Feeding the organization man: Diet and masculinity in postwar America

Journal of Social History

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 818-825

  Berrett, Jesse ^a  

^a University High School San Francisco   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031161260     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/30.4.805     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "The Crisis in American Masculinity," The Politics of Hope (Cambridge, 1962), 237-46. The article was first published as a cover story in Esquire in 1958.
2. LaLanne quoted in Peter Wyden, The Overweight Society (New York, 1965), 119; see also Jack LaLanne, The Jack LaLanne Way to Vibrant Good Health (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1960).
3. LaLanne quoted in Peter Wyden, The Overweight Society (New York, 1965), 119; see also Jack LaLanne, The Jack LaLanne Way to Vibrant Good Health (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1960).
4. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
5. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
6. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
7. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
8. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
9. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
10. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
11. Poppy Cannon, The Can-Opener Cook Book (New York, 1951). On suburban cuisine in general, see Gerry Schremp, Kitchen Culture: Fifty Years of Food Fads (New York, 1991), 36, 48, 51, 53, 59-60; Joshua Gitelson, "Populox: the Suburban Cuisine of the 1950s," Journal of American Culture 15 (Fall 1992): 73-78; Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (New York, 1993), 116-18; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, 1994), 203-40; Jane and Michael Stern, American Gourmet (New York, 1994), 1-41; health-club manager quoted in "Big Bulge in Profits," Newsweek, 23 July 1956, 63; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty (New York, 1991), 54, 56, 62-63.
12. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
13. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
14. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
15. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
16. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
17. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
18. Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 69-76; Jean Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," The Atlantic, July 1955, 63-66; Patricia Eisenman and C. Robert Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: Why Did One Fail and the Other Boom?" Quest 31 (1979): 117-18, 121; Curtis Mitchell, "Tennis, Everyone? Or Swimming or - ?," New York Times Magazine, 23 Apr. 1961, 57. For other suggestions that American citizens become physically fit in order to repel the Communist threat, see Jean Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," New York Times Magazine, 11 Nov. 1955, 17; Hillel Schwartz, Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat (New York, 1986), 232-33 and 413 n 104; Donald Mrozek, "The Cult and Ritual of Toughness in Cold War America," in Ray B. Browne, ed., Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1980), 178, 183-84.
19. Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York, 1983), 86.
20. Richard Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, "Introduction," The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History 1880-1980 (New York, 1983), xii; Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (New York, 1984), 27-28n.
21. Richard Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, "Introduction," The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History 1880-1980 (New York, 1983), xii; Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (New York, 1984), 27-28n.
22. Susie Orbach, Fat is a Feminist Issue (New York, 1978).
23. On the roots of male consumerism, see Jesse Berrett, "The Secret Lives of Consumer Culture: Masculinity and Consumption in Postwar America," (Ph.D. dissertation, UC Berkeley, 1996), 7-28, 30-32.
24. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
25. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
26. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
27. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
28. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
29. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
30. Lois Banner, American Beauty (Chicago, 1983), 226-27, 229-30, 231-32; John Mariani, America Eats Out (New York, 1991), 50-51; Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), 7; William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 259. On the "social decline of fat people," see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 85-86, 88, 91-92, 95; on muscular Christianity and the rise of physical culture, see Harvey Green, Fit for America: Health, Fitness, Sport and American Society (Baltimore, 1986), 85, 88, 90, 182-84, 186-99, 202, 213, 242-52. For further commentary on the semiotics of male fatness, and comparisons to the same condition in women, see Kim Chernin, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness (New York, 1981), 122, 124-25.
31. Arthur Snider, "The Progress of Medicine: Overweight? Blame Our Soft, Easy Way of Life," Science Digest, Oct. 1958, 49-50.
32. Thomas Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," Science Illustrated, June 1948, 46-48, 54-56, 58-59; David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954), 83; Wyden, Overweight Society, 3, 12, 146; Francis Bello, "The Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," Fortune, Sept. 1958, 142-46, 162, 164, 169-70; Young quoted in "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; Bruch quoted in "Obesity the Enemy," Newsweek, 20 Oct. 1947, 54.
33. Thomas Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," Science Illustrated, June 1948, 46-48, 54-56, 58-59; David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954), 83; Wyden, Overweight Society, 3, 12, 146; Francis Bello, "The Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," Fortune, Sept. 1958, 142-46, 162, 164, 169-70; Young quoted in "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; Bruch quoted in "Obesity the Enemy," Newsweek, 20 Oct. 1947, 54.
34. Thomas Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," Science Illustrated, June 1948, 46-48, 54-56, 58-59; David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954), 83; Wyden, Overweight Society, 3, 12, 146; Francis Bello, "The Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," Fortune, Sept. 1958, 142-46, 162, 164, 169-70; Young quoted in "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; Bruch quoted in "Obesity the Enemy," Newsweek, 20 Oct. 1947, 54.
35. Thomas Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," Science Illustrated, June 1948, 46-48, 54-56, 58-59; David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954), 83; Wyden, Overweight Society, 3, 12, 146; Francis Bello, "The Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," Fortune, Sept. 1958, 142-46, 162, 164, 169-70; Young quoted in "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; Bruch quoted in "Obesity the Enemy," Newsweek, 20 Oct. 1947, 54.
36. Thomas Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," Science Illustrated, June 1948, 46-48, 54-56, 58-59; David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954), 83; Wyden, Overweight Society, 3, 12, 146; Francis Bello, "The Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," Fortune, Sept. 1958, 142-46, 162, 164, 169-70; Young quoted in "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; Bruch quoted in "Obesity the Enemy," Newsweek, 20 Oct. 1947, 54.
37. Thomas Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," Science Illustrated, June 1948, 46-48, 54-56, 58-59; David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954), 83; Wyden, Overweight Society, 3, 12, 146; Francis Bello, "The Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," Fortune, Sept. 1958, 142-46, 162, 164, 169-70; Young quoted in "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; Bruch quoted in "Obesity the Enemy," Newsweek, 20 Oct. 1947, 54.
38. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
39. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
40. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
41. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
42. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
43. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
44. Louis Dublin, "Overweight: America's No. 1 Health Problem," Today's Health, Sept. 1952, 18-21; "Obesity Is Now No. 1 U.S. Nutritional Problem," Science News Letter, 27 Dec. 1952, 408; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 23 June 1952, 64-66; on cookbooks and National Obesity Society, see Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 242, 243-44; Tom Mahoney, "Is Dieting Being Overdone?" American Legion Magazine, Aug. 1955, 20-21, 54-56; Gerald Walker, "The Great American Dieting Neurosis," New York Times Magazine, 23 Aug. 1959, 12, 100; see also David Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," The Nation, 11 June 1960, 511-13.
45. "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" Newsweek, 26 Sept. 1955, 35-36; see also Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," 66; "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; "Exercise - What It's Doing for Ike and What It Can Do for You," US News and World Report, 23 Aug. 1957, 50-54, 56, 59; Patricia and Ron Deutsch, "Let's Have No More Nonsense About Weight!" Good Housekeeping, Oct. 1958, 70-71, 155, 159; Wyden, Overweight Society, 1, 2, 301.
