Personality, Punishment, and Procedural Learning: A Test of J. A. Gray's Anxiety Theory

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 337-344

  Corr, Philip J ^a   Gray, Jeffrey A ^b   Pickering, Alan D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANIMAL; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PUNISHMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REACTION TIME; RECALL; REINFORCEMENT;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ANXIETY; AROUSAL; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PUNISHMENT; REACTION TIME; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 0031203973     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.337     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Amir, N., McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., & Clements, C. (1996). Implicit memory bias for threat in panic disorder: Application of the white-noise paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 157-162.
3. Anderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89, 369-406.
4. Beyts, J., Frcka, G., Martin I., & Levey, A. (1983). The influence of psychoticism and extraversion on classical eyeblink conditioning using paraorbital shock UCS. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 275-283.
5. Bissonnette, V., Ickes, W., Bernstein, I. H., & Knowles, E. (1990). Personality moderating variables: A warning about statistical artifact and a comparison of analytic techniques. Journal of Personality, 58, 567-587.
6. Boddy, J., Carver, A., & Rowley, K. (1986). Effect of positive and negative reinforcement on performance as a function of introversion-extraversion: Some tests of Gray's theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 81-88.
7. Brooks, L. (1978). Nonanalytic concept formation and memory for instances. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 169-211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Cohen, J. (1968). Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 426-443.
9. Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980, October 10). Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociations of knowing how and knowing that. Science, 210, 207-209.
10. Cook, E. W., Hawk, L. W., Davis, T. L., & Stevenson, V. E. (1991). Affective individual differences and startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 5-13.
11. Corkin, S. (1968). Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision. Neuropsychologia, 6, 255-265.
12. Corr, P. J. (1994). An investigation of the biological basis of the major dimensions of personality. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of London.
13. Corr, P. J., & Kumari, V. (1997). Sociability/impulsivity and attenuated-dopaminergic arousal: Critical flicker/fusion frequency and procedural learning. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 805-815.
14. Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1995a). Personality and reinforcement in associative and instrumental learning. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 47-71.
15. Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1995b). Sociability/impulsivity and caffeine-induced arousal: Critical flicker/fusion frequency and procedural learning. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 713-730.
16. Corr, P. J., Wilson, G. D., Fotiadou, M., Kumari, V., Gray, N. S., Checkley, S., & Gray, J. A. (1995). Personality and affective modulation of the startle reflex. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 543-553.
17. Deweer, B., Ergis, A. M., Fossati, P., Pillon, B., Boller, F., Agid, Y., & Dubois, B. (1994). Explicit memory, procedural learning and lexical priming in Alzheimers disease. Cortex, 30, 113-126.
18. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
19. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum.
20. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (adults). London: Hodder and Stoughton.
21. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
22. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1991). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
23. Feldman, J., Kerr, B., & Streissguth, A. P. (1995). Correlational analyses of procedural and declarative learning performance. Intelligence, 20, 87-114.
24. Gorenstein, E. E., & Newman, J. P. (1980). Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and a model for research. Psychological Review, 87, 301-315.
25. Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501-518.
26. Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 249-266.
27. Gray, J. A. (1976). The behavioural inhibition system: A possible substrate for anxiety. In M. P. Feldman & A. M. Broadhurst (Eds.), Theoretical and experimental bases of behaviour modification (pp. 3-41). London: Wiley.
28. Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
29. Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
30. Gray, J. A. (1991). Neural systems of motivation, emotion and affect. In J. Madden (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect (pp. 273-306). New York: Raven Press.
31. Gupta, B. S. (1976). Extraversion and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. British Journal of Psychology, 67, 47-52.
32. Gupta, B. S. (1990). Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning: A replication. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 585-589.
33. Gupta, B. S., & Nagpal, M. (1978). Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. British Journal of Psychology, 69, 203-206.
34. Gupta, B. S., & Shukla, A. P. (1989). Verbal operant conditioning as a function of extraversion and reinforcement. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 39-44.
35. Harris, L. M., Adams, R. D., Menzies, R. G., & Hayes, B. K. (1995). Identification and memory for fear-relevant stimuli: Implicit memory performance of insect fearfuls favours fear-relevant pictures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 47, 105-109.
36. Hartmann, M., Knopman, D. S., & Nissen, M. J. (1989). Implicit learning of new verbal associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1070-1082.
37. Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. D. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
38. Knopman, D. S., & Nissen, M. J. (1987). Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 37, 784-788.
39. Lewicki, P., Czyzewska, M., & Hoffman, H. (1987). Unconscious acquisition of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 523-530.
40. Lewicki, P., Hill, T., & Bizot, E. (1988). Acquisition of procedural knowledge about a pattern of stimuli that cannot be articulated. Cognitive Psychology, 20, 24-37.
41. MacLeod, C., & McLaughlin, K. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety: A conceptual replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 1-14.
42. McCord, R. R., & Wakefield, J. A. (1981). Arithmetic achievement as a function of introversion-extraversion and teacher-presented reward and punishment. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 145-152.
43. McNally, R. J. (1995). Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 747-754.
44. Nagpal, M., & Gupta, B. S. (1979). Personality, reinforcement and verbal operant conditioning. British Journal of Psychology, 70, 471-476.
45. Newman, J. P. (1987). Reaction to punishment in extraverts and psychopaths: Implications for the impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 464-480.
46. Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1-32.
47. Nissen, M. J., Knopman, D. S., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). Neurochemical dissociation of memory systems. Neurology, 37, 789-794.
48. Nissen, M. J., Willingham, D., & Hartman, M. (1989). Explicit and implicit remembering: When is learning preserved in amnesia? Neuropsychologia, 27, 341-352.
49. Nosofsky, R. M., Clark, S. E., & Shin, H. J. (1989). Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 282-304.
50. Perruchet, P., Gallego, J., & Savy, I. (1990). A critical reappraisal of the evidence for unconscious abstraction of deterministic rules in complex experimental situations. Cognitive Psychology, 22, 493-516.
51. Phillips, J., Phillips, M. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (1977). Close encounters of the third kind [Film]. (Available from Columbia Pictures, 10202 West Washington Boulevard, Culver City, CA 90232)
52. Reber, A. S. (1989). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 219-235.
53. Reber, A. S., Walkenfeld, F. F., & Hernstadt, R. (1991). Implicit and explicit learning: Individual differences and IQ. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 888-896.
54. Roediger, H. L., & Blaxton, T. A. (1987). Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word fragment completion. Memory and Cognition, 15, 379-388.
55. Sabe, L., Jason, L., Juejati, M., Leiguarda, R., & Starkstein, S. E. (1995). Dissociation between declarative and procedural learning in dementia and depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 841-848.
56. Schmand, B., Brand, N., & Kuipers, T. (1992). Procedural learning of cognitive and motor skills in psychotic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 8, 157-170.
57. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, P. R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
58. Squire, L. R. (1986, June 27). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612-1619.
59. Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., & Stark, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
60. Zinbarg, R., & Revelle, R. (1989). Personality and conditioning: A test of four models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 301-314.