Manual muscle test score and force comparisons after cervical spinal cord injury

Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 324-330

  Needham Shropshire, Belinda M ^a   John Klose, K ^a   Tucker, Mary E ^a   Thomas, Christine K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

Functional capability; Maximum voluntary contraction; Muscle strength; Muscle weakness; Triceps brachii

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HAND GRIP; HUMAN; MALE; MUSCLE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NECK; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

ADULT; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HAND STRENGTH; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLES; NECK; SPINAL CORD INJURIES;

EID: 0031182151     PISSN: 10790268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10790268.1997.11719483     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Guttmann L. Spinal cord injuries: comprehensive management and research. Oxford; Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1976:260-5.
2. American Spinal Injury Association/International Medical Society of Paraplegia. International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. New York; American Spinal Injury Association, 1996.
3. Aitkens S, Lord J, Bernauer E, Fowler WM Jr, Lieberman JS, Berck P. Relationship of manual muscle testing to objective strength measurements. Muscle Nerve 1989;12:173-7.
4. Bohannon RW. Manual muscle test scores and dynamometer test scores of knee extension strength. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986;67:390-2.
5. Jaweed MM, Herbison GJ, Ditunno JF. Wrist extensor muscle strength measurement by force transducer in normal and quadriplegic subjects. ASIA Abstr Digest 1987;13:135-6.
6. Schwartz S, Cohen ME, Herbison GJ, Shah A. Relationship between two measures of upper extremity strength: manual muscle test compared to hand-held myometry. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992,73:1063-8.
7. Thomas CK, Tucker ME, Bigland-Ritchie B. Voluntary weakness and co-contractions after chronic cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. Submitted, 1997.
8. Ditunno JF Jr, Stover SL, Freed MM, Ahn JH. Motor recovery of the upper extremities in traumatic quadriplegia: a multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:431-6.
9. Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS, Sie I. Motor and sensory recovery following incomplete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:306-11.
10. Thomas CK, Zaidner EY, Calancie B, Broton JG, Bigland-Ritchie B. Muscle weakness, paralysis and atrophy after human cervical spinal cord injury. Exp Neural. In press, 1997.
11. Reyes ML, Gronley JK, Newsam CJ, Mulroy SJ, Perry J. Electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscles of men with low-level paraplegia during a weight relief raise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995;76:433-9.
12. Mulroy SJ, Gronley JK, Newsam CJ, Perry J. Electromyographic activity of shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion by paraplegic persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:187-93.
13. Daniels L, Worthingham C. Muscle testing: techniques of manual examination. Philadelphia; Saunders, 1986:120-1.
14. Singh M, Karpovich PV. Isotonic and isometric forces of forearm flexors and extensors. J Appl Physiol 1966;21:1435-7.
15. Stover SL, Fine PR, Kennedy EJ. Spinal cord injury: the facts and figures. Birmingham, AL; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham, 1986:13-4.
16. Wadsworth CT, Krishnan R, Sear M, Harrold J, Nielsen DH. Intrarater reliability of manual muscle testing and hand-held dynametric muscle testing. Phys Therap 1987;67:1342-7.
17. Cohen ME, Sheehan TP, Herbison GJ. Content validity and reliability of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Rehab 1996;4:15-31.
18. Thomas CK, Broton JG, Calancie B. Motor unit forces and recruitment patterns after cervical spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:212-20.
19. Needham-Shropshire BM, Cameron TL, Broton JG, Klose KJ. Improved motor function in tetraplegics following neuromuscular stimulation-assisted arm ergometry. J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20:49-55.