Identification of organic compounds extracted from black weathered surfaces of saxonean sandstones, correlation with atmospheric input and rock inhabiting microflora

Organic Geochemistry

Volumn 27, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 79-97

  Machill, S ^a   Althaus, K ^a   Krumbein, W E ^b   Steger, W E ^a  

^a DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atmospheric pollution; Black layers in sandstone; Weathered sandstone

Indexed keywords

MICROFLORA;

AIR POLLUTION; EXTRACTION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MICROBIOLOGY; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; WEATHERING;

SANDSTONE;

EID: 0031200987     PISSN: 01466380     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00041-7     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Blaschke, R. (1987) Baustoffmikroskopie für die Praxis der Denkmalpflege. Bautenschutz Bausanierung 10, 27-33.
2. Bock, E. and Krumbein, W. E. (1988) Aktivitäten von Mikroorganismen und mögliche Folgen für Gestein und Baudenkmäler. Bautenschutz Bausanierung, pp. 34-37. Sonderheft Bausubstanzerhaltung in der Denkmalpflege.
3. Bruhn, C., Lenke, H. and Knackmuss, H.-J. (1987) Nitrosubstituted aromatic compounds as nitrogen source for bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 208-210.
4. Cautreels, W. and van Cauwenberghe, K. (1978) Experiments on the distribution of organic pollutants between airborne particulate matter and the corresponding gas phase. Atmos. Environ. 12, 1133-1141.
5. Cerniglia, C. E. (1981) Aromatic hydrocarbons: Metabolism by bacteria, fungi and algae. In Reviews in biochemical Toxicology (Edited by Hodgson E., Bend J. R. and Philpot R. M.), Vol. 3, pp. 321-361. Elsevier, New York.
6. Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Cecinato, A., Sparapani, R. and Frattoni, M. (1993) Identification and determination of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in forest areas of northern and southern Europe and a remote site of the Himalaya region by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 643, 55-69.
7. Cosgrove, D. J. (1980) Inositol phosphates: their chemistry, biochemistry and physiology. In Studies in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 4. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
8. Cranwell, P. A. (1977) Organic geochemistry of Cam Loch (Sutherland) sediments. Chem. Geol. 20, 205-221.
9. Diakumaku, E., Gorbushina, A. A., Krumbein, W. E., Panina, L. and Soukharjevski, S. (1995) Black fungi in marble and limestones - an aesthetical, chemical and physical problem for the conservation of monuments. Sci. Total Environ. 167, 295-304.
10. Drugov, Y. S. (1993) Gas chromatography in the monitoring of environmental pollution. Ind. Laboratory 59, 243-255.
11. Gorbushina, A. A., Krumbein, W. E., Hamman, C. H., Panina, L., Soukharjevski, S. and Wollenzien, U. (1994) Role of black fungi in color change and biodeterioration of antique marbles. Geomicrobiol. J. 11, 205-221.
12. Goretzki, L. (1989) Natursteinverwitterung und Natursteinkonservierung. Bautenschutz Bausanierung 12, 15-18.
13. Gottschalk, G. (1986) Bacterial Metabolism. Springer, Berlin.
14. Graedel, T. E., Hawkins, D. T. and Claxton, L. D. (1986) Atmospheric Chemical Compounds: Sources, Occurrence and Bioassay. Academic Press, Orlando.
15. Grimm, W. D. and Schwarz, U. (1985) Naturwerksteine und ihre Verwitterung an Münchner Bauten und Denkmälern. Arbeitsheft. Bayerisches Landesamt Denkmalpflege 31, 27-118.
16. Gruner, S. (1978) Petrochemische Untersuchungen an Kreidesandsteinen aus der Elbtalzone. Freiberg. Forschungsh. A583, 65-103.
17. Henderson, M. E. K. and Duff, R. B. (1963) The release of metallic and silicate ions from minerals, rocks and soils by fungal activity. J. Soil Sci. 14, 236-246.
18. Hollerbach, A. (1985) Grundlagen der organischen Geochemie. Springer, Berlin.
19. Hutzinger, O. (1989) The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer, Berlin.
20. Kaiser, E. W. and Siegl, W. O. (1994) High resolution gas chromatographic determination of the atmospheric reactivity of engine-out hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignited engine. J. High Resolut. Chromatog. 17, 264-270.
21. Karasek, F. W., Denney, D. W., Chan, K. W. and Clement, R. E. (1978) Analysis of complex organic mixtures on airborne particulate matter. Anal. Chem. 50, 82-87.
22. Kawamura, K. and Kaplan, I. (1984) Capillary gas chromatographic determination of volatile organic acids in rain fog samples. Anal. Chem. 56, 1616-1620.
23. 10) in the atmosphere, motor exhausts, and engine oils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 1082-1086.
24. Kawamura, K. and Kaplan, I. R. (1986) Biogenic and anthropogenic organic compounds in rain and snow samples collected in southern California. Atmos. Environ. 20, 115-124.
