Population Genetic Structure of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) Using Allozymes

Journal of Medical Entomology

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 441-450

  Kain, Douglas E ^a   Sperling, Felix A H ^a   Lane, Robert S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Allozymes; Gene flow; Ixodes pacificus; Population genetics

Indexed keywords

ACARI; ARTHROPODA; BORRELIA; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; IXODES; IXODES PACIFICUS; IXODES SCAPULARIS; IXODIDAE; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; SPIROCHAETALES;

GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; ISOENZYME;

ALLELE; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CLASSIFICATION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; ENZYMOLOGY; FEMALE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; GEOGRAPHY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; IXODES; UNITED STATES;

ALLELES; ANIMALS; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHY; GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE; ISOENZYMES; IXODES; MODELS, GENETIC; NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031178676     PISSN: 00222585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/34.4.441     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Allred, D. M., D. E. Beck, and L. D. White. 1960. Ticks of the genus Ixodes in Utah, vol. 1, no. 4. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biology Series, Provo, UT.
2. Arnason, C. S. 1992. Biology of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Cooley and Kohls, 1943): a potential vector of Lyme disease in south coastal British Columbia. M.S. thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.
3. Arthur, D. R., and K. R. Snow. 1968. Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, 1943: its life-history and occurrence. Parasitology 58: 893-906.
4. Barton, N. H., and M. Slatkin. 1986. A quasi-equilibrium theory of the distribution of rare alleles in a subdivided population. Heredity 56: 409-415.
5. Bishopp, F. C., and H. L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 1-54.
6. Britten, H. B., P. F. Brussard, D. D. Murphy, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1995. A test for isolation-by-distance in central Rocky Mountain and Great Basin populations of Edith's checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha). J. Hered. 86: 204-210.
7. Bull, C. M., R. H. Andrews, and M. Adams. 1984. Patterns of genetic variation in a group of parasites, the Australian reptile ticks. Hered. 53: 509-525.
8. Burgdorfer, W., R. S. Lane, A. G. Barbour, R. A. Gresbrink, and J. R. Anderson. 1985. The western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus: a vector of Borrelia burgdorferi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34: 925-930.
9. Cooley, R. A., and G. M. Kohls. 1945. The genus Ixodes in North America. U.S. Publ. Health Serv., Natl. Inst. Health Bull. 184: 1-246.
10. Endler, J. A. 1977. Geographic variation, speciation, and clines. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
11. Furman, D. P., and E. C. Loomis. 1984. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 25: 1-239.
12. Goudet, J. 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J. Hered. 86: 485-486.
13. Green, D. M., T. F. Sharbel, J. Kearsley, and H. Kaiser. 1996. Postglacial range fluctuation, genetic subdivision and speciation in the western North American spotted frog complex, Rana pretiosa. Evolution 50: 374-390.
14. Gregson, J. D. 1956. The Ixodidae of Canada. Canadian Dep. Agric. Publ. 930.
15. Guo, S. W., and E. A. Thompson. 1992. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportions for multiple alleles. Biometrics 48: 361-372.
16. Harrison, R. G. 1990. Hybrid zones: windows on evolutionary process, pp. 69-128. In D. Futuyma and J. Antovics [eds.], Oxford surveys in evolutionary biology, vol. 7. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
17. Hewitt, G. M. 1993. Postglacial distribution and species substructure: lessons from pollen, insects and hybrid zones, pp. 97-123. In D. R. Lees and D. Edwards [eds.], Evolutionary patterns and processes. Academic, New York.
18. Hickman, J. C. 1993. Geographic subdivisions of California, pp. 37-48. In J. C. Hickman [ed.], The Jepson manual, higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
19. Hilburn, L. R., and P. W. Sattler. 1986a. Electrophoretically detectable protein variation in natural populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). Heredity 57: 67-74. 1986b. Are tick populations really less variable and should they be? Heredity 57: 113-117.
20. Hilburn, L. R., and P. W. Sattler. 1986a. Electrophoretically detectable protein variation in natural populations of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). Heredity 57: 67-74. 1986b. Are tick populations really less variable and should they be? Heredity 57: 113-117.
