Efficient organic electroluminescent devices using single-layer doped polymer thin films with bipolar carrier transport abilities

IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices

Volumn 44, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 1269-1281

  Wu, Chung Chih ^a   Sturm, James C ^a   Register, Richard A ^a   Tian, Jing ^b   Dana, Elena P ^c   Thompson, Mark E ^c  

^a Princeton University   (United States)

^b Raychem Corporation   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARGE CARRIERS; ELECTRIC PROPERTIES; ELECTROLUMINESCENCE; ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; POLYMER BLENDS; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; SEMICONDUCTING POLYMERS; THIN FILMS;

ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES; SINGLE LAYER DOPED POLYMER THIN FILMS;

LUMINESCENT DEVICES;

EID: 0031212879     PISSN: 00189383     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/16.605468     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, and A. J. Heeger, "Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers," Nature, vol. 357, p. 477, 1992.
2. E. Westerweele, P. Smith, and A. J. Heeger, "'Inverted' polymer light-emitting diodes on cylindrical metal substrates," Adv. Mater., vol. 7, pp. 788-789, 1995.
3. G. Yu, K. Pakbaz, and A. J. Heeger, "Optocoupler made from semiconducting polymers," J. Electron. Mater., vol. 23, pp. 925-928, 1994.
4. G. Yu, C. Zhang, and A. J. Heeger, "Dual-function semiconducting polymer devices: Light-emitting and photodetecting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 64, pp. 1540-1542, 1994.
5. H. H. Kim, R. G. Swartz, Y. Ota, T. K. Woodward, M. D. Feuer, and F. Papadimitrakapolous, "Prospects for silicon monolithic opto-electronics with polymer light-emitting diode," in Proc. 1993 IEEE/LEOS Annu. Meet., pp. 202-203.
6. N. Tessler, G. J. Denton, and R. H. Friend, "Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities," Nature, vol. 382, pp. 695-697, 1996.
7. P. Yam, "Plastics get wired," Sci. Amer., pp. 82-87, July 1995.
8. A. J. Heeger and J. Long, Jr., "Optoelectronic devices fabricated from semiconducting polymers," Opt. Photon. News, pp. 23-30, Aug. 1996.
9. P. May, "Light-emitting polymers: A technology for conformable graphic displays," in SID Tech. Dig., May 1996, pp. 192-195.
10. A. R. Brown, D. D. C. Bradley, P. L. Burn, J. H. Burroughes, R. H. Friend, N. Greenham, and A. Kraft, "Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) light-emitting diodes: Enhanced electroluminescent efficiency through charge-carrier confinement," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, pp. 2793-2795, 1992.
11. I. D. Parker, Q. Pei, and M. Marrocco, "Efficient blue electroluminescence from a fluorinated polyquinoline," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 65, pp. 1272-1274, 1994.
12. N. C. Greenham, S. C. Moratti, D. D. C. Bradley, R. H. Friend, and A. B. Holmes, "Efficient light-emitting diodes based on polymers with high electron affinities," Nature, vol. 365, pp. 628-630, 1993.
13. J. Pommerehne, H. Vestweber, W. Guss, R. F. Mahrt, H. Bässler, M. Porsch, and J. Daub, "Efficient two-layer LED's on a polymer blend basis," Adv. Mater., vol. 7, pp. 551-554, 1995.
14. C. Zhang, H. von Seggern, K. Pakbaz, B. Kraabel, H.-W. Schmidt, and A. J. Heeger, "Blue electroluminescent diodes utilizing blends of poly(p-phenylphenylene vinylene) in poly(9-vinylcarbazole)," Synth. Met., vol. 62, pp. 35-40, 1994.
15. C. Zhang, H. von Seggern, B. Kraabel, H.-W. Schmidt, and A. J. Heeger, "Blue emission from polymer light-emitting diodes using nonconjugated polymer blends with air-stable electrodes," Synth. Met., vol. 72, pp. 185-188, 1995.
16. G. E. Johnson, K. M. McGrane, and M. Stolka, "Electroluminescence from single-layer molecularly-doped polymer films," Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 67, pp. 175-182, 1995.
17. J. Kido, M. Kohda, K. Okuyama, and K. Nagai, "Organic electroluminescent devices based on molecularly-doped polymers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, pp. 761-763, 1992.
18. J. Kido, H. Shionoya, and K. Nagai, "Single-layer white-light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices based on dye-dispersed poly(N-vinylcarbazole," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 2281-2283, 1995.
