The epistemology of autism: Making a case for an embodied, dynamic, and historical explanation

Cybernetics and Systems

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 359-415

  Hendriks Jansen, Horst ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; ROBOTICS; SYSTEM THEORY;

AUTISM; EPISTEMOLOGY;

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH;

EID: 0031190745     PISSN: 01969722     EISSN: 10876553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/019697297126065     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Asperger, H. 1944. Die ‘Autistischen Psychopathen’ im Kindersalter. Arch. Psychiatrie Nervenkrankh. 117:76-136.
2. Baron-Cohen, S. 1989. Perceptual role taking and protodeclarative pointing in autism. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 7:113-137.
3. Baron-Cohen, S. 1991. Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others. In Natural theories of mind, ed. A. Whiten, 233-251. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
4. Baron-Cohen, S. 1994. How to build a baby that can read minds: Cognitive mechanisms in mind-reading. Cah. Psychol. Cogn. 13:513-552.
5. Baron-Cohen, S., A. M. Leslie, and U. Frith. 1985. Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition 21:37-46.
6. Baron-Cohen, S., H. Tager-Flusberg, and D. J. Cohen. 1993. Understanding other minds: Perspectiv es from autism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7. Bateson, M. C. 1979. The epigenesis of conversational interaction: A personal account of research development. In Bullowa (1979), pp. 63-78.
8. Beer, R. D. 1995. A dynamical systems perspective on agent-environment interaction. Artif. Intell. 72:173-215.
9. Bettelheim, B. 1959. Joey: A “mechanical boy.” Sci. Am. 200:116-127.
10. Bingham, G. P. 1995. Dynamics and the problem of visual event recognition. In Port & van Gelder, 403-448. (1995).
11. Brazelton, T. B. 1979. Evidence of communication during neonatal behavioral assessment. In Bullowa (1979), pp. 79-88.
12. Brooks, R. A. 1986. Achieving artificial intelligence through building robots. MIT AI Memo No. 899.
13. Brooks, R. A. 1991a. Challenges for complete creature architectures. In Meyer & Wilson (1991), pp. 434-443.
14. Brooks, R. A. 1991b. Intelligence without representations. Artif. Intell. 47:139 -159.
15. Brooks, R. A. 1992. Artificial life and real robots. In Varela & Bourgine (1992), pp. 3-10.
16. Brooks, R. A. 1994. Coherent behavior from many adaptive processes. In From animals to animats 3: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, ed. D. Cliff, P. Husband, J.-A. Meyer, and S. W. Wilson, 22-29. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
17. Brooks, R. A., and P. Maes. 1994. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
18. Brooks, R. A., and L. A. Stein. 1993. Building Brains for Bodies. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo 1439.
19. Browman, C. P., and L. Goldstein. 1995. Dynamics and articular phonology. In Port & van Gelder, 175-194. (1995).
20. Bruner, J. S. 1976. On prelinguistic prerequisites of speech. In Recent advances in the psychology of language: Language development and mother-child inter action, ed. R. N. Campbell and R. T. Smith, 199-214. London: Plenum Press.
21. Bruner, J. S. 1982. The organization of action and the nature of adult-infant transaction. In The analysis of action, ed. M. von Cranach and R. Harre, 313-328. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Bruner, J. S. 1990. Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. Bruner, J. S., and M. Scaife. 1976. The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature 253:265-266.
24. Bullowa, M., ed. 1979. Before speech: The beginning of interpersonal communica tion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Butterworth, G. 1991. The ontogeny and phylogeny of joint visual attention. In Natural theories of mind, ed. A. Whiten, 223 -232Oxford: Blackwell.
26. Camaioni, L. 1993. The development of intentional communication. In New perspectives in early communicative development, ed. J. Nadel and L. Camaioni, 82-96. London: Routledge.
27. Chapman, D., and P. E. Agre. 1987. Abstract reasoning as emergent from concrete activity. In Reasoning about actions and plans, ed. M. P. Georgeff and A. L. Lansky, 411 -424. Los Angeles: Morgan-Kauffman.