46. "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" Newsweek, 26 Sept. 1955, 35-36; see also Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," 66; "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; "Exercise - What It's Doing for Ike and What It Can Do for You," US News and World Report, 23 Aug. 1957, 50-54, 56, 59; Patricia and Ron Deutsch, "Let's Have No More Nonsense About Weight!" Good Housekeeping, Oct. 1958, 70-71, 155, 159; Wyden, Overweight Society, 1, 2, 301.
47. "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" Newsweek, 26 Sept. 1955, 35-36; see also Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," 66; "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; "Exercise - What It's Doing for Ike and What It Can Do for You," US News and World Report, 23 Aug. 1957, 50-54, 56, 59; Patricia and Ron Deutsch, "Let's Have No More Nonsense About Weight!" Good Housekeeping, Oct. 1958, 70-71, 155, 159; Wyden, Overweight Society, 1, 2, 301.
48. "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" Newsweek, 26 Sept. 1955, 35-36; see also Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," 66; "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; "Exercise - What It's Doing for Ike and What It Can Do for You," US News and World Report, 23 Aug. 1957, 50-54, 56, 59; Patricia and Ron Deutsch, "Let's Have No More Nonsense About Weight!" Good Housekeeping, Oct. 1958, 70-71, 155, 159; Wyden, Overweight Society, 1, 2, 301.
49. "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" Newsweek, 26 Sept. 1955, 35-36; see also Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," 66; "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; "Exercise - What It's Doing for Ike and What It Can Do for You," US News and World Report, 23 Aug. 1957, 50-54, 56, 59; Patricia and Ron Deutsch, "Let's Have No More Nonsense About Weight!" Good Housekeeping, Oct. 1958, 70-71, 155, 159; Wyden, Overweight Society, 1, 2, 301.
50. "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" Newsweek, 26 Sept. 1955, 35-36; see also Mayer, "Exercise Does Keep the Weight Down," 66; "Prosperity Causing Americans to be Obese," Science News Letter, 29 Sept. 1956, 201; "Exercise - What It's Doing for Ike and What It Can Do for You," US News and World Report, 23 Aug. 1957, 50-54, 56, 59; Patricia and Ron Deutsch, "Let's Have No More Nonsense About Weight!" Good Housekeeping, Oct. 1958, 70-71, 155, 159; Wyden, Overweight Society, 1, 2, 301.
51. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
52. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
53. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
54. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
55. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
56. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
57. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
58. Calorie figures given in "Why We Fatten Up," Newsweek, 8 June 1959, 66. On freezers, see Lawrence Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," New York Times Magazine, 15 Jan. 1961, 44, 47; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 107, 108; Schremp, Kitchen Culture, 57-58; Letitia Brewster and Michael Jacobson, The Changing American Diet (Washington, D.C., 1983), 29; Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 272-76; on television and overeating see Jack Gould, "Severe Curbs Jolt Video Sports Fans," New York Times, 26 June 1951; "Latest on Exercise and What It Does for You," US News and World Report, 8 June 1959, 104-05.
59. Even though these innovations had not reduced women's work weeks, such rhetoric papered over that inconvenience, helping to convince Americans that better living through technology was a reality. See Strasser, Never Done, 267-72; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York, 1983), 195-96, 199, 200, 208-209; Ann Oakley, The Sociology of Housework (New York, 1974), 93-95. Oakley also argues (1-28) that sociologists performed a similar function by denying women the right to be either practitioner or object of study, and by denying housework the status of "work."
60. Even though these innovations had not reduced women's work weeks, such rhetoric papered over that inconvenience, helping to convince Americans that better living through technology was a reality. See Strasser, Never Done, 267-72; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York, 1983), 195-96, 199, 200, 208-209; Ann Oakley, The Sociology of Housework (New York, 1974), 93-95. Oakley also argues (1-28) that sociologists performed a similar function by denying women the right to be either practitioner or object of study, and by denying housework the status of "work."
61. Even though these innovations had not reduced women's work weeks, such rhetoric papered over that inconvenience, helping to convince Americans that better living through technology was a reality. See Strasser, Never Done, 267-72; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York, 1983), 195-96, 199, 200, 208-209; Ann Oakley, The Sociology of Housework (New York, 1974), 93-95. Oakley also argues (1-28) that sociologists performed a similar function by denying women the right to be either practitioner or object of study, and by denying housework the status of "work."
62. "What's Wrong - What's Right with Today's America," US News and World Report, 22 Feb. 1960, 60-79.
63. "Fats & Facts," Time, 30 Mar. 1959, 51. For a perceptive discussion of the totemic aspects of appliances and other consumer goods, see Thomas Hine, Populuxe (New York, 1987).
64. "Fats & Facts," Time, 30 Mar. 1959, 51. For a perceptive discussion of the totemic aspects of appliances and other consumer goods, see Thomas Hine, Populuxe (New York, 1987).
65. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
66. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
67. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
68. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
69. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
70. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
71. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
72. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
73. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
74. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
75. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
76. Max Millman, "Why People Reduce," Today's Health, June 1955, 20-21, 40-43; see also Roy de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds on the Rockefeller Diet," Look, 26 June 1956, 63-70; Leonid Kotkin with the assistance of Fred Kerner, Eat, Think, and Be Slender (New York, 1954), 69, 77-83; Robert G. Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," New York Times Magazine, 3 Dec. 1950, 22, 36, 38, 40; "Fat & Unhappy," Time, 20 Oct. 1947, 61-62; Hilde Bruch, "Psychological Aspects of Obesity," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 24 (Feb. 1948): 73-86; "half a man" from Mac Tarnoff as told to Wambly Bald, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," Coronet, Jan. 1952, 32-35. (Compare these descriptions with those in Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers [New York, 1942] and Edward Strecker, Their Mothers' Sons [Philadelphia, 1951]. On masculinity and anti-Communism, see also Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology [Berkeley, 1987], 236-71.) Jhan and June Robbins, "Why Young Husbands Feel Trapped," Redbook, Mar. 1962, 123; Revere McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," Nation's Business, Sept. 1951, 50.
77. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
78. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
79. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
80. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
81. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
82. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
83. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
84. Stanley Frank, "Illusions of Reducing," Saturday Evening Post, 20 Jan. 1962, 28-30, 34; Earl Bonnett, "Overweight - Our Biggest Health Menace," McCall's, Apr. 1954, 34-35, 38; Cort, "Reducing Ad Absurdum," 511, 512; Norman Jolliffe, Reduce and Stay Reduced (New York, 1952), 3; Bello, "Murderous Riddle of Coronary Disease," 142, 170; "Overweight Called National Tragedy," Science Digest, Aug. 1955, 35; Max Millman, "Is Your Weight Normal?" Today's Health, Jan. 1956, 40-43, 59; photograph in "Overweight? New Facts You Need to Know," US News and World Report, 2 Nov. 1959, 68-70.
