The post-Soviet Russian extreme right

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 53-61

  Umland, Andreas ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031184908     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.1997.11655742     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. From this follows that I associate "right-wing extremism" hereafter with radical forms of ascription and elitism, maximalist particularism, and ultranationalism. The term "fascism" refers to palingenetic (expressing the myth of rebirth, regeneration), populist ultranationalism. Roger D. Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, 2d ed. (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 26 and 240. See also Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), p. 14.
2. From this follows that I associate "right-wing extremism" hereafter with radical forms of ascription and elitism, maximalist particularism, and ultranationalism. The term "fascism" refers to palingenetic (expressing the myth of rebirth, regeneration), populist ultranationalism. Roger D. Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, 2d ed. (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 26 and 240. See also Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), p. 14.
3. Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1990), p. xv.
4. On the nationalist village prose tradition in Soviet Russian literature, see Luise Wangler, Vasilij Belov: Menschliche und gesellschaftliche Probleme (Vasilii Belov: Human and Social Problems) (Munich: Verlag O. Sagner in Kommission, 1985); David C. Gillespie, Valentin Rasputin and Soviet Russian Village Prose (London: Modem Humanities Research Association, 1986); and Kathleen Parthé, Russian Village Prose: The Radiant Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
5. On the nationalist village prose tradition in Soviet Russian literature, see Luise Wangler, Vasilij Belov: Menschliche und gesellschaftliche Probleme (Vasilii Belov: Human and Social Problems) (Munich: Verlag O. Sagner in Kommission, 1985); David C. Gillespie, Valentin Rasputin and Soviet Russian Village Prose (London: Modem Humanities Research Association, 1986); and Kathleen Parthé, Russian Village Prose: The Radiant Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
6. On the nationalist village prose tradition in Soviet Russian literature, see Luise Wangler, Vasilij Belov: Menschliche und gesellschaftliche Probleme (Vasilii Belov: Human and Social Problems) (Munich: Verlag O. Sagner in Kommission, 1985); David C. Gillespie, Valentin Rasputin and Soviet Russian Village Prose (London: Modem Humanities Research Association, 1986); and Kathleen Parthé, Russian Village Prose: The Radiant Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
7. John Dunlop, The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), and The New Russian Nationalism (New York: Praeger, 1985); and Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1978), and The Russian Challenge and the Year 2000 (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
8. John Dunlop, The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), and The New Russian Nationalism (New York: Praeger, 1985); and Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1978), and The Russian Challenge and the Year 2000 (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
9. John Dunlop, The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), and The New Russian Nationalism (New York: Praeger, 1985); and Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1978), and The Russian Challenge and the Year 2000 (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
10. John Dunlop, The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), and The New Russian Nationalism (New York: Praeger, 1985); and Alexander Yanov, The Russian New Right: Right-Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1978), and The Russian Challenge and the Year 2000 (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
11. Mikhail Agursky, Contemporary Russian Nationalism: History Revisited, Research Paper 45 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Centre, Hebrew University, 1982); Dina R. Spechler, Russian Nationalism and Political Stability in the USSR (Cambridge: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1983); and Yitzhak M. Brudny, "The Heralds of Opposition to Perestroika," Soviet Economy 5, no. 2 (1989): 162-200.
12. Mikhail Agursky, Contemporary Russian Nationalism: History Revisited, Research Paper 45 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Centre, Hebrew University, 1982); Dina R. Spechler, Russian Nationalism and Political Stability in the USSR (Cambridge: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1983); and Yitzhak M. Brudny, "The Heralds of Opposition to Perestroika," Soviet Economy 5, no. 2 (1989): 162-200.
13. Mikhail Agursky, Contemporary Russian Nationalism: History Revisited, Research Paper 45 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Centre, Hebrew University, 1982); Dina R. Spechler, Russian Nationalism and Political Stability in the USSR (Cambridge: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1983); and Yitzhak M. Brudny, "The Heralds of Opposition to Perestroika," Soviet Economy 5, no. 2 (1989): 162-200.
14. Veljko Vujačić, "Review of Laqueur, Black Hundred'," Political Science Quarterly 109, no. 4 (1994): 713.
15. Additional observations on the significance of international diffusion of rightist theories for the Russian New Right can be found in Walter Laqueur, Fascism: Past, Present, Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 178-96.
16. Vujačić, "Review of Laqueur, Black Hundred," p. 714.
17. Veljko Vujačić, "Gennadiy Zyuganov and the 'Third Road,' " Post-Soviet Affairs 12, no. 2 (1996): 118-54.
18. Other relevant serials by the Moscow Agency "What the Papers Say" (not reviewed here) include the Russian-language monthly Natsional'naia politika i politicheskii ekstremizm (Nationalities Policy and Political Extremism) and the English-language weeklies Jews in Russia and the CIS and Human Rights.
