Bicycling boom in germany: A revival engineered by public policy

Transportation Quarterly

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 31-46

  Pucher, John ^a,b,c  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c Government of Canada   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; BICYCLES; HIGHWAY TRAFFIC CONTROL; PUBLIC POLICY;

URBANIZATION;

NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION;

EID: 0031221287     PISSN: 02789434     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. The Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation in 1969, 1977, 1983, and 1990 consistently found that bicycling in the United States accounted for only 0.7% of all trips in urban areas.
2. In fact, the exact ranking of countries by per-capita income depends on the method used to convert currencies and reflect real purchasing power. But the Western European countries are always ranked among the richest countries no matter what method is used.
3. J. Kenworthy, F. Laube, P. Newman, and P. Barter, Indicators of Transport Efficiency in 37 Global Cities, Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997.
4. U.S. Department of Transportation, Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. Washington. DC: 1992.
5. Tri-State Transportation Campaign, "Death on the Streets," Mobilizing the Region (July 18, 1997). p.18.
6. Eastern Germany is not included in this analysis because of the very different situation there and the discontinuity in transport statistics and policies before and after reunification with West Germany in 1990.
7. J. Pucher and S. Kurth, "Making Transit Irresistible," Transportation Quarterly 49, no. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 117-128; J. Pucher and S. Kurth, "The Success of Regional Public Transport in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland," Transport Policy 2. no. 4 (March 1996), pp. 279-291.
8. J. Pucher and S. Kurth, "Making Transit Irresistible," Transportation Quarterly 49, no. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 117-128; J. Pucher and S. Kurth, "The Success of Regional Public Transport in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland," Transport Policy 2. no. 4 (March 1996), pp. 279-291.
9. The "marginal price" is zero because it costs a student nothing to make any Individual trip. All of the price is a fixed-cost fee added on to student fees regardless of whether the student actually uses transit. Students making 100 transit trips a month pay the same as those making no trips at all. That obviously is a strong inducement to use transit.
10. These are mostly agricultural roads (Wirtschaftswege) within the city limits of Muenster. Unlike U.S. cities, some German cities have considerable areas devoted to agriculture as a deliberate policy to preserve farms, orchards, and vineyards in close proximity to the city.
11. J. Hajdu, "Pedestrian Malls in West Germany: Perceptions of their Role and Stages in Their Development," Journal of the American Planning Association 54, no. 3 (Summer 1989), pp. 325-335.
12. H. Topp, "Parking Policies to Reduce Car Traffic in German Cities," Transport Reviews 13, no. 1 (Winter 1993), pp. 83-95.
13. International Road Federation, World Road Statistics. Washington, DC: 1992.
14. International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1997.
15. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1997. Washington, DC: 1997, p. 127.