28. Clark, A. 1993. Associative engines: Connectionism, concepts and representational change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29. Collis, G. M. 1979. Describing the structure of social interaction in infancy. In Bullowa (1979), pp. 111 -130.
30. De Gelder, B. 1987. On not having a theory of mind. Cognition 27:285-290.
31. Dennett, D. C. 1978. Beliefs about beliefs. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:568-570.
32. Dretske, F. 1986. Misrepresentation. In Belief, content and function, ed. R. J. Bogdan. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
33. Dretske, F. 1988. Explaining behavior: Reasons in a world of causes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
34. Fischer, K. W., and T. Bidell. 1991. Constraining nativist inferences about cognitive capacities. In The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition, ed. S. Carey and R. Gelman, 199-235. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Fogel, A. 1993. Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. In New perspectives in early communicative development, ed. J. Nadel and L. Camaioni, 9-22. London: Routledge.
36. Fogel, A., and T. E. Hannan. 1985. Manual actions of nine- to fifteen-week-old human infants during face-to-face interaction with their mothers. Child Dev. 56:1271 -1279.
37. Fogel, A., and E. Thelen. 1987. Development of early expressive and commu nicative action: Reinterpreting the evidence from a dynamic systems per spective. Dev. Psychol. 23:747-761.
38. Frith, U. 1989. Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
39. Gibson, J. J. 1979. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
40. Giunti, M. 1995. Dynamical models of cognition. In Port & van Gelder, 549-572. (1995).
41. Happe, F. 1994. Autism: An introduction to psychological theory. London: UCL Press.
42. Hendriks-Jansen, H. J. 1993. Natural kinds, autonomous robots and history of use. In Proceedings of the 1993 European Conference on Artificial Life, Brussels, pp. 440-450.
43. Hendriks-Jansen, H. J. 1994a. Brain-models, mind-models and models of situ ated behaviour. AISB Q. 87:29-35.
44. Hendriks-Jansen, H. J. 1994b. In praise of interactive emergence, or why explanations don’t have to wait for implementations. In Brooks & Maes (1994), pp. 70-79.
45. M. A. Boden, ed. (1996), The philosophy of artificial life, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Hendriks-Jansen, H. J. 1996. Catching ourselves in the act: Situated activity, interactiv e emergence, evolution, and human thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
47. Hermelin, B., and N. O’Connor. 1970. Psychological experiments with autistic children. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
48. Hinde, R. A. 1982. Ethology: Its nature and relations with other sciences, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Hirsh-Pasek, K., P. W. Jusczyk, K. Wright Cassidy, B. Druss, and C. Kennedy. 1987. Clauses are perceptual units of young infants. Cognition 26:269-286.
50. Hobson, R. P. 1993. Autism and the development of mind, Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.
51. Horswill, I. 1992. Characterizing adaption by constraint. In Varela and Bourgine (1992), pp. 58-63.
52. Kanner, L. 1943. Autistic disturbance of affective contact. Nervous Child 2:217 -250.
53. Karmiloff-Smith, A. 1993. Self-organization and cognitive change. In Brain development and cognition: A reader, ed. M. M. Johnson, 592-618. Oxford: Blackwell.
54. Kaye, K. 1982. Organism, apprentice and person. In Social interchange in infancy, ed. E. Z. Tronick, 183-196. Baltimore: University Park Press.
55. Kirsh, D. 1991. Foundations of AI: The big issues. Artif. Intell. 47:3-30.
56. Klin, A., F. R. Volkmar, and S. S. Sparrow. 1992. Autistic social dysfunction: some limitations of the theory of mind hypothesis. J. Child Psychol. Psychi atry 33:861 - 876.
57. Koza, J. R. 1992. Evolution of subsumption using genetic programming. In Varela & Bourgine (1992), pp. 110-122.
58. Leekam, S. R., and J. Perner. 1991. Does the autistic child have a metarepresen tational deficit? Cognition 40:203-218.