21. Hilburn, L. R., S. J. Gunn, and C. Castillo. 1989. Comparison of the isozyme phenotypes of the morphologically similar ticks Amblyomma cajennense and A. imitator (Acari: Ixodidae) from South Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 26: 23-29.
22. Klompen, J.S.H., W. C. Black IV, J. E. Keirans, and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 1996. Evolution of ticks. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41: 141-161.
23. Lane, R. S., J. Piesman, and W. Burgdorfer. 1991. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 587-609.
24. McLain, D. K., D. M. Wesson, J. H. Oliver, Jr., and F. H. Collins. 1995. Variation in ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers 1 among eastern populations of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 32: 353-360.
25. Microsoft. 1994. Microsoft Excel, version 5. User's guide. Microsoft, Redmond, WA.
26. Murphy, R. W., J. W. Sites, Jr., D. G. Buth, and C. H. Haufler. 1996. Proteins: isozyme electrophoresis, 51-120. In D. M. Hillis, C. Moritz, and B. K. Mable [eds.], Molecular systematics. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
27. Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583-590.
28. Oliver, J. H., Jr., M. R. Owsley, H. J. Hutcheson, A. M. James, C. Chen, W. S. Irby, E. M. Dotson, and D. K. McLain. 1993. Conspecifity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 30: 54-63.
29. Olson, C. A., E. W. Cupp, S. Luckhart, J.M.C. Ribeiro, and C. Levy. 1992. Occurrence of Ixodes pacificus (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) in Arizona. J. Med. Entomol. 29: 1060-1062.
30. Raymond, M., and F. Rousset. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact test and ecumenicism. J. Hered. 86: 248-249.
31. Rice, W. R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43: 223-225.
32. Richter, P. J., Jr., R. B. Kimsey, J. E. Madigan, J. E. Barlough, J. S. Dumler, and D. L. Brooks. 1996. Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae). J. Med. Entomol. 33: 1-5.
33. Rogers, J. S. 1972. Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. Studies in genetics, vol. 7. Univ. Texas Publ. 7213: 145-153.
34. Sattler, P. W., L. R. Hilburn, R. B. Davey, J. E. George, and J.B.R. Avalos. 1986. Genetic similarity and variability between natural populations and laboratory colonies of North American Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Parasitol. 72: 95-100.
35. Singh, R. S., and A. D. Long. 1992. Geographic variation in Drosophila: from molecules to morphology and back. TREE 7: 340-347.
36. Slatkin, M. 1985. Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution 39: 53-65. 1993. Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non- equilibrium populations. Evolution 47: 264-279.
37. Slatkin, M. 1985. Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution 39: 53-65. 1993. Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations. Evolution 47: 264-279.
38. Stone, G. N., and P. Sunnucks. 1993. Genetic consequences of an invasion through a patchy environment-the cynipid gallwasp Andricus quercuscalicis (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae). Mol. Ecol. 2: 251-268.
39. Swofford, D. L., and R. B. Selander. 1981. BIOSYS-1: a FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics. J. Hered. 72: 281-283.
40. Tabachnick, W. J., and W. C. Black, IV. 1995. Making a case for molecular population generic studies of arthropod vectors. Parasitol. Today 11: 27-30.
41. Van Beneden, R. J., and D. A. Powers. 1989. Structural and functional differentiation of two clinally distributed glucosephosphate isomerase allelic isozymes from the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6: 155-170.
42. Wall, W. B., K. Donohue, and P. A. Carter. 1996. Adaptation at the specific loci. VI. Divergence vs. parallelism of polymorphic allozymes in molecular function and fitness-component effects among Colias species (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 699-709.
43. Weir, B. S. 1996. Intraspecific differentiation, pp. 385-405. In D. M. Hillis, C. Moritz, and B. K. Mable [eds.], Molecular systematics. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
44. Weir, B. S., and C. C. Cockerham. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38: 1358-1370.
45. Wesson, D. M., D. K. McLain, J. H. Oliver, Jr., J. Piesman, and F. H. Collins. 1993. Investigation of the validity of species status of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) using rDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 10221-10225.
46. Wright, S. 1978. Evolution and the genetics of populations, vol. 4. Variability within and among natural populations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
47. Zera, A. 1987. Inhibition of phosphoglucose isomerase allozymes from the wing polymorphic waterstrider, Limnoporus canaliculatus, by pentose shunt metablolites. Biochem. Genet. 25: 205-223.