Time course of changes in lactate and free fatty acids after experimental brain injury and relationship to morphologic damage

Experimental Neurology

Volumn 146, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 240-249

  Dhillon, H S ^a   Dose, J M ^a   Scheff, S W ^a   Prasad, M Renuka ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FATTY ACID; LACTIC ACID;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN LEVEL; HIPPOCAMPUS; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

EID: 0031193507     PISSN: 00144886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6524     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. 4 selectively increases blood-brain barrier permeability after focal ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 638-643.
2. 2. Bazan, N. G., E. B. Rodriguez de Turco, and G. Allan. 1995. Mediators of injury in neurotrauma: Intracellular signal transduction and gene expression. J. Neurotrauma 12: 791-814.
3. 3. Bligh, E. G., and W. J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911-917.
4. 4. Chan, P. H., and R. A. Fishman. 1984. The role of arachidonic acid in vasogenic brain edema. Fed. Proc. 43: 210-213.
5. 5. Cooper, P. R. 1985. Delayed brain injury: Secondary insults. In Central Nervous System Trauma Status Report (D. P. Becker and J. T. Povlishock, Eds.), pp. 217-228. National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
6. 6. Cortez, S. C., T. K. McIntosh, and L. J. Noble. 1989. Experimental fluid percussion brain injury: Vascular disruption and neuronal and glial alterations. Brain Res. 482: 271-281.
7. 7. Delahunty, T. M. 1992. Mild traumatic brain injury enhances muscarinic receptor-linked inositol phosphate production in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 594: 307-310.
8. 8. Dempsey, R. J., M. W. Roy, K. Meyer, D. E. Cowen, and H. H. Tai. 1986. Development of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid after transient cerebral ischemia. J. Neurosurg. 64: 118-124.
9. 9. DeSalles, A. A., H. A. Kontos, D. P. Becker, et al. 1986. Prognostic significance of ventricular CSF lactic acidosis in severe head injury. J. Neurosurg. 65: 615-624.
10. 2 levels in rats. J. Neurotrauma 5: 303-313.
11. 11. Dhillon, H. S., D. Donaldson, R. J. Dempsey, and M. R. Prasad. 1994. Regional levels of free fatty acids and Evans blue extravasation after experimental brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 11: 405-415.
12. 12. Dhillon, H. S., T. Carbary, J. Dose, R. J. Dempsey, and M. R. Prasad. 1995. Activation of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate signal transduction pathway after experimental brain injury: a lipid study. Brain Res. 698: 100-106.
13. 13. Dietrich, W. D., O. Alonso, R. Busto, and M. D. Ginsberg. 1994. Widespread metabolic depression and reduced somatosensory circuit activation following traumatic brain injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 11: 629-640.
14. 14. Dietrich, W. D., O. Alonso, R. Busto, MY-T Globus, and M. D. Ginsberg. 1994. Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 87: 250-258.
15. 15. Ellis, E. F., K. F. Wright, E. P. Wei, and H. A. Kontos. 1981. Cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism in cat cerebral cortex after experimental concussive brain injury. J. Neurochem. 37: 892-896.
16. 16. Faden, A. I., P. Demediuk, S. S. Panter, and R. Vink. 1989. The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science 244: 798-800.
17. 17. Feeney, D. M., R. L. Sutton, M. G. Boyeson, D. A. Hovda, and W. G. Dail. 1985. The locus coeruleus and cerebral metabolism: recovery of function after cortical injury. Physiol. Psychol. 13: 197-203.
18. 18. Fiskum, G. 1983. Involvement of mitochondria in ischemic cell injury and in regulation of intracellular calcium. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1: 147-153.
19. 19. Gorman, L. K., K. Fu, D. A. Hovda, D. P. Becker, and Y. Katayama. 1989. Analysis of acetylcholine release following concussive brain injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 6: 203.
20. 20. Hall, E. D., P. K. Andrus, and P. A. Yonkers. 1993. Brain hydroxyl radical generation in acute experimental head injury. J. Neurochem. 60: 588-594.