19. Other relevant serials by the Moscow Agency "What the Papers Say" (not reviewed here) include the Russian-language monthly Natsional'naia politika i politicheskii ekstremizm (Nationalities Policy and Political Extremism) and the English-language weeklies Jews in Russia and the CIS and Human Rights.
20. Another relevant publication of the Civil Society Foundation is the manuscript Sovremennyi fashizm, natsionalizm, ksenofobiia i antisemitizm v pechati Rossii: Informatsionno-analiticheskie materialy (Contemporary Fascism, Nationalism, Xenophobia, and Anti-Semitism in the Russian Press: Informational-Analytical Materials) (Moscow: Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo, 1995).
21. For summaries of the heated Russian debate on the existence and relevance of Russian fascism, see Sovremennyi fashizm; O preduprezhdenii proiavlenii fashistskoi opasnosti v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Materialy parlamentskikh slushanii. 14 fevralia 1995 goda (On the Warning About Symptoms of a Fascist Threat in the Russian Federation: Materials of the Parliamentary Hearings. February 14, 1995) (Moscow: Gosudarstvennaia Duma, 1995);
22. and Ugrozhaet li Rossii fashizm? Materialy "kruglykh stolov" (1994-1995 gg.) (Is Fascism Threatening Russia? Materials of "Round-Tables" [1994-1995]) (Moscow: Tsentr sotsial'nykh issledovanii bezopasnosti ISPIRAN, 1996).
23. In view of the high correlation of Russian right-wing extremism with anti-Semitismjournals that focused or still focus on Russian Jewry provide many especially well-informed analyses of contemporary Russian ultranationalism. These include Jews in the USSR, East European Jewish Affairs, Jews and Jewish Topics in Soviet and East European Publications, Insight: Soviet Jews, as well as the Research Reports of the London Institute of Jewish Affairs and the research papers of the Soviet and East European Research Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
24. Recently, the Panorama Group has compiled some very well informed and comprehensive documents on and overviews of right-wing extremist organizations and activists. Other similar research groups include the Center for Analytical Information on the Political Situation headed by Vladimir Berezovskii and Vladimir Cherviakov and the Archive of Non-Traditional Press of Aleksandr Suetnov, both in Moscow.
25. P. Gebhard, "Eine Brücke zwischen Europa und Asien: Die Lehre der Eurasier in der gegenwärtigen Diskussion um die russische Identität" (A Bridge Between Europe and Asia: The Teaching of the Eurasians in the Contemporary Discussion About Russian Identity) (M. A. thesis, Johannes Gutenberg University, 1994).
26. On January 15, 1997, Boris Berezovskii, the newly appointed deputy secretary of the Security Council, even proposed arming those who call themselves "Cossacks." This idea appears especially strange in view of some recent information that, for instance, the Terek Cossacks have announced their support for Aleksandr Barkashev's important extra-parliamentary neo-Nazi party, Russian National Unity. Robert Orttung, "Cossacks Back in National Spotlight," Open Media Research Institute, Russian Regional Report 2, no. 6 (February 12, 1997). On Russian National Unity party, see Elisabeth Richter, "Faschistische Parteien und Bewegungen in der Russisischen Föderation am Beispiel der RNE (Russische Nationale Einheit)" (Fascist Parties and Movements in the Russian Federation: The Example of the RNE [Russian National Unity]) (M. A. thesis, University of Cologne, 1996).
27. On January 15, 1997, Boris Berezovskii, the newly appointed deputy secretary of the Security Council, even proposed arming those who call themselves "Cossacks." This idea appears especially strange in view of some recent information that, for instance, the Terek Cossacks have announced their support for Aleksandr Barkashev's important extra-parliamentary neo-Nazi party, Russian National Unity. Robert Orttung, "Cossacks Back in National Spotlight," Open Media Research Institute, Russian Regional Report 2, no. 6 (February 12, 1997). On Russian National Unity party, see Elisabeth Richter, "Faschistische Parteien und Bewegungen in der Russisischen Föderation am Beispiel der RNE (Russische Nationale Einheit)" (Fascist Parties and Movements in the Russian Federation: The Example of the RNE [Russian National Unity]) (M. A. thesis, University of Cologne, 1996).