59. Leslie, A. M. 1987. Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind.” Psychol. Rev. 94:412-426.
60. Leslie, A. M. 1991. The theory of mind impairment in autism: Evidence for a modular mechanism of development? In Natural theories of mind, ed. A. Whiten, 63-78. Oxford: Blackwell.
61. Leslie, A., and D. Roth. 1993. What autism teaches us about metarepresenta tion. In Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg & Cohen (1993), pp. 83-111.
62. Leung, E. H. L., and H. L. Rheingold. 1981. Development of pointing as a social gesture. Dev. Psychol. 17:215-220.
63. Marr, D. 1977. Artificial intelligence - a personal view. Artif. Intell. 9:37-48.
64. Marr, D. 1982. Vision. New York: Freeman.
65. Mataric, M. J. 1991. Navigating with a rat brain: A neurobiologically inspired model for robot spatial representation. In Meyer & Wilson (1991), pp. 169 -175.
66. Meyer, J. A., and S. W. Wilson. 1991. From animals to animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Cam bridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
67. Michotte, A. 1946. The perception of causality (trans. T. R. Miles,1963). London: Methuen.
68. Millikan, R. 1984. Language, thought and other biological categories: New founda tions for realism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
69. Millikan, R. 1986. Thoughts without laws; cognitive science without content. Philos. Rev. 95(1):47-80.
70. Millikan, R. 1989. Biosemantics. J. Philos. 86:281 -297.
71. Morton, J., and U. Frith. 1994. Causal modelling: A structural approach to developmental psychopathology. In Manual of developmental psychopathol ogy, ed. D. Cicchetti and D. J. Cohen. Vol. 1, Chap. 13. New York: Wiley.
72. Mundy, P., and M. Sigman. 1989. Specifying the nature of the social impairment in autism. In Autism: Nature, diagnosis, and treatment, ed. G. Dawson, 3-21. New York: Guilford Press.
73. Nagel, E. 1961. The structure of science: Problems in the logic of scientific explanation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
74. Ornitz, E. M., and E. R. Ritvo. 1976. The syndrome of autism: A critical review. Am. J. Psychia try 1 3:6.
75. Oyama, S. 1993. The problem of change. In Brain development and cognition: A reader, in Johnson, 19-30. Oxford: Blackwell.
76. Ozonoff, S., B. F. Pennington, and S. J. Rogers. 1991. Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 32:1081 -1106.
77. Papousek, H., and M. Papousek. 1977. Mothering and the cognitive head-start: Psychobiological considerations. In Schaffer (1977a), pp. 63-85.
78. Paul, R. 1987. Communication. In Handbook of autism and pervasive develop - mental disorders, ed. D. J. Cohen, A. M. Donnellan, and R. Paul, 61 -84New York: Wiley.
79. Perner, J. 1993. The theory of mind deficit in autism: Rethinking the metarepre sentational theory. In Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg & Cohen (1993), pp. 112 -137.
80. Perner, J., U. Frith, A. M. Leslie, and S. Leekam. 1989. Exploration of the autistic child’s theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication. Child Dev. 60:689-700.
81. Pfeifer, R., and P. Verschure. 1992. Distributive adaptive control: a paradigm for designing autonomous agents. In Varela & Bourgine (1992), 21 -30.
82. Phillips, W., J. C. Gomez, S. Baron-Cohen, V. Laa, and A. Riviere, (in press) Treating people as objects, agents, or “subjects”: How young children with and without autism make requests. J. Child Psychol. and Psychiatry.
83. Port, R. F., and T. van Gelder, eds. 1995. Mind as motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84. Prem, E. 1995. Grounding and the entailment structure in robots and artificial life. In Advances in artificial life, ed. F. Moran et al., 39-51. Berlin: Springer. LNAI 929.