85. Indeed, test furnished one ot the most popular means of truth-telling in 1950s America. World War II has popularized psychological testing, and in its wake the percentage of employers using some kind of test to evaluate applicants and employees jumped more that fivefold, from 14% in 1939 to 75% in 1952. By 1959 one testing firm reported that among its 11,000 clients was a St. Louis chain of cafeterias that tested its dishwashers and janitors. A wide array of authorities appeared on the scene, including the wildly popular tests of masculinity and femininity (especially the Miles-Terman MF), a panoply of questionnaires to determine one's suitability for corporate work, and a general presumption that such nebulous categories as "adjustment" could be evaluated on the basis of a single piece of paper. Inveighing againts the "unchecked enthusiasm and naiveté for testing" he saw everywhere about him, the social critic Loren Baritz devoted an entire book to the subject in 1960. See Loren Baritz, the Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (Middletown, Conn., 1960), 155-56. See also Editors of Look, Decline of the American Male (New York, 1958), 29, 30, 32; Russell Lynes, A Surfeit of Honey (New York, 1957), 105; "Testing: Can Everyone be Pigeonholed?" Newsweek, 20 July 1959, 91-93; Vance Packard, The Pyramid Climbers (New York, 1962), 48-57. For an Italian chemist's experience with postwar testing, one he could not help comparing to examinations he had recently undergone in Monowitz, see Primo Levi, "The Skull and the Orchids," Other People's Trades (New York, 1989), 78-81.
86. Indeed, test furnished one ot the most popular means of truth-telling in 1950s America. World War II has popularized psychological testing, and in its wake the percentage of employers using some kind of test to evaluate applicants and employees jumped more that fivefold, from 14% in 1939 to 75% in 1952. By 1959 one testing firm reported that among its 11,000 clients was a St. Louis chain of cafeterias that tested its dishwashers and janitors. A wide array of authorities appeared on the scene, including the wildly popular tests of masculinity and femininity (especially the Miles-Terman MF), a panoply of questionnaires to determine one's suitability for corporate work, and a general presumption that such nebulous categories as "adjustment" could be evaluated on the basis of a single piece of paper. Inveighing againts the "unchecked enthusiasm and naiveté for testing" he saw everywhere about him, the social critic Loren Baritz devoted an entire book to the subject in 1960. See Loren Baritz, the Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (Middletown, Conn., 1960), 155-56. See also Editors of Look, Decline of the American Male (New York, 1958), 29, 30, 32; Russell Lynes, A Surfeit of Honey (New York, 1957), 105; "Testing: Can Everyone be Pigeonholed?" Newsweek, 20 July 1959, 91-93; Vance Packard, The Pyramid Climbers (New York, 1962), 48-57. For an Italian chemist's experience with postwar testing, one he could not help comparing to examinations he had recently undergone in Monowitz, see Primo Levi, "The Skull and the Orchids," Other People's Trades (New York, 1989), 78-81.
87. Indeed, test furnished one ot the most popular means of truth-telling in 1950s America. World War II has popularized psychological testing, and in its wake the percentage of employers using some kind of test to evaluate applicants and employees jumped more that fivefold, from 14% in 1939 to 75% in 1952. By 1959 one testing firm reported that among its 11,000 clients was a St. Louis chain of cafeterias that tested its dishwashers and janitors. A wide array of authorities appeared on the scene, including the wildly popular tests of masculinity and femininity (especially the Miles-Terman MF), a panoply of questionnaires to determine one's suitability for corporate work, and a general presumption that such nebulous categories as "adjustment" could be evaluated on the basis of a single piece of paper. Inveighing againts the "unchecked enthusiasm and naiveté for testing" he saw everywhere about him, the social critic Loren Baritz devoted an entire book to the subject in 1960. See Loren Baritz, the Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (Middletown, Conn., 1960), 155-56. See also Editors of Look, Decline of the American Male (New York, 1958), 29, 30, 32; Russell Lynes, A Surfeit of Honey (New York, 1957), 105; "Testing: Can Everyone be Pigeonholed?" Newsweek, 20 July 1959, 91-93; Vance Packard, The Pyramid Climbers (New York, 1962), 48-57. For an Italian chemist's experience with postwar testing, one he could not help comparing to examinations he had recently undergone in Monowitz, see Primo Levi, "The Skull and the Orchids," Other People's Trades (New York, 1989), 78-81.
88. Indeed, test furnished one ot the most popular means of truth-telling in 1950s America. World War II has popularized psychological testing, and in its wake the percentage of employers using some kind of test to evaluate applicants and employees jumped more that fivefold, from 14% in 1939 to 75% in 1952. By 1959 one testing firm reported that among its 11,000 clients was a St. Louis chain of cafeterias that tested its dishwashers and janitors. A wide array of authorities appeared on the scene, including the wildly popular tests of masculinity and femininity (especially the Miles-Terman MF), a panoply of questionnaires to determine one's suitability for corporate work, and a general presumption that such nebulous categories as "adjustment" could be evaluated on the basis of a single piece of paper. Inveighing againts the "unchecked enthusiasm and naiveté for testing" he saw everywhere about him, the social critic Loren Baritz devoted an entire book to the subject in 1960. See Loren Baritz, the Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (Middletown, Conn., 1960), 155-56. See also Editors of Look, Decline of the American Male (New York, 1958), 29, 30, 32; Russell Lynes, A Surfeit of Honey (New York, 1957), 105; "Testing: Can Everyone be Pigeonholed?" Newsweek, 20 July 1959, 91-93; Vance Packard, The Pyramid Climbers (New York, 1962), 48-57. For an Italian chemist's experience with postwar testing, one he could not help comparing to examinations he had recently undergone in Monowitz, see Primo Levi, "The Skull and the Orchids," Other People's Trades (New York, 1989), 78-81.
89. Indeed, test furnished one ot the most popular means of truth-telling in 1950s America. World War II has popularized psychological testing, and in its wake the percentage of employers using some kind of test to evaluate applicants and employees jumped more that fivefold, from 14% in 1939 to 75% in 1952. By 1959 one testing firm reported that among its 11,000 clients was a St. Louis chain of cafeterias that tested its dishwashers and janitors. A wide array of authorities appeared on the scene, including the wildly popular tests of masculinity and femininity (especially the Miles-Terman MF), a panoply of questionnaires to determine one's suitability for corporate work, and a general presumption that such nebulous categories as "adjustment" could be evaluated on the basis of a single piece of paper. Inveighing againts the "unchecked enthusiasm and naiveté for testing" he saw everywhere about him, the social critic Loren Baritz devoted an entire book to the subject in 1960. See Loren Baritz, the Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (Middletown, Conn., 1960), 155-56. See also Editors of Look, Decline of the American Male (New York, 1958), 29, 30, 32; Russell Lynes, A Surfeit of Honey (New York, 1957), 105; "Testing: Can Everyone be Pigeonholed?" Newsweek, 20 July 1959, 91-93; Vance Packard, The Pyramid Climbers (New York, 1962), 48-57. For an Italian chemist's experience with postwar testing, one he could not help comparing to examinations he had recently undergone in Monowitz, see Primo Levi, "The Skull and the Orchids," Other People's Trades (New York, 1989), 78-81.