21. 21. Hayes, R. L., L. W. Jenkins, and B. G. Lyeth. 1992. Neurotransmitter-mediated mechanisms of traumatic brain injury: acetylcholine and excitatory amino acids. J. Neurotrauma 9: S173-S187.
22. 22. Hicks, R. R., D. H. Smith, and T. K. McIntosh. 1995. Temporal response and effects of excitatory amino acid antagonism on microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity following experimental brain injury in rats. Brain Res. 678: 151-160.
23. 23. Hicks, R. R., H. Soares, D. H. Smith, and T. K. McIntosh. 1996. Temporal and spatial characterization of neuronal injury following lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 91: 236-246.
24. 24. Hovda, D. A., D. P. Becker, and Y. Katayama. 1992. Secondary injury and acidosis. J. Neurotrauma 9: S47-S60.
25. 25. Hovda, D. A., A. Yoshino, T. Kawamata, Y. Katayama, and D. P. Becker. 1991. Diffuse prolonged depression of cerebral oxidative metabolism following concussive brain injury in the rat: a cytochrome oxidase histochemistry study. Brain Res. 567: 1-10.
26. 26. Inao, S., A. Maramoru, G. D. Clarke, B. J. Andersen, P. P. Fatouros, and H. F. Young. 1988. Production and clearance of lactate from brain tissue cerebrospinal fluid and serum following experimental brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 69: 736-744.
27. 27. Ishige, N., L. H. Pitts, I. Berry, M. C. Nishimura, and T. L. James. 1988. The effects of hypovolemic hypotension on high-energy phosphate metabolism of traumatized brain in rats. J. Neurosurg. 68: 129-136.
28. 28. Katayama, Y., D. P. Becker, T. Tamura, and D. A. Hovda. 1990. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concessive brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 73: 889-900.
29. 29. Kawamata, T., Y Katayama, D. A. Hovda, A. Yoshino, and D. P. Becker. 1995. Lactate accumulation following concussive brain injury: the role of ionic fluxes induced by excitatory amino acids. Brain Res. 674: 196-204.
30. 30. Kontos, H. A., E. P. Wei, E. F. Ellis, L. W. Jenkins, J. T. Povlishock, G. T. Rowe, and M. L. Hess. 1985. Appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during increased prostaglandin synthesis in cats. Circ. Res. 57: 142-151.
31. 31. Lanier, W. L., R. E. Hoefer, and W. J. Gallagher. 1996. Metabolism of glucose, glycogen, and high energy phosphates during transient forebrain ischemia in diabetic rats. Anesthesiology 84: 917-925.
32. 32. Lowenstein, D. H., M. J. Thomas, D. H. Smith, and T. K. McIntosh. 1992. Selective vulnerability of dentate hilar neurons following traumatic brain injury: A potential mechanistic link between head trauma and disorders of the hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 12: 4846-4853.
33. 33. Lyeth, B. C., and R. L. Hayes. 1992. Cholinergic and opioid mediation of traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 9: S463-S474.
34. 34. Marmarou, A. 1992. Intracellular acidosis in human and experimental brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 9: S551-S562.
35. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. J. Neurochem. 49: 1530-1540.
36. 36. Michel, R. P., and L. M. Cruz-Orive. 1988. Application of the Cavalieri principle and vertical sections method to lung: Estimation of volume and pleural surface area. J. Microsc. 150: 117-136.
37. 2 and prostacyclin. Pharmacol. Rev. 30: 293-331.
38. 4 in gerbil brains after ischemia and reperfusion. Science 224: 886-889.
39. 39. Nedergaard, M., S. A. Goldman, S. Desai, and W. A. Pulsinelli. 1991. Acid-induced death in neurons and glia. J. Neurosci. 11: 2489-2497.
40. 40. Nilsson, P., L. Hillered, U. Ponten, and U. Ungerstedt. 1990. Changes in cortical extracellular levels of energy-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain injury in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 631-637.
41. 41. Padmaperuma, B., H. S. Dhillon, T. Carbary, and M. R. Prasad. 1995. Regional properties of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor after experimental brain injury. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 16: 121-128.
