyvinyl alcohol films used as a novel polarization real time holographic recording material, Appl. Opt. 29, 4384 (1990).
202. G. Manivannan, R. Changkakoti, and R. A. Lessard, Cr(VI)- and Fe(III)-doped polymer systems as real-time holographic recording materials, Opt. Eng. 32, 671 (1993).
203. O. V. Andreyeva, A. M. Kursakova, Y. L. Korzinin, V. N. Nazarov, and E. R. Gavriluk, 3-D transmission gratings in silver-containing porous glass holographic material, Proc SPIE 2405, 111 (1995).
204. J. E. Ludman, J. Riccobono, J. Caulfield, J.-M. Fournier, I. Semenova, N. Reinhand, P. R. Hemmer, and S. M. Shahriar, Porous-matrix holography for nonspatial filtering of lasers, Proc SPIE 2406, 76 (1995).