90. Indeed, test furnished one ot the most popular means of truth-telling in 1950s America. World War II has popularized psychological testing, and in its wake the percentage of employers using some kind of test to evaluate applicants and employees jumped more that fivefold, from 14% in 1939 to 75% in 1952. By 1959 one testing firm reported that among its 11,000 clients was a St. Louis chain of cafeterias that tested its dishwashers and janitors. A wide array of authorities appeared on the scene, including the wildly popular tests of masculinity and femininity (especially the Miles-Terman MF), a panoply of questionnaires to determine one's suitability for corporate work, and a general presumption that such nebulous categories as "adjustment" could be evaluated on the basis of a single piece of paper. Inveighing againts the "unchecked enthusiasm and naiveté for testing" he saw everywhere about him, the social critic Loren Baritz devoted an entire book to the subject in 1960. See Loren Baritz, the Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry (Middletown, Conn., 1960), 155-56. See also Editors of Look, Decline of the American Male (New York, 1958), 29, 30, 32; Russell Lynes, A Surfeit of Honey (New York, 1957), 105; "Testing: Can Everyone be Pigeonholed?" Newsweek, 20 July 1959, 91-93; Vance Packard, The Pyramid Climbers (New York, 1962), 48-57. For an Italian chemist's experience with postwar testing, one he could not help comparing to examinations he had recently undergone in Monowitz, see Primo Levi, "The Skull and the Orchids," Other People's Trades (New York, 1989), 78-81.
91. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 157. On the history of weight charts, which were most commonly used in the study of children's growth and development, see James Allen Young, "Height, Weight, and Health: Anthropometric Study of Human Growth in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53 (Summer 1979): 214-43.
92. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 157. On the history of weight charts, which were most commonly used in the study of children's growth and development, see James Allen Young, "Height, Weight, and Health: Anthropometric Study of Human Growth in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53 (Summer 1979): 214-43.
93. Vance Packard, "How I Lost 15 Pounds in one Month," The American Magazine, June 1956, 26-27, 106-109; see also Ernest Havemann, "The Wasteful, Phony Crash Dieting Craze," Life, 19 Jan. 1959, 102-106, 108, 110, 112, 114.
94. Vance Packard, "How I Lost 15 Pounds in one Month," The American Magazine, June 1956, 26-27, 106-109; see also Ernest Havemann, "The Wasteful, Phony Crash Dieting Craze," Life, 19 Jan. 1959, 102-106, 108, 110, 112, 114.
95. For the popularity of accounts of male dieting, see "Diets for Men," Time, 26 Mar. 1951, 63-64. For a discussion of health crusaders in general, see James Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers (Princeton, 1982), 2-6.
96. For the popularity of accounts of male dieting, see "Diets for Men," Time, 26 Mar. 1951, 63-64. For a discussion of health crusaders in general, see James Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers (Princeton, 1982), 2-6.
97. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
98. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
99. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
100. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
101. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
102. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
103. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
104. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
105. For complaints about the lack of initiation rites, see Robert Bly, Iron John (Reading, MA., 1990) and Lynn Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London, 1990), 131, 132. For the social functions of nineteenth-century institutions, see, among many others, Susan Davis, Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986); Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1990); David Roediger, the Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London, 1991); Mary Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, 1988); Jean Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, 1983); on nineteenth-century fraternal organizations, see Mark Carnes, "Middle Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual," in Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago, 1990), 50; Lynn Dumenil, Freemasonry and American Culture 1880-1930 (Princeton, 1984).
106. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (new York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (new York, 1996).
107. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996).
108. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996).
109. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996).
110. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996).
111. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996).
112. Lewis Lyndon, "Uncertain Hero: The Paradox of the American Male," Women's Home Companion, Nov. 1956, 41-43, 107; see also The Decline of the American Male; Margaret Mead, "American Man in a Woman's World," New York Times Magazine, 10 Feb. 1957, 11, 20-23. My understanding of masculinity has been especially influenced by Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, and John Lee, "Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity," Theory and Society 14 (Sept. 1985): 551-604; Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Segal, Slow Motion; Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 1996).
113. Walker, "Great American Dieting Neurosis," 12, 100.
114. On bodybuilding, see Eisenman and Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s"; Benjamin Rader, "The Quest for Self-Sufficiency and the New Strenuosity: Reflections on the Strenuous Life of the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Sport History 18 (Summer 1990): 255-66; Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 18. "Every man . . . is, or has been, engaged in a dialogue with muscles," writes the sport sociologist Alan M. Klein. For the significance of muscles, see his Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany, 1993), 4 and passim; Green, Fit for America; Barry Glassner, "Men and Muscles," in Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds., Men's Lives (New York, 1989), 310-20.
115. On bodybuilding, see Eisenman and Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s"; Benjamin Rader, "The Quest for Self-Sufficiency and the New Strenuosity: Reflections on the Strenuous Life of the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Sport History 18 (Summer 1990): 255-66; Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 18. "Every man . . . is, or has been, engaged in a dialogue with muscles," writes the sport sociologist Alan M. Klein. For the significance of muscles, see his Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany, 1993), 4 and passim; Green, Fit for America; Barry Glassner, "Men and Muscles," in Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds., Men's Lives (New York, 1989), 310-20.
116. On bodybuilding, see Eisenman and Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s"; Benjamin Rader, "The Quest for Self-Sufficiency and the New Strenuosity: Reflections on the Strenuous Life of the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Sport History 18 (Summer 1990): 255-66; Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 18. "Every man . . . is, or has been, engaged in a dialogue with muscles," writes the sport sociologist Alan M. Klein. For the significance of muscles, see his Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany, 1993), 4 and passim; Green, Fit for America; Barry Glassner, "Men and Muscles," in Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds., Men's Lives (New York, 1989), 310-20.
117. On bodybuilding, see Eisenman and Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s"; Benjamin Rader, "The Quest for Self-Sufficiency and the New Strenuosity: Reflections on the Strenuous Life of the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Sport History 18 (Summer 1990): 255-66; Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 18. "Every man . . . is, or has been, engaged in a dialogue with muscles," writes the sport sociologist Alan M. Klein. For the significance of muscles, see his Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany, 1993), 4 and passim; Green, Fit for America; Barry Glassner, "Men and Muscles," in Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds., Men's Lives (New York, 1989), 310-20.
118. On bodybuilding, see Eisenman and Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s"; Benjamin Rader, "The Quest for Self-Sufficiency and the New Strenuosity: Reflections on the Strenuous Life of the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Sport History 18 (Summer 1990): 255-66; Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 18. "Every man . . . is, or has been, engaged in a dialogue with muscles," writes the sport sociologist Alan M. Klein. For the significance of muscles, see his Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany, 1993), 4 and passim; Green, Fit for America; Barry Glassner, "Men and Muscles," in Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds., Men's Lives (New York, 1989), 310-20.
119. On bodybuilding, see Eisenman and Barnett, "Physical Fitness in the 1950s and 1970s"; Benjamin Rader, "The Quest for Self-Sufficiency and the New Strenuosity: Reflections on the Strenuous Life of the 1970s and 1980s," Journal of Sport History 18 (Summer 1990): 255-66; Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 18. "Every man . . . is, or has been, engaged in a dialogue with muscles," writes the sport sociologist Alan M. Klein. For the significance of muscles, see his Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany, 1993), 4 and passim; Green, Fit for America; Barry Glassner, "Men and Muscles," in Michael Kimmel and Michael Messner, eds., Men's Lives (New York, 1989), 310-20.
120. On sport, see Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill, 1993), 189-276; Joe M. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979), 163-90; Michael Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, 1992), 13-19; Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York, 1993), 98-149; Rotundo, American Manhood, 239-44; Steven Riess, "Sport and the Redefinition of American Middle-Class Masculinity," International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (May 1991): 5-27.