19. M. J. Marsella and T. M. Swager, "Regiochemical consequences in poly(2,5-pyridinium vinylene): Kekule' and nonkekule' conductive polymers," Polym. Preprints, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1196-1197, 1992.
20. J. Tian, M. E. Thompson, C. C. Wu, J. C. Sturm, R. A. Register, M. J. Marsella, and T. M. Swager, "Luminescent properties of conjugated poly(p-pyridyl vinylene) and poly(p-pyridinium vinylene)," Polym. Preprints, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 761-762, 1994.
21. J. Tian, C. C. Wu, M. E. Thompson, J. C. Sturm, R. A. Register, M. J. Marsella, and T. M. Swager, "Electroluminescent properties of self-assembled polymer thin films," Adv. Mater., vol. 7, pp. 395-398, 1995.
22. J. Tian, C. C. Wu, M. E. Thompson, J. C. Sturm, and R. A. Register, "Photophysical properties, self-assembled thin films, and light-emitting diodes of poly(p-pyridylvinylene)s and poly(p-pyridinium vinylene)s," Chem. Mater., vol. 7, pp. 2190-2198, 1995.
23. C. C. Wu, C. I. Wu, J. C. Sturm, and A. Kahn, "Surface modification of indium tin oxide by plasma treatment: An effective method to improve the efficiency, brightness, and reliability of organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 70, pp. 1348-1350, 1997.
24. N. C. Greenham, R. H. Friend, and D. D. C. Bradley, "Angular dependence of the emission from a conjugated polymer light-emitting diode: Implications for efficiency calculations," Adv. Mater., vol. 6, pp. 491-494, 1994.
25. N. C. Greenham, I. D. W. Samuel, G. R. Hayes, R. T. Phillips, Y. A. R. R. Kessener, S. C. Moratti, A. B. Holmes, and R. H. Friend, "Measurement of absolute photoluminescence quantum efficiencies in conjugated polymers," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 241, pp. 89-96, 1995.
26. S. E. Burns, N. C. Greenham, and R. H. Friend, "Modeling of optical interference effects in conjugated polymer films and devices," Synth. Met., vol. 76, pp. 205-208, 1996.
27. V. Choong, Y. Park, Y. Gao, T. Wehrmeister, K. Müllen, B. R. Hsieh, and C. W. Tang, "Dramatic photoluminescence quenching of phenylene vinylene oligomer thin films upon submonolayer Ca deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 1492-1494, 1996.
28. S. Saito, T. Tsutsui, M. Era, N. Takada, C. Adachi, Y. Hamada, and T. Wakimoto, "Progress in organic multilayer electroluminescence devices," Proc. SPIE, vol. 1910, pp. 212-221, 1993.
29. U. Lemmer, S. Karg, M. Scheidler, M. Deussen, W. Rieß, B. Cleve, P. Thomas, H. Bässler, M. Schwoerer, and E.O. Göbel, "Dynamics of photoexcitations in electric fields in PPV-diodes," Synth. Met., vol. 67, pp. 169-172, 1994.
30. R. Kersting, U. Lemmer, M. Deussen, H. J. Bakker, R. F. Mahrt, H. Kurz, V. I. Arkhipov, H. Bässler, and E. O. Göbel, "Ultrafast field-induced dissociation of excitons in conjugated polymers," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 73, pp. 1440-1443, 1994.
31. M. R. Andersson, M. Berggren, O. Inganäs, G. Gustafsson, J. C. Gustafsson-Carlberg, D. Selse, T. Hjertberg, and Wennerström, "Electroluminescence from substituted poly(thiophenes): From blue to near-infrared," Macromolecules, vol. 28, pp. 7525-7529, 1995.
32. N. C. Greenham and R. H. Friend, "Semiconductor device physics of conjugated polymers," Solid State Phys., vol. 49, pp. 1-148, 1995.
33. M. Stolka, "Photoconductive polymers," in Special Polymers for Electronic & Optoelectronics, J. A. Chilton and M. T. Goosey, Eds. London, U.K.: Chapman & Hall, 1995.
34. H. Tokuhisa, M. Era, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito, "Electron drift mobility of oxadiazole derivatives doped in polycarbonate," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 66, pp. 3433-3435, 1995.
35. W. D. Gill, "Drift mobilities in amorphous charge-transfer complexes of trinitrofluorenone and poly-n-vinylcarbazole," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, pp. 5033-5040, 1972.
36. C. C. Wu, J. C. Sturm, R. A. Register, and M. E. Thompson, "Integrated three-color organic light-emitting devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 3117-3119, 1996.
37. D. R. Lide, Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1991.
38. I. D. Parker, "Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting diodes," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 75, pp. 1656-1666, 1994.