42. 42. Palmer, A. M., D. W. Marion, M. L. Botscheller, P. E. Swedlow, S. D. Styren, and S. T. Dekosky. 1993. Traumatic brain injury-induced excitotoxicity assessed in a controlled cortical impact model. J. Neurochem. 61: 2015-2024.
43. 43. Paxions, G., and C. Watson. 1986. The Rat Brain in Stearotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, San Diego.
44. 44. Prasad, M. R., C. Ramaiah, T. K. McIntosh, R. J. Dempsey, S. Hipkens, and D. Yurek. 1994a. Regional levels of lactate and norepinephrine after experimental brain injury. J. Neurochem. 63: 1086-1094.
45. 45. Prasad, M. R., H. S. Dhillon, T. Carbary, R. J. Dempsey, and S. W. Scheff. 1994b. Enhanced phosphodiestric breakdown of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate after experimental brain injury. J. Neurochem. 63: 773-776.
46. 46. Rabow, L., A. F. DeSalles, D. P. Becker, M. Yang, et al. 1986. CSF brain creatine kinase levels and lactic acidosis in severe head injury. J. Neurosurg. 65: 625-629.
47. 47. Rehncrona, S., L. Mela, and B. K. Siesjo. 1979. Recovery of brain mitochondrial function in the rat after complete and incomplete cerebral ischemia. Stroke 10: 437-446.
48. 48. Rehncrona, S., I. Rosen, and B. K. Siesjo. 1981. Brain lactate acidosis and ischemic cell damage: I. Biochemistry and neurophysiology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1: 297-311.
49. 49. Shohami, E., Y. Shapira, A. Sidi, and S. Cotev. 1987. Head injury induces increased prostaglandin synthesis in rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7: 58-63.
50. 2 is activated after experimental closed head injury. J. Neurochem. 53: 1541-1546.
51. 51. Siesjo, B. K. 1988. Acidosis and ischemic brain damage. Neurochem Pathol. 9: 31-88.
52. 52. Siesjo, B. K., G. Bendek, T. Koide, E. Westerberg, and T. Wieloch. 1985. Influence of acidosis on lipid peroxidation in brain tissues in vitro. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 5: 253-258.
53. 53. Smith, S. L., P. K. Andrus, J. R. Zhang, and E. D. Hall. 1994. Direct measurement of hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, and blood-brain barrier disruption following unilateral cortical impact head injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 11: 393-404.
54. 54. Soares, H. D., M. Thomas, K. Cloherty, and T. K. McIntosh. 1992. Development of prolonged focal cerebral edema and regional cation changes following experimental brain injury in the rat. J. Neurochem. 58: 1845-1852.
55. 55. Taft, W. C., K. Yang, C. E. Dixon, and R. L. Hayes. 1992. Microtubule-associated protein 2 levels decrease in hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 9: 281-290.
56. 56. Unterberg, A. W., B. J. Andersen, G. D. Clarke, and A. Marmarou. 1988. Cerebral energy metabolism following fluid-percussion brain injury in cats. J. Neurosurg. 68: 594-600.
57. 57. Unterberg, A., M. Wahl, F. Hammersen, and A. Baethman. 1987. Permeability and vasomotor response of cerebral vessels during exposure to arachidonic acid. Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 73: 209-219.
58. 58. Vink, R., V. A. Head, P. J. Rogers, T. K. McIntosh, and A. L. Faden. 1990. Mitochondrial metabolism following traumatic brain injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 7: 21-27.
59. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7: 563-571.
60. 60. Wei, E. P., R. G. Lamb, and H. A. Kontos. 1982. Increased phospholipase C activity after experimental brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 56: 695-698.
61. 61. Yamakami, I., and T. K. McIntosh. 1991. Alterations in regional cerebral blood flow following brain injury in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 655-660.
62. 62. Yang, M. S., D. S. Dewitt, D. P. Becker, and R. L. Hayes. 1985. Regional brain metabolite levels following mild experimental head injury in the cat. J. Neurosurg. 63: 617-621.