121. On sport, see Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill, 1993), 189-276; Joe M. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979), 163-90; Michael Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, 1992), 13-19; Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York, 1993), 98-149; Rotundo, American Manhood, 239-44; Steven Riess, "Sport and the Redefinition of American Middle-Class Masculinity," International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (May 1991): 5-27.
122. On sport, see Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill, 1993), 189-276; Joe M. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979), 163-90; Michael Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, 1992), 13-19; Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York, 1993), 98-149; Rotundo, American Manhood, 239-44; Steven Riess, "Sport and the Redefinition of American Middle-Class Masculinity," International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (May 1991): 5-27.
123. On sport, see Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill, 1993), 189-276; Joe M. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979), 163-90; Michael Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, 1992), 13-19; Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York, 1993), 98-149; Rotundo, American Manhood, 239-44; Steven Riess, "Sport and the Redefinition of American Middle-Class Masculinity," International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (May 1991): 5-27.
124. On sport, see Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill, 1993), 189-276; Joe M. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979), 163-90; Michael Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, 1992), 13-19; Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York, 1993), 98-149; Rotundo, American Manhood, 239-44; Steven Riess, "Sport and the Redefinition of American Middle-Class Masculinity," International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (May 1991): 5-27.
125. On sport, see Michael Oriard, Reading Football (Chapel Hill, 1993), 189-276; Joe M. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979), 163-90; Michael Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston, 1992), 13-19; Elliott Gorn and Warren Goldstein, A Brief History of American Sports (New York, 1993), 98-149; Rotundo, American Manhood, 239-44; Steven Riess, "Sport and the Redefinition of American Middle-Class Masculinity," International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (May 1991): 5-27.
126. On the association of consumption with femininity, see Elaine Abelson, When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (New York, 1989); Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C., 1991), 183-84, 194-95; Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity (Berkeley, 1985), 66-69, 84, 86, 167-71; Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Bloomington, 1986), ch. 3.
127. On the association of consumption with femininity, see Elaine Abelson, When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (New York, 1989); Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C., 1991), 183-84, 194-95; Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity (Berkeley, 1985), 66-69, 84, 86, 167-71; Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Bloomington, 1986), ch. 3.
128. On the association of consumption with femininity, see Elaine Abelson, When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (New York, 1989); Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C., 1991), 183-84, 194-95; Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity (Berkeley, 1985), 66-69, 84, 86, 167-71; Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Bloomington, 1986), ch. 3.
129. On the association of consumption with femininity, see Elaine Abelson, When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (New York, 1989); Barbara Melosh, Engendering Culture: Manhood and Womanhood in New Deal Public Art and Theater (Washington, D.C., 1991), 183-84, 194-95; Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity (Berkeley, 1985), 66-69, 84, 86, 167-71; Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Bloomington, 1986), ch. 3.
130. On narratives of the self-made man, see Irvin Wyllie, The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches (New York, 1954); John Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man: Changing Concepts of Success in America (Chicago, 1965).
131. On narratives of the self-made man, see Irvin Wyllie, The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches (New York, 1954); John Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man: Changing Concepts of Success in America (Chicago, 1965).
132. Daniel Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America 1865-1920 (Chicago, 1974), 125-52.
133. Obituary for Elmer Wheeler, New York Times, 3 Oct. 1968; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book. How Elmer Lost 40 Pounds in 80 Days (New York, 1950), 36, 71, 162; "Diets for Men," 63, 64; "Page-One Fat Boy," Newsweek, 26 Mar. 1951, 64; "Big Bulge in Profits," 61; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Downfall, and How Elmer Learned to Keep it Off (New York, 1952), 1, 5, 141.
134. Obituary for Elmer Wheeler, New York Times, 3 Oct. 1968; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book. How Elmer Lost 40 Pounds in 80 Days (New York, 1950), 36, 71, 162; "Diets for Men," 63, 64; "Page-One Fat Boy," Newsweek, 26 Mar. 1951, 64; "Big Bulge in Profits," 61; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Downfall, and How Elmer Learned to Keep it Off (New York, 1952), 1, 5, 141.
135. Obituary for Elmer Wheeler, New York Times, 3 Oct. 1968; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book. How Elmer Lost 40 Pounds in 80 Days (New York, 1950), 36, 71, 162; "Diets for Men," 63, 64; "Page-One Fat Boy," Newsweek, 26 Mar. 1951, 64; "Big Bulge in Profits," 61; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Downfall, and How Elmer Learned to Keep it Off (New York, 1952), 1, 5, 141.
136. Obituary for Elmer Wheeler, New York Times, 3 Oct. 1968; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book. How Elmer Lost 40 Pounds in 80 Days (New York, 1950), 36, 71, 162; "Diets for Men," 63, 64; "Page-One Fat Boy," Newsweek, 26 Mar. 1951, 64; "Big Bulge in Profits," 61; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Downfall, and How Elmer Learned to Keep it Off (New York, 1952), 1, 5, 141.
137. Obituary for Elmer Wheeler, New York Times, 3 Oct. 1968; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book. How Elmer Lost 40 Pounds in 80 Days (New York, 1950), 36, 71, 162; "Diets for Men," 63, 64; "Page-One Fat Boy," Newsweek, 26 Mar. 1951, 64; "Big Bulge in Profits," 61; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Downfall, and How Elmer Learned to Keep it Off (New York, 1952), 1, 5, 141.
138. Obituary for Elmer Wheeler, New York Times, 3 Oct. 1968; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book. How Elmer Lost 40 Pounds in 80 Days (New York, 1950), 36, 71, 162; "Diets for Men," 63, 64; "Page-One Fat Boy," Newsweek, 26 Mar. 1951, 64; "Big Bulge in Profits," 61; Elmer Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Downfall, and How Elmer Learned to Keep it Off (New York, 1952), 1, 5, 141.
139. Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 27.
140. Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 5, 17-23, 58.
141. Not that there is much competition in Wheeler's case: his wife, sarcastically referred to as "The Brain," appears to be charged with the sole duty of sneering at and belittling her husband. (Similarly, in the Alger stories a boy's most important relationship is not with his mother or future wife but with the older man who shepherds his career.) Beth Wheeler, though, later gained a modicum of revenge by producing her own book, How to Help Your Husband Relax, which advised wives to keep their husbands breathing as long as possible - if only to ensure their own financial stability in later life. (Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 38-53; Beth Wheeler, How to Help Your Husband Relax [Garden City, N.Y., 1960].)
142. Not that there is much competition in Wheeler's case: his wife, sarcastically referred to as "The Brain," appears to be charged with the sole duty of sneering at and belittling her husband. (Similarly, in the Alger stories a boy's most important relationship is not with his mother or future wife but with the older man who shepherds his career.) Beth Wheeler, though, later gained a modicum of revenge by producing her own book, How to Help Your Husband Relax, which advised wives to keep their husbands breathing as long as possible - if only to ensure their own financial stability in later life. (Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 38-53; Beth Wheeler, How to Help Your Husband Relax [Garden City, N.Y., 1960].)
143. On the social effects of homosociality, see Sharon Bird, "Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociality and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity, " Gender & Society 10 (Apr. 1996): 120-32; the topic has been most famously theorized by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York, 1985); Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 143; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 153.
144. On the social effects of homosociality, see Sharon Bird, "Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociality and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity, " Gender & Society 10 (Apr. 1996): 120-32; the topic has been most famously theorized by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York, 1985); Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 143; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 153.