28. See Jahrbuch Extremismus und Demokratie (Yearbook of Extremism and Democracy), vols. 1-7 (1989-95).
29. See also Mikhail Zolotonosov, "Master i Margarita" kak putevoditel' po subkul' ture russkogo antisemitizma ("The Master and Margarita" as a Guide to the Sub-Culture of Russian Anti-Semitism) (St. Petersburg: INAPRESS, 1995).
30. For another interesting - although often provocative-Russian-Jewish retrospective insider essay on the specific position and role of Jews in Soviet history and society, see Sonja Margolina, Das Ende der Lügen: Ruβland und die Juden im 20. Jahrhundert (The End of the Lies: Russia and the Jews in the Twentieth Century) (Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1992). For a summary on attitudes toward Jews in Russian nationalist and patriotic writings, see Zoia Krakhmal'nikova, ed. Russkaia ideia iEvrei: Rokovoi spor. Khristianstvo, antisemitizm, natsionalizm (The Russian Idea and the Jews: A Fatal Dispute. Christianity, Anti-Semitism, and Nationalism) (Moscow: Vostochnaia literature, 1994).
31. For another interesting - although often provocative-Russian-Jewish retrospective insider essay on the specific position and role of Jews in Soviet history and society, see Sonja Margolina, Das Ende der Lügen: Ruβland und die Juden im 20. Jahrhundert (The End of the Lies: Russia and the Jews in the Twentieth Century) (Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1992). For a summary on attitudes toward Jews in Russian nationalist and patriotic writings, see Zoia Krakhmal'nikova, ed. Russkaia ideia iEvrei: Rokovoi spor. Khristianstvo, antisemitizm, natsionalizm (The Russian Idea and the Jews: A Fatal Dispute. Christianity, Anti-Semitism, and Nationalism) (Moscow: Vostochnaia literature, 1994).
32. An earlier version was published in Russian; see Semen Reznik, Krasnoe i korychnevoe: Kniga o sovetskom natsizme (The Red and the Brown: A Book on Soviet Nazism) (Washington: Vyzov, 1991).
33. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
34. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
35. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
36. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
37. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
38. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
39. For example, William Korey, The Soviet Cage: Anti-Semitism in Russia (New York: Viking, 1973); Theodore Friedgut, Soviet Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism: Another Cycle. Research Paper 54 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Jonathan Frankel, The Soviet Regime and Anti-Zionism: An Analysis, Research Paper 55 (Jerusalem: Soviet and East European Research Center, Hebrew University, 1984); Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its Roots and Consequences, 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Centre for Research and Documentation on East-European Jewry, Hebrew University, 1979-80); Robert O. Freedman, ed., Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Antisemitism and Emigration, and the Dynamics of Resettlement (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980); and Gerd Koenen and Karla Hielscher, eds., Die schwarze Front: Der neue Antisemitismus in der Sowjetunion (The Black Front: The New Anti-Semitism in Russia) (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1991). Also see Korey, Russian Anti-Semitism (1995).
40. For example, Mark Deich and L. Zhuravlev, Pamiat kak ona est (Pamiat as It Is) (Moscow: Tsunami-What and Where in Moscow, 1991); Valerii D. Solovei and I.A. Erunov, eds., Russkoe delo segodnia. Kniga I: Pamiat ' (The Russian Matters Today. Book I: Pamiat) (Moscow: TsIMO, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1991); and Vladimir Pribylovskii, ed. Natsional-patrioticheskie ob'edineniia. Chast' I: "Pamiat'" (National-Patriotic Associations. Part I: "Pamiat") (Moscow: IGPI, 1991).
41. For example, Mark Deich and L. Zhuravlev, Pamiat kak ona est (Pamiat as It Is) (Moscow: Tsunami-What and Where in Moscow, 1991); Valerii D. Solovei and I.A. Erunov, eds., Russkoe delo segodnia. Kniga I: Pamiat' (The Russian Matters Today. Book I: Pamiat) (Moscow: TsIMO, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1991); and Vladimir Pribylovskii, ed. Natsional-patrioticheskie ob'edineniia. Chast' I: "Pamiat'" (National-Patriotic Associations. Part I: "Pamiat") (Moscow: IGPI, 1991).
42. For example, Mark Deich and L. Zhuravlev, Pamiat kak ona est (Pamiat as It Is) (Moscow: Tsunami-What and Where in Moscow, 1991); Valerii D. Solovei and I.A. Erunov, eds., Russkoe delo segodnia. Kniga I: Pamiat ' (The Russian Matters Today. Book I: Pamiat) (Moscow: TsIMO, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1991); and Vladimir Pribylovskii, ed. Natsional-patrioticheskie ob'edineniia. Chast' I: "Pamiat'" (National-Patriotic Associations. Part I: "Pamiat") (Moscow: IGPI, 1991).