85. Premack, D. 1990. The infant’s theory of self-propelled objects. Cognition 35:1 -16.
86. Premack, D., and G. Woodruff. 1978. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav. Brain Sci. 4:515-526.
87. Pylyshyn, Z. W. 1978. When is attribution of beliefs justified? Behav. Brain Sci. 4:592 - 593.
88. Ricks, D. 1979. Making sense of experience to make sensible sounds. In Bullowa (1979), pp. 245-268.
89. Rutter, M. 1978. Diagnosis and definition. InAutism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment, ed. M. Rutter and E. Schopler, 1 -25. New York: Plenum.
90. Rutter, M. 1983. Cognitive deficits in the pathogenesis of autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 24:513-531.
91. Sacks, O. 1995. An anthropologist on Mars. London: Picador.
92. Schaffer, R. H., ed. 1977a. Studies in mother-infant interaction: Proceedings of Loch Lomond Symposium. New York: Academic Press.
93. Schaffer, H. R. 1977b. Early interactive development. In Schaffer (1977a), pp. 3 -18.
94. Shanon, B. 1984. Meno-a cognitive psychological view. Br. J. Philos. Sci. 35:129 -147.
95. Sigman, M., and J. Ungerer. 1984. Cognitive and language skills in autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Dev. Psychol. 20:293-302.
96. Sigman, M., P. Mundy, J. Ungerer, and T. Sherman. 1986. Social interactions of autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children and their caregivers. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 27:647-656.
97. Sinha, C. 1988. Language and representation. Hemel-Hempstead, UK: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
98. Sloman, A. 1978. The computer revolution in philosophy. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
99. Smithers, T. 1992. Taking eliminative materialism seriously: A methodology for autonomous systems research. In Varela & Bourgine (1992), pp. 31 -40.
100. Steels, L. 1991. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In Meyer & Wilson (1991), pp. 451 -461.
101. Sterelny, K. 1990. The representational theory of mind. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
102. Thelen, E. 1982. Newborn stepping: An explanation for a ‘disappearing’ reflex. Dev. Psychol. 18:760-775.
103. Thelen, E. 1985. Expression as action: A motor perspective of the transition from spontaneous to instrumental behaviours. In The dev elopment of expres sive behaviour: Biology-environment interactions, ed. G. Zivin, 221 -248. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
104. Thelen, E. 1993. Self-organization in developmental processes: Can systems approaches work? In Johnson (1993), pp. 555-591.
105. Thelen, E., and L. B. Smith. 1994. A dynamic systems approach to the develop ment of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
106. Trevarthen, C. 1977. Descriptive analyses of infant communicative behaviour. In Schaffer (1977a), pp. 227-270.
107. Tronick, E., E. Als, and L. Adamson. 1979. Structure of early face-to-face communicative interactions. In Bullowa (1979), pp. 349-372.
108. Turvey, M. T., and C. Carello. 1995. Some dynamical themes in perception and action. In Port & van Gelder, 373-402. (1995).
109. Van Gelder, T. 1992. What might cognition be if not computation? Indiana University Cognitive Science Research Report 75.
110. Varela, F., and P. Bourgine. 1992. Toward a practice of autonomous systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
111. Von Hofsten, C. 1984. Developmental changes in the organisation of prereach ing movements. Dev. Psychol. 20:378-388.
112. Von Uexkull, J. 1934. A stroll through the worlds of animals and men. In Instinctive behaviour: The development of a modern concept, ed. C. H. Schiller and K. S. Lashley, 5-82. New York: International University Press.
113. Waterhouse, L., L. Wing, and D. Fein. 1989. Re-evaluating the syndrome of autism in the light of empirical research. In Autism: Nature, diagnosis, and treatment, ed. G. Dawson, 263-382. New York: Guilford Press.
114. Way, E. C. 1991. Knowledge representation and metaphor. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
115. Wilkes, K. 1989. Explanations-how not to miss the point. In Goals, no goals, and own goals, ed. A. Montefiore and D. Noble, 194-210. London: Unwin Hyman.
116. Wimmer, H., and J. Perner. 1983. Belief about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103-128.
117. Yirmiya, N., C. Kasari, M. Sigman, and P. Mundy. 1989. Facial expressions of affect in autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 30:725-735