145. On the social effects of homosociality, see Sharon Bird, "Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociality and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity, " Gender & Society 10 (Apr. 1996): 120-32; the topic has been most famously theorized by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York, 1985); Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 143; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 153.
146. Susan Schweik, A Gulf So Deeply Cut: American Women Poets and the Second World War (Madison, 1991), 6, 7; Susan Gubar, "'This Is My Rifle, This Is My Gun': World War II and the Blitz on Women," in Margaret Higonnet, et. al., eds., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, 1987), 227-259. The historian Michael C. C. Adams explains that conscious mythologizations of "happy warriors" eager for combat and censorship of Allied casualties helped sell the war to the American people; an equally fantastic vision of the conflict as one between pure good and pure evil has provided a wellspring of metaphor for the subsequent five decades. Wheeler's evocation of the experience suggests that such nostalgia craves clean-cut gender roles as well. Michael C. C. Adams, The Best War Ever: America and World War II (Baltimore, 1994), 9-15, 73-75, 157-59. See also Craig M. Cameron's perceptive study of the very similar ways in which Marines presented their experiences, in American Samurai: Myth, Imagination, and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941-1951 (New York, 1994), 64-70, 76-79, 244-54.
147. Susan Schweik, A Gulf So Deeply Cut: American Women Poets and the Second World War (Madison, 1991), 6, 7; Susan Gubar, "'This Is My Rifle, This Is My Gun': World War II and the Blitz on Women," in Margaret Higonnet, et. al., eds., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, 1987), 227-259. The historian Michael C. C. Adams explains that conscious mythologizations of "happy warriors" eager for combat and censorship of Allied casualties helped sell the war to the American people; an equally fantastic vision of the conflict as one between pure good and pure evil has provided a wellspring of metaphor for the subsequent five decades. Wheeler's evocation of the experience suggests that such nostalgia craves clean-cut gender roles as well. Michael C. C. Adams, The Best War Ever: America and World War II (Baltimore, 1994), 9-15, 73-75, 157-59. See also Craig M. Cameron's perceptive study of the very similar ways in which Marines presented their experiences, in American Samurai: Myth, Imagination, and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941-1951 (New York, 1994), 64-70, 76-79, 244-54.
148. Susan Schweik, A Gulf So Deeply Cut: American Women Poets and the Second World War (Madison, 1991), 6, 7; Susan Gubar, "'This Is My Rifle, This Is My Gun': World War II and the Blitz on Women," in Margaret Higonnet, et. al., eds., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, 1987), 227-259. The historian Michael C. C. Adams explains that conscious mythologizations of "happy warriors" eager for combat and censorship of Allied casualties helped sell the war to the American people; an equally fantastic vision of the conflict as one between pure good and pure evil has provided a wellspring of metaphor for the subsequent five decades. Wheeler's evocation of the experience suggests that such nostalgia craves clean-cut gender roles as well. Michael C. C. Adams, The Best War Ever: America and World War II (Baltimore, 1994), 9-15, 73-75, 157-59. See also Craig M. Cameron's perceptive study of the very similar ways in which Marines presented their experiences, in American Samurai: Myth, Imagination, and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941-1951 (New York, 1994), 64-70, 76-79, 244-54.
149. Susan Schweik, A Gulf So Deeply Cut: American Women Poets and the Second World War (Madison, 1991), 6, 7; Susan Gubar, "'This Is My Rifle, This Is My Gun': World War II and the Blitz on Women," in Margaret Higonnet, et. al., eds., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, 1987), 227-259. The historian Michael C. C. Adams explains that conscious mythologizations of "happy warriors" eager for combat and censorship of Allied casualties helped sell the war to the American people; an equally fantastic vision of the conflict as one between pure good and pure evil has provided a wellspring of metaphor for the subsequent five decades. Wheeler's evocation of the experience suggests that such nostalgia craves clean-cut gender roles as well. Michael C. C. Adams, The Best War Ever: America and World War II (Baltimore, 1994), 9-15, 73-75, 157-59. See also Craig M. Cameron's perceptive study of the very similar ways in which Marines presented their experiences, in American Samurai: Myth, Imagination, and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941-1951 (New York, 1994), 64-70, 76-79, 244-54.
150. Susan Schweik, A Gulf So Deeply Cut: American Women Poets and the Second World War (Madison, 1991), 6, 7; Susan Gubar, "'This Is My Rifle, This Is My Gun': World War II and the Blitz on Women," in Margaret Higonnet, et. al., eds., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven, 1987), 227-259. The historian Michael C. C. Adams explains that conscious mythologizations of "happy warriors" eager for combat and censorship of Allied casualties helped sell the war to the American people; an equally fantastic vision of the conflict as one between pure good and pure evil has provided a wellspring of metaphor for the subsequent five decades. Wheeler's evocation of the experience suggests that such nostalgia craves clean-cut gender roles as well. Michael C. C. Adams, The Best War Ever: America and World War II (Baltimore, 1994), 9-15, 73-75, 157-59. See also Craig M. Cameron's perceptive study of the very similar ways in which Marines presented their experiences, in American Samurai: Myth, Imagination, and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941-1951 (New York, 1994), 64-70, 76-79, 244-54.
151. McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 48-53, 67; the men are photographed in "How Fat is a Fat Man?" Life, 6 Oct. 1947, 88, 91-92; John Berger et. al., Ways of Seeing (London, 1972), 45-47; Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book, 19, 157. For a review of theories of "the gaze" in general, see Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, 1995), 50-66. Contained within men's discomfort at being examined is the unstated premise that women are and should be examined. Compare McVay with Chernin, The Obsession, 1, 43-44, 62.
152. McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 48-53, 67; the men are photographed in "How Fat is a Fat Man?" Life, 6 Oct. 1947, 88, 91-92; John Berger et. al., Ways of Seeing (London, 1972), 45-47; Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book, 19, 157. For a review of theories of "the gaze" in general, see Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, 1995), 50-66. Contained within men's discomfort at being examined is the unstated premise that women are and should be examined. Compare McVay with Chernin, The Obsession, 1, 43-44, 62.
153. McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 48-53, 67; the men are photographed in "How Fat is a Fat Man?" Life, 6 Oct. 1947, 88, 91-92; John Berger et. al., Ways of Seeing (London, 1972), 45-47; Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book, 19, 157. For a review of theories of "the gaze" in general, see Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, 1995), 50-66. Contained within men's discomfort at being examined is the unstated premise that women are and should be examined. Compare McVay with Chernin, The Obsession, 1, 43-44, 62.
154. McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 48-53, 67; the men are photographed in "How Fat is a Fat Man?" Life, 6 Oct. 1947, 88, 91-92; John Berger et. al., Ways of Seeing (London, 1972), 45-47; Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book, 19, 157. For a review of theories of "the gaze" in general, see Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, 1995), 50-66. Contained within men's discomfort at being examined is the unstated premise that women are and should be examined. Compare McVay with Chernin, The Obsession, 1, 43-44, 62.
155. McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 48-53, 67; the men are photographed in "How Fat is a Fat Man?" Life, 6 Oct. 1947, 88, 91-92; John Berger et. al., Ways of Seeing (London, 1972), 45-47; Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book, 19, 157. For a review of theories of "the gaze" in general, see Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, 1995), 50-66. Contained within men's discomfort at being examined is the unstated premise that women are and should be examined. Compare McVay with Chernin, The Obsession, 1, 43-44, 62.
156. McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 48-53, 67; the men are photographed in "How Fat is a Fat Man?" Life, 6 Oct. 1947, 88, 91-92; John Berger et. al., Ways of Seeing (London, 1972), 45-47; Wheeler, The Fat Boy's Book, 19, 157. For a review of theories of "the gaze" in general, see Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, 1995), 50-66. Contained within men's discomfort at being examined is the unstated premise that women are and should be examined. Compare McVay with Chernin, The Obsession, 1, 43-44, 62.
157. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 204, 206, 210-11; "TOPS Take Off Pounds," Life, 9 Apr. 1951, 137-38, 140; Chernin, The Obsession, 99-103 (emphasis in original).
158. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 204, 206, 210-11; "TOPS Take Off Pounds," Life, 9 Apr. 1951, 137-38, 140; Chernin, The Obsession, 99-103 (emphasis in original).
159. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 204, 206, 210-11; "TOPS Take Off Pounds," Life, 9 Apr. 1951, 137-38, 140; Chernin, The Obsession, 99-103 (emphasis in original).
160. For the competitiveness suffusing male communal cultures, see Rotundo, American Manhood, 43-45, 49-51, 62-71, 143-44, 200-203. On the commonality of such initiation rites across cultures, see David Gilmore, Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity (New Haven, 1990), 2-3, 9-29. This analysis thus places the male diet narrative in the category that cultural-studies scholars term "negotiated" (as opposed to "dominant" or "alternative") readings: though it contested some of the precepts of diet culture, in the end it accepted most of that culture's assumptions and strictures and thereby socialized men into the larger discursive framework of middle-class society rather than challenged it.
161. For the competitiveness suffusing male communal cultures, see Rotundo, American Manhood, 43-45, 49-51, 62-71, 143-44, 200-203. On the commonality of such initiation rites across cultures, see David Gilmore, Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity (New Haven, 1990), 2-3, 9-29. This analysis thus places the male diet narrative in the category that cultural-studies scholars term "negotiated" (as opposed to "dominant" or "alternative") readings: though it contested some of the precepts of diet culture, in the end it accepted most of that culture's assumptions and strictures and thereby socialized men into the larger discursive framework of middle-class society rather than challenged it.
162. Kay Barth, "From Man Mountain to Mountain Climber," Today's Health, July 1952, 41, 70.
163. Jack Friedman, "Those Hidden Pounds: Executive Enemy No. 1," Dun's Review and Modern Industry, Apr. 1961, 42-44; Quentin Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," Ladies' Home Journal, Sept. 1955, 81, 210-14. Similarly, Progressive health reformers promoted "efficiency" in both bodily hygiene and business; indeed, they maintained, cleanliness could not but lead to success. See Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness, 165-67, 293-95.
164. Jack Friedman, "Those Hidden Pounds: Executive Enemy No. 1," Dun's Review and Modern Industry, Apr. 1961, 42-44; Quentin Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," Ladies' Home Journal, Sept. 1955, 81, 210-14. Similarly, Progressive health reformers promoted "efficiency" in both bodily hygiene and business; indeed, they maintained, cleanliness could not but lead to success. See Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness, 165-67, 293-95.
165. Jack Friedman, "Those Hidden Pounds: Executive Enemy No. 1," Dun's Review and Modern Industry, Apr. 1961, 42-44; Quentin Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," Ladies' Home Journal, Sept. 1955, 81, 210-14. Similarly, Progressive health reformers promoted "efficiency" in both bodily hygiene and business; indeed, they maintained, cleanliness could not but lead to success. See Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness, 165-67, 293-95.
166. de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds," 70. Elmer Wheeler was particularly pleased to be equipped with a new array of jargon, and he lost no time lording his mastery over his wife: Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 165-66. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley, 1993), 185-212; see also Robert Crawford, "A Cultural Account of 'Health': Control, Release, and the Social Body," in John B. McKinlay, ed., Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care (New York, 1984), 60-103. Weight-loss, Keith Walden argues, is a primary institution of modern middle-class hegemony. See "The Road to Fat City: An Interpretation of the Development of Weight Consciousness in Western Society," Historical Reflections 12 (Fall 1985): 337-47, 364-66, 372-73.
167. de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds," 70. Elmer Wheeler was particularly pleased to be equipped with a new array of jargon, and he lost no time lording his mastery over his wife: Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 165-66. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley, 1993), 185-212; see also Robert Crawford, "A Cultural Account of 'Health': Control, Release, and the Social Body," in John B. McKinlay, ed., Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care (New York, 1984), 60-103. Weight-loss, Keith Walden argues, is a primary institution of modern middle-class hegemony. See "The Road to Fat City: An Interpretation of the Development of Weight Consciousness in Western Society," Historical Reflections 12 (Fall 1985): 337-47, 364-66, 372-73.
168. de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds," 70. Elmer Wheeler was particularly pleased to be equipped with a new array of jargon, and he lost no time lording his mastery over his wife: Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 165-66. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley, 1993), 185-212; see also Robert Crawford, "A Cultural Account of 'Health': Control, Release, and the Social Body," in John B. McKinlay, ed., Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care (New York, 1984), 60-103. Weight-loss, Keith Walden argues, is a primary institution of modern middle-class hegemony. See "The Road to Fat City: An Interpretation of the Development of Weight Consciousness in Western Society," Historical Reflections 12 (Fall 1985): 337-47, 364-66, 372-73.
169. de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds," 70. Elmer Wheeler was particularly pleased to be equipped with a new array of jargon, and he lost no time lording his mastery over his wife: Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 165-66. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley, 1993), 185-212; see also Robert Crawford, "A Cultural Account of 'Health': Control, Release, and the Social Body," in John B. McKinlay, ed., Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care (New York, 1984), 60-103. Weight-loss, Keith Walden argues, is a primary institution of modern middle-class hegemony. See "The Road to Fat City: An Interpretation of the Development of Weight Consciousness in Western Society," Historical Reflections 12 (Fall 1985): 337-47, 364-66, 372-73.
170. de Groot, "How I Lost 45 Pounds," 70. Elmer Wheeler was particularly pleased to be equipped with a new array of jargon, and he lost no time lording his mastery over his wife: Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 165-66. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley, 1993), 185-212; see also Robert Crawford, "A Cultural Account of 'Health': Control, Release, and the Social Body," in John B. McKinlay, ed., Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care (New York, 1984), 60-103. Weight-loss, Keith Walden argues, is a primary institution of modern middle-class hegemony. See "The Road to Fat City: An Interpretation of the Development of Weight Consciousness in Western Society," Historical Reflections 12 (Fall 1985): 337-47, 364-66, 372-73.
171. Tarnoff, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," 34, 35; Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," 17; "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" 35; Bonnie Prudden, "How to Get More Out of Life," Sports Illustrated, 5 Aug. 1957, 35-36, 41-43; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 32-33, 148.
