Source of image contrast in STM images of functionalized alkanes on graphite: A systematic functional group approach

Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Volumn 101, Issue 31, 1997, Pages 5978-5995

  Claypool, Christopher L ^a   Faglioni, Francesco ^a   Goddard III, William A ^a   Gray, Harry B ^a   Lewis, Nathan S ^a   Marcus, R A ^a  

^a California Institute of Technology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOLS; AMINES; CHARGE TRANSFER; ETHERS; GRAPHITE; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; OLEFINS; QUANTUM THEORY; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; SULFUR COMPOUNDS;

ALKYNES; ELECTRONIC COUPLING; IMAGE CONTRAST; MOLECULAR TOPOGRAPHY;

PARAFFINS;

EID: 0031176371     PISSN: 15206106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp9701799     Document Type: Article

References (69)

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5. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
6. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
7. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
8. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
9. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
10. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
11. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
12. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
13. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
14. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
15. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
16. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
17. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
18. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
19. For STM of organic materials, see: (a) Frommer, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 1298. (b) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Binnig, G.; Nejoh, H. Nature 1990, 344, 641. Foster, J.; Frommer, J. Nature 1988, 333, 542. (c) Smith, D.; Hörber, J.; Gerber, C.; Binnig, G. Science 1989, 245, 43. (d) Ludwig, C.; Gompf, B.; Glatz, W.; Petersen, J.; Eisenmenger, W. Z. Phys. B. 1992, 86, 397. (e) Smith, D.; Heckl, W. Nature 1990, 346 616. (f) Ohtani, H.; Wilson, R.; Chiang, S.; Mate, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 60, 2398. (g) Lippel, P.; Wilson, R.; Miller, M.; Wöll, C.; Chiang, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 62, 171. (h) Hallmark, V.; Chiang, S.; Brown, J.; Wöll, C. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 66, 48. (i) Kim, Y.; Bard, A. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1096. (j) Smith, D.; Bryant, A.; Quate, C.; Rabe, J.; Gerber, C.; Swalen, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84, 969. (k) McMaster, T.; Carr, H.; Miles, M.; Cairns, P.; Morris, V. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1428. (l) Yang, R.; Naoi, K.; Evans, D.; Smyrl, W.; Hendrickson, W. Langmuir 1991, 7, 556. (m) Wilson, R.; Meijer, G.; Bethune, D.; Johnson, R.; Chambliss, D.; de Vries, M.; Hunziker, H.; Wendt, H. Nature 1990, 348, 621. (n) Li, Y.; Chander, M.; Patrin, J.; Weaver, J.; Chibante, L.; Smalley, R. Science 1991, 253, 429. (o) Allen, M.; Ballooch, M.; Subbiah, S.; Tench, R.; Siekhaus, W.; Balhorn, R. Scanning Microsc. 1991, 5, 625. (p) Youngquist, M.; Driscoll, R.; Coley, T.; Goddard, W.; Baldeschwieler, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1991, 9, 1304. (q) Lu, X.; Hipps, K. W.; Wang, X. D.; Mazur, U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7197.
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