25. Kawamura, K. and Kaplan, I. R. (1987) Motor exhaust emissions as a primary source for dicarboxylic acids in Los Angeles ambient air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 105-110.
26. König, J., Balfanz, E., Funcke, W. and Romanowski, T. (1983) Determination of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 55, 599-603.
27. Krumbein, W. E. (1991) Zum Begriff Patina, seiner Beziehung zu Krusten und Verfärbungen und deren Auswirkungen auf den Zustand von Monumenten. In Jahresberichte aus dem Forschungsprogramm Steinzerfall Steinkonservierung, Vol. 4, pp. 215-229. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin.
28. Krumbein, W. E. and Warscheid, T. (1992) Patina-ein schillernder Begriff. Geowissenschaften 10, 274-276.
29. Krumbein, W. E., Bode-Warscheid, K., Braams, J., Chamier, B., Gehrmann, C. K., Grote, G., Groß, M., Lau, R., Schostak, V., Petersen, K. and Warscheid, T. (1990) Mikrobiologie an Natursteinmonumenten -Schadenspotential, Wechselwirkung mit Behandlungen. In Jahresberichte aus dem Forschungsprogramm Steinzerfall Steinkonservierung, Vol. 3, pp. 39-66. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin.
30. Künzel, H. (1990) Überlegungen zur Gesteinsverwitterung (Teil 2). Bautenschutz Bausanierung 13, 84-87.
31. Kuroczkin, J., Bode, K., Petersen, K. and Krumbein, W. E. (1988) Some physiological characteristics of fungi isolated from sandstones. In Proc. Sixth Int. Cong. on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, pp. 21-25. Nicolas Copernicus University, Institute of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Torun.
32. Lahaye, J. (1992) Particulate carbon from the gas phase. Carbon 30, 309-314.
33. Leuenberger, C., Czuczwa, J., Tremp, J. and Giger, W. (1988) Nitrated phenols in rain: atmospheric occurence of phytotoxic pollutants. Chemosphere 17, 511-515.
34. Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. and Randall, R. J. (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265-275.
35. Lunde, G., Gether, J., Gjos, N. and Lande, M. S. (1977) Organic micropollutants in precipitation in Norway. Atmos. Environ. 11, 1007-1114.
36. Machill, S., Russ, K., Estel, K. and Steger, W. E. (1996) Untersuchungen zur Mobilisierbarkeit des Eisens im Verwitterungsprozeß der Elbsandsteine durch verschiedene organische und Mineralsäuren. In Tagungsband Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie CANAS '95 (Edited by Welz, B.), pp. 595-600. Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer.
37. Mahmout, Y., Bessiere, J.-M. and Dolmazon, R. (1993) Composition of the essential oil from Kyllinga erecta S. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41, 277-279.
38. Mann, S., Webb, J. and Williams, R. J. P. (eds) (1989) Biomineralization. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
39. MassLib (19??) Developed by the MPI für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim, Germany, distributed by Chemical Concepts, Weinheim, Germany.
40. Matissek, R., Schnepel, F. M. and Steiner, G. (1992) Lebensmittelanalytik: Grundzüge, Methoden, Anwendungen. Springer, Berlin.
41. Mazurek, M. A., Cass, R. G. and Simoneit, B. R. T. (1991) Biological input to visibility-reducing aerosol particles in the remote arid southwestern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 684-694.
42. McCarthy, R. and Moore, C. E. (1952) Determination of free carbon in atmospheric dust. Anal. Chem. 24, 411-412.
43. Morrison, R. I. (1969) Soil Lipids. In Organic Geochemistry (Edited by Murphy, M. T. J. and Eglinton, G.), pp. 558-575. Springer, Heidelberg.
44. Nicholas, H. J. (1973) Miscellaneous volatile plant products. Phytochemistry 2, 381-399.
45. Nojima, K., Kawaguchi, A., Ohaya, T., Kanno, S. and Hirobe, M. (1983) Studies on photochemical reaction of air pollutants: identification of nitrophenols in suspended particulates. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 1047-1051.
46. Noll, W. (1991) Alte Keramiken und ihre Pigmente. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
47. Nord, A. G. and Ericsson, T. (1993) Chemical analysis of thin black layers on building stone. Stud. Conserv. 38, 25-35.
48. Nord, A. G., Svardh, A. and Tonner, K. (1994) Air pollution levels reflected in deposits on building stone. Atmos. Environ. 28, 2615-2622.
49. Pierce, A. E. (1968) Silylation of Organic Compounds, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford.
50. Ratledge, C. (1979) Degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. In Developments in Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons (Edited by Watkinson, R. J.) Vol. 1, pp. 1-46. Applied Science Publishers, London.
51. Russ, K., Machill, S. and Steger, W. E. (1995) Analysis of weathering products formed on Saxonean Cretaceous sandstones. Analyst 120, 1465-1469.