172. Tarnoff, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," 34, 35; Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," 17; "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" 35; Bonnie Prudden, "How to Get More Out of Life," Sports Illustrated, 5 Aug. 1957, 35-36, 41-43; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 32-33, 148.
173. Tarnoff, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," 34, 35; Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," 17; "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" 35; Bonnie Prudden, "How to Get More Out of Life," Sports Illustrated, 5 Aug. 1957, 35-36, 41-43; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 32-33, 148.
174. Tarnoff, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," 34, 35; Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," 17; "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" 35; Bonnie Prudden, "How to Get More Out of Life," Sports Illustrated, 5 Aug. 1957, 35-36, 41-43; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 32-33, 148.
175. Tarnoff, "I Cut My Weight by 150 Pounds," 34, 35; Mayer, "Muscular State of the Union," 17; "Are We Becoming 'Soft'?" 35; Bonnie Prudden, "How to Get More Out of Life," Sports Illustrated, 5 Aug. 1957, 35-36, 41-43; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 32-33, 148.
176. Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 145-46; on "containment" within marriage, see Elaine T. May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988), 92-113. I am indebted to Oz Frankel for this point.
177. Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 145-46; on "containment" within marriage, see Elaine T. May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988), 92-113. I am indebted to Oz Frankel for this point.
178. Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life (New York, 1987), 320, 321; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise, 16-17; Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert Bremner and Gary Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions (Columbus, 1982), 174-75. I am indebted to Jessica Weiss for the Skolnick reference. On psychoanalysis as culture, see Sherry Turkle, Psychoanalytic Politics: Jacques Lacan and Freud's French Revolution, 2d ed. (London, 1992), 191-209.
179. Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life (New York, 1987), 320, 321; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise, 16-17; Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert Bremner and Gary Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions (Columbus, 1982), 174-75. I am indebted to Jessica Weiss for the Skolnick reference. On psychoanalysis as culture, see Sherry Turkle, Psychoanalytic Politics: Jacques Lacan and Freud's French Revolution, 2d ed. (London, 1992), 191-209.
180. Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life (New York, 1987), 320, 321; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise, 16-17; Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert Bremner and Gary Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions (Columbus, 1982), 174-75. I am indebted to Jessica Weiss for the Skolnick reference. On psychoanalysis as culture, see Sherry Turkle, Psychoanalytic Politics: Jacques Lacan and Freud's French Revolution, 2d ed. (London, 1992), 191-209.
181. Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life (New York, 1987), 320, 321; Arlene Skolnick, Embattled Paradise, 16-17; Roland Marchand, "Visions of Classlessness, Quests for Dominion: American Popular Culture, 1945-1960," in Robert Bremner and Gary Reichard, eds., Reshaping America: Society and Institutions (Columbus, 1982), 174-75. I am indebted to Jessica Weiss for the Skolnick reference. On psychoanalysis as culture, see Sherry Turkle, Psychoanalytic Politics: Jacques Lacan and Freud's French Revolution, 2d ed. (London, 1992), 191-209.
182. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
183. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
184. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
185. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
186. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
187. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
188. Schwartz, Never Satisfied, 202; Desmond, "Fat Men Can't Win," 55; Kotkin, Eat, Think, and Be Slender, 40, 49, 205-213; Galton, "Why We Are Overly Larded," 50; John Yudkin, This Slimming Business (New York, 1960), 127; Bruch, "When Not to Diet," 83; Whalen, "We Think Ourselves into Fatness," 40.
189. James F. Fixx, The Complete Book of Running (New York, 1977), xv, 8, 9, 14, 15; see also The Editors of Runner's World, The Complete Runner (Mountain View, Ca., 1974), the first two sections of which are entitled "Philosophy" and "Psychology."
190. James F. Fixx, The Complete Book of Running (New York, 1977), xv, 8, 9, 14, 15; see also The Editors of Runner's World, The Complete Runner (Mountain View, Ca., 1974), the first two sections of which are entitled "Philosophy" and "Psychology."
191. Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 3, 63, 64, 106-107; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 24.
192. Wheeler, Fat Boy's Book, 3, 63, 64, 106-107; Wheeler, Fat Boy's Downfall, 24.
193. Margaret Oppen, "He Lost 125 Pounds and his Daughter Dieted Too!" Ladies' Home Journal, Jan. 1960, 56-57, 84, 86-87; Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," 81, 210-14; McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 50; see also Richard Harrity, "How I Lost 110 Pounds," Look, 1 Aug. 1961, 49-51; Dawn Crowell Norman, "Six Men on a Diet," Ladies' Home Journal, July 1953, 79-82.
194. Margaret Oppen, "He Lost 125 Pounds and his Daughter Dieted Too!" Ladies' Home Journal, Jan. 1960, 56-57, 84, 86-87; Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," 81, 210-14; McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 50; see also Richard Harrity, "How I Lost 110 Pounds," Look, 1 Aug. 1961, 49-51; Dawn Crowell Norman, "Six Men on a Diet," Ladies' Home Journal, July 1953, 79-82.
195. Margaret Oppen, "He Lost 125 Pounds and his Daughter Dieted Too!" Ladies' Home Journal, Jan. 1960, 56-57, 84, 86-87; Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," 81, 210-14; McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 50; see also Richard Harrity, "How I Lost 110 Pounds," Look, 1 Aug. 1961, 49-51; Dawn Crowell Norman, "Six Men on a Diet," Ladies' Home Journal, July 1953, 79-82.
196. Margaret Oppen, "He Lost 125 Pounds and his Daughter Dieted Too!" Ladies' Home Journal, Jan. 1960, 56-57, 84, 86-87; Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," 81, 210-14; McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 50; see also Richard Harrity, "How I Lost 110 Pounds," Look, 1 Aug. 1961, 49-51; Dawn Crowell Norman, "Six Men on a Diet," Ladies' Home Journal, July 1953, 79-82.
197. Margaret Oppen, "He Lost 125 Pounds and his Daughter Dieted Too!" Ladies' Home Journal, Jan. 1960, 56-57, 84, 86-87; Miller, "There's a Handsomer Man in the House," 81, 210-14; McVay, "Mauch Ado About Muscles," 50; see also Richard Harrity, "How I Lost 110 Pounds," Look, 1 Aug. 1961, 49-51; Dawn Crowell Norman, "Six Men on a Diet," Ladies' Home Journal, July 1953, 79-82.
198. Peter Filene, "The Secrets of Men's History," in Harry Brod, ed., The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies (Boston, 1987), 103-119.
199. See, for example, Carol Tavris, "Men and Women Report Their Views on Masculinity," Psychology Today, Jan. 1977, 34-42, 82.
200. Bordo, Unbearable Weight, 143, 99-134; Chernin, The Obsession, 8, 9-10, 105-06, 183-84; Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women (New York, 1992), 94-95, 98-102, 121-27, 186-96.
201. Bordo, Unbearable Weight, 143, 99-134; Chernin, The Obsession, 8, 9-10, 105-06, 183-84; Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women (New York, 1992), 94-95, 98-102, 121-27, 186-96.
202. Bordo, Unbearable Weight, 143, 99-134; Chernin, The Obsession, 8, 9-10, 105-06, 183-84; Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used Against Women (New York, 1992), 94-95, 98-102, 121-27, 186-96.
203. Special thanks to Peter Laipson for forcing me to think out my conclusion.