Changes in mortality from smoking in two American cancer society prospective studies since 1959

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 422-426

  Thun, Michael J ^a   Heath Jr , Clark W ^a  

^a AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMOKING;

EID: 0031193351     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1997.0182     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Slade J. Nicotine delivery devices. Nicotine addiction principles and management. 1993;Oxford Univ. Press, New York. p. 3-23.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1981, The health consequences of smoking: the changing cigarette: a report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989, Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington.
4. Hammond E C. Smoking in relation to the death rates of 1 million men and women. Haenszel W. Epidemiological approaches to the study of cancer and other chronic diseases. 1966;127-204 National Cancer Institute Monographs, Washington.
5. Stellman S D, Garfinkel L. Smoking habits and tar levels in a new American Cancer Society prospective study of 1.2 million men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 76:1986;1057-1063.
6. Garfinkel L. Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 67:1985;49-52.
7. Thun M J, Day-Lally C A, Myers D G, Calle E E, Flanders W D, Zhu B P. Trends in tobacco smoking and mortality from cigarette use in Cancer Prevention Studies I (1959-1965) and II (1982-1988). Changes in cigarette related disease risk and their implication for prevention and control. 1997;National Cancer Institute, Washington. p. 305-382.
8. Thun M J, Day-Lally C A, Calle E E, Flanders W D, Heath C W. Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: changes in a 20-year interval. Am J Public Health. 85:1995;1223-1230.
9. R, Peto, 1986, Influence of dose and duration of smoking on lung cancer rates, Tobacco: a major international health hazard, D, G, ZaridzeR, Peto, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1988, The health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction. A report of the Surgeon General, Government Printing Office, Washington.
11. Benowitz N L, Jacob P, Kozlowski L T, Yu L. Influence of smoking fewer cigarettes on exposure to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. N Engl J Med. 315:1986;1310-1313.
12. Benowitz N L, Hall S L, Herning R I, Jacob P, Jones R T, Osman A L. Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. N Engl J Med. 309:1983;139-142.
13. Herning R J, Jones R T, Bachman J, Mines A H. Puff volume increases when low-nicotine cigarettes are smoked. BMJ. 1981;187-189.
14. Russell M AH, Jarvis M, Iyer R, Feyerabend C. Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers. BMJ. 280:1980;972-976.
15. Willett W C. Vitamin A and lung cancer. Nutr Rev. 48:1990;201-211.
16. Subar A F, Harlan L C, Mattson M E. Food and nutrient intake differences between smokers and non-smokers in the U.S. Am J Public Health. 80:1990;1323-1329.
17. Wynder E L, Hoffman D. Smoking and lung cancer; scientific challenges and opportunities. Cancer Res. 54:1994;5284-5295.
18. Lew E. "Tar" and nicotine content of cigarette smoke in relation to death rates. Environ Res. 12:1976;263-274.
19. Hammond E C. The long-term benefits of reducing tar and nicotine in cigarettes. In: Banbury report 3: a safe cigarette. 1980;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview.
20. Vutuc C, Kunze M. Lung cancer risk in women in relation to tar yields of cigarettes. Prev Med. 11:1982;713-716.
21. Lubin J H, Blot W J, Berrino F, Flamant R, Gillis C R, Kunze M. Modifying risk of developing lung cancer by changing habits of cigarette smoking. BMJ. 288:1984;1953-1956.
22. Lubin J H, Blot W J, Berrino F, Flamant R, Gillis C R, Kunze M. Patterns of lung cancer risk according to type of cigarette smoked. Int J Cancer. 33:1984;569-576.
23. Wynder E L, Mabuchi K, Beattie E J. The epidemiology of lung cancer: recent trends. JAMA. 213:1970;2221-2237.
24. Tang J L, Morris J K, Wald N J, Hole D, Shipley M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Mortality in relation to tar yield of cigarettes: a prospective study of four cohorts. BMJ. 311:1995;1530-1533.
25. Wise R A, Szklo M, Matanoski G, Neugut A I. Implications of the changing tobacco-related mortality from COPD in the CPS-1 and CPS-2 surveys. Prev Med. 26:1997;462-464.
26. Scheidt S. Changing mortality from coronary heart disease among smokers and nonsmokers over a 20-year interval. Prev Med. 26:1997;441-446.
27. Ragland K E, Selvin S, Merrill D W. The onset of decline in ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 127:1988;516-531.
28. Higgins M, Thom T. Trends in CHD in the United States. Int J Epidemiol. 18:1989;S58-S66.
29. Moriyama I, Kreuger D E, Stamler J. Cardiovascular diseases in the United States. 1971;Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.