52. Saiz-Jimenez, C. and de Leeuw, J. W. (1984) Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of isolated, synthetic and degraded lignins. Org. Geochem. 10, 417-422.
53. Saiz-Jimenez, C. (1991) Characterization of organic compounds in weathered stones. In Science Technology European Cultural Heritage (Edited by Baer, N. S., Sabbioni, C. and Sors, A. I.), pp. 523-526. C. E.C.-Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
54. Saiz-Jimenez, C. (1993) Deposition of airborne organic pollutants on historic buildings. Atmos. Environ. 27B, 77-85.
55. Sand, W., Ahlers, B., Krause-Kupsch, T., Meinke, M., Krieg, E., Diercks, M., Sameluck, F. and Bock, E. (1989) Mikroorganismen und ihre Bedeutung für die Zerstörung von mineralischen Baustoffen. Z. Umweltchem. und Ökotox. 3, 36-40.
56. Scheunert, I. (1994) Microbial degradation of organic foreign substances in the soil. Chemie Unserer Zeit 28, 68-78.
57. Sepic, E., Leskovsek, H. and Trier, C. (1995) Aerobic bacterial degradation of selected poly-aromatic compounds and n-alkanes found in petroleum. J. Chromatogr. A697, 515-523.
58. Simoneit, B. R. T. and Mazurek, M. A. (1981) Air pollution: the organic components. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 11, 219-276.
59. Simoneit, B. R. T. (1984) Application of molecular marker analysis to reconcile sources of carbonaceous particulates in tropospheric aerosols. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 61-72.
60. Simoneit, B. R. T. (1985) Application of molecular marker analysis to vehicular exhaust for source reconcilations. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 22, 203-233.
61. Simoneit, B. R. T. (1989) Organic matter of the troposphere - V: application of molecular marker analysis to biogenic emissions into the troposphere for source reconciliations. J. Atmos. Chem. 8, 251-275.
62. Simoneit, B. R. T., Sheng, G., Chen, X., Fu, J., Zang, J. and Xu, Y. (1991) Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China. Atmos. Environ. 10, 2111-2129.
63. Simoneit, B. R. T., Rogge, W. F., Mazurek, M. A., Standley, L. J., Hildemann, L. M. and Cass, G. R. (1993) Lignin pyrolysis products, lignans, and resin acids as specific tracers of plant classes in emissions from biomass combustion. Environ. Sci. Techn. 27, 2533-2541.
64. Snethlage, R. (1984) Zum Kenntnisstand von Verwitterungsvorgängen an Natursteinen. Arbeitsheft. Bayerisches Landesamt Denkmalpflege 31, 20-27.
65. Standley, L. J. and Simoneit, B. R. T. (1987) Characterization of extractable plant wax, resin, and thermally matured components in smoke particles from prescribed burns. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 163-169.
66. Tissot, D. H. and Welte, T. H. (1984) Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Springer, New York.
67. Verrecchia, E. P., Dumont, J. L. and Verrecchia, K. E. (1993) Role of calcium oxalate biomineralization by fungi in the formation of calcretes: a case study from Nazareth. Isreal. J. Sediment. Petrol. 63, 1000-1006.
68. Vieser, H. (1987) Wenn die Steine sterben: Rettet die Kunst. Bild Wiss. 12, 42-56.
69. Wagner, M. and Schwartz, W. (1967) Geomikrobiologische Untersuchungen: VII. Über das Verhalten von Bakterien auf der Oberfläche von Gesteinen und Mineralien und ihre Rolle bei der Verwitterung. Zeitschr. Allgem. Mikrobiol. 7, 33-52.
70. Warscheid, T. (1990) Untersuchungen zur Biodeterioration von Sandsteinen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der chemoorganotrophen Bakterien. Doctoral thesis, FB Biologie, Universität Oldenburg.
71. Warscheid, T., Petersen, K. and Krumbein, W. E. (1988) Physiological characterization of chemoorganotrophic bacteria isolated from sandstones. In Proc. Sixth Int. Cong. Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, Poland, pp. 26-32.
72. Warscheid, T., Petersen, K. and Krumbein, W. E. (1989a) Procedures and methods for the assessment of microbiological influences on stone decay. In Proc. Eur. Symp. Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.
73. Warscheid, T., Petersen, K. and Krumbein, W. E. (1989b) Die Besiedlung unterschiedlicher Sandsteine durch chemoorganotrophe Baketeien und deren Einfluß auf den Prozeß der Gesteinszerströrung. Z. dt. geol. Ges. 140, 209-217.
74. Warscheid, T., Ölting, M. and Krumbein, W. E. (1991) Physico-chemical aspects of biodeterioration processes on rocks with special regard to organic pollutants. Int. Biodeter. 28, 37-48.
75. Whitlach, R. B. and Johnson, R. G. (1974) Methods for staining organic matter in sediments. J. Sediment. Petrol. 44, 1310-1312.
76. Zappia, G., Sabbioni, C. and Gobbi, G. (1993) Non-carbonate carbon content on black and white areas of damaged stone monuments. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1117-1121.
77. Zier, N. (1991) Analytische Untersuchungen zur Verwitterung der Elbsandsteine unter Anwendung spektroskopischer Methoden, Diploma project, TU Dresden.