43. Although he frequently quotes an article by Reznik, Korey, in turn, seems to have been unaware of the earlier Russian version of Reznik's book (Krasnoe i korychnevoe). That is unfortunate because many of Reznik's pertinent participant observations and his source research would have neatly fitted into Korey's otherwise well-documented outline.
44. Neither Reznik nor Korey deals with the important 1993-94 scholarly debate on an adequate measurement and evaluation of post-Soviet Russian anti-Semitism between James L. Gibson and Robert J. Brym in Slavic Review (although Reznik briefly quotes one of the articles in his introduction). A recent update containing the relevant references may be found in Robert J. Brym, "Russian Attitudes Toward Jews: An Update," East European Jewish Affairs 26, no. 1 (1996): 55-64.
45. Neither Reznik nor Korey deals with the important 1993-94 scholarly debate on an adequate measurement and evaluation of post-Soviet Russian anti-Semitism between James L. Gibson and Robert J. Brym in Slavic Review (although Reznik briefly quotes one of the articles in his introduction). A recent update containing the relevant references may be found in Robert J. Brym, "Russian Attitudes Toward Jews: An Update," East European Jewish Affairs 26, no. 1 (1996): 55-64.
46. Jacob W. Kipp, "The Zhirinovsky Threat," Foreign Affairs 73, no. 3 (1994): 72-86.
47. Segodnia (December 22, 1993).
48. The title of Timchenko's book I'll Awake Russia with Blood is apparently an inaccurate quotation from one of Zhirinovskii's interviews.
49. An earlier version of this study was printed in two reports of the German Federal Institute for Eastern and International Studies. See Wolf Oschlies, " 'Panslawe' Zirinovskij: Osteuropa und der russische Extremistenführer" ('Pan-Slav' Zhirinovskii: Eastern Europe and the Russian Extremist Leader), Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, nos. 51 and 53 (1994).
50. Vladimir Zhirinovskii, Poslednii brosok na iug (Last Thrust to the South) (Moscow: Pisatel'-Bukvitsa, 1993).
51. Alexander J. Motyl, "Vladimir Zhirinovsky: A Man of His Times," The Harriman Review 7, nos. 7-9 (March-May 1994): 11-18; Andreas Umland, "Wladimir Shirinowskij in der russischen Politik: Einige Hintergründe des Aufstiegs der Liberal-Demokratischen Partei Rußlands" (Vladimir Zhirinovskii in Russian Politics: Some Background Information on the Rise of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), Osteuropa 44, no. 12(1994): 1117-31; and Alan J. Koman, "The Last Surge to the South: The New Enemies of Russia in the Rhetoric of Zhirinovsky," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 19 (1996): 279-327.
52. Alexander J. Motyl, "Vladimir Zhirinovsky: A Man of His Times," The Harriman Review 7, nos. 7-9 (March-May 1994): 11-18; Andreas Umland, "Wladimir Shirinowskij in der russischen Politik: Einige Hintergründe des Aufstiegs der Liberal-Demokratischen Partei Rußlands" (Vladimir Zhirinovskii in Russian Politics: Some Background Information on the Rise of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), Osteuropa 44, no. 12(1994): 1117-31; and Alan J. Koman, "The Last Surge to the South: The New Enemies of Russia in the Rhetoric of Zhirinovsky," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 19 (1996): 279-327.
53. Alexander J. Motyl, "Vladimir Zhirinovsky: A Man of His Times," The Harriman Review 7, nos. 7-9 (March-May 1994): 11-18; Andreas Umland, "Wladimir Shirinowskij in der russischen Politik: Einige Hintergründe des Aufstiegs der Liberal-Demokratischen Partei Rußlands" (Vladimir Zhirinovskii in Russian Politics: Some Background Information on the Rise of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), Osteuropa 44, no. 12(1994): 1117-31; and Alan J. Koman, "The Last Surge to the South: The New Enemies of Russia in the Rhetoric of Zhirinovsky," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 19 (1996): 279-327.
54. On the one-sidedness and limited effectiveness of Western support for the Russian democratization, see also Michael McFaul, Understanding Russia's 1993 Parliamentary Elections: Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy, Essays in Public Policy 46 (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution, 1994).
55. Important first steps in this direction are Laqueur, Fascism: Past, Present, Future, pp. 178-96; and Vujačić, "Gennadiy Zyuganov and the 'Third Road.' "
56. Important first steps in this direction are Laqueur, Fascism: Past, Present, Future, pp. 178-96; and Vujačić, "Gennadiy Zyuganov and the 'Third Road.'"