Prehistoric rites of passage: A comparative study of transegalitarian Hunter-Gatherers

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 121-161

  Owens, D'Ann ^a   Hayden, Brian ^b  

^a Millennia Research   (Canada)

^b SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031161206     PISSN: 02784165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jaar.1997.0307     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Arima, E. Y. 1983 The West Coast People. The Nootka of Vancouver Island and Cape Flattery. British Columbia Provincial Museum Special Publication No. 6, British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria.
2. Barnett, Homer G. 1955 The Coast Salish of British Columbia. University of Oregon, Eugene.
3. Berndt, R. M., and Berndt, C. H. 1964 The world of the first Australians. An introduction to the traditional life of the Australian Aborigines. University of Chicago, Chicago.
4. Blackburn, Thomas C. 1976 Ceremonial integration and social interaction in Aboriginal California. In Native Californians. A theoretical retrospective, edited by Lowell J. Bean and Thomas C. Blackburn, pp. 225-243. Ballena Press, California.
5. Blackburn, Thomas C. 1975 December's child. A book of Chumash oral narratives. University of California Press, Berkeley.
6. Blackman, Margaret B. 1990 Haida: Traditional culture. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Shuttles, pp. 240-260. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
7. Blake, Michael and John Clark 1989 The emergence of hereditary inequality: The case of Pacific coastal Chiapas, Mexico. Paper presented at the Circum-Pacific Prehistory Conference, Seattle.
8. Blitz, John H. 1993 Big pots for big shots: Feasting and storage in a Mississippian community. American Antiquity, 58(1):80-96.
9. Boas, Franz 1921 Ethnology of the Kwakiutl. Based on data collected by George Hunt. Thirty fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1913-14, pt. 2. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
10. Boas, Franz 1966 Kwakuitl ethnography, edited by Helen Codere. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
11. Borgoras, Waldemar 1975 The Chukchee. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the America Museum of Natural History, vol. 7, edited by Franz Boas. Reprinted. AMS. Press, Inc., New York. Originally published 1904-1909, E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden.
12. Boyd, Robert T. 1990 Demographic history, 1774-1884. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 135-148. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
13. Bradley, Richard 1984 The social foundations of prehistoric Britain. Themes and variations in the archaeology of power. Longman, London.
14. Burch, Ernest S., Jr. 1975 Eskimo Kinsmen: Changing relationships in Northwest Alaska. West Publishing Co., St. Paul.
15. Cannon, Aubrey 1989 The historical dimension in mortuary expressions of status and sentiment. Current Anthropology 30:437-458.
16. Carlson, Roy 1991 The Northwest Coast before AD 1600. In the North Pacific to 1600. Proceedings of the Great Oceans Conferences, Vol. 1, pp. 110-136. North Pacific Studies Center, Oregon Historical Society, Portland.
17. Carr, Christopher 1995 Mortuary practices: Their social, philosophical-religious, circumstantial, and physical deterrents. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2:105-200.
18. Clottes, Jean 1992 L'archeologie des grottes ornees. La Recherche 239: 23(1):52-61.
19. 1996 Thematic changes in upper Paleolithic art. Antiquity 70:276-288.
20. Codere, Helen 1990 Kwakuitl: Traditional culture. In Northwest coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 358-377. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
21. Cook, S. F. 1970 The conflict between the California Indian and White civilization: 1. IberoAmericana: 21, edited by C. O. Sauer, Lawrence Kinnaird, and A. L. Kroeber. University of California Press, Berkeley.
22. Cook, S. 1976 The conflict between the California Indian and White civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley.
23. Dawson, George 1880 On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Dawson Brothers, Montreal.
24. Dawson, James 1981 Australian Aborigines. The languages and customs of several tribes of Aborigines in the western district of Victoria, Australia. Reprinted. Facsimile edition, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Originally published 1881, George Robertson, Melbourne.
25. de Beaune, Sophie A. 1995 Les hommes au temps de Lascaux. Hachette, Paris.
26. de Laguna, Frederica 1990 Tlingit. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Shuttles, pp. 240-260. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
27. Drucker, Philip 1951 The Northern and Central Nootkan Tribes. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 144. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
28. Duff, Wilson 1952 The Upper Stalo Indians of the Fraser River of British Columbia. Anthropology in British Columbia, memoir no. 1. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria.
29. Emmons, George Thornton 1991 The Tlingit Indians, edited by Frederica de Laguna. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 70, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
30. Erikson, Eric Homburger 1965 Observations on the Yurok: Childhood and world image. In University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 35, 1934-1943, edited by A. L. Kroeber, R. H. Lowie, T. D. McCown, and R. L. Olson, pp. 257-301. Reprinted. Kraus Reprint Corporation, New York. Originally published 1945, University of California Press, Berkeley.
31. Ernst, Alice Henson 1952 The wolf ritual of the Northwest Coast. University of Oregon, Eugene.
32. Garfield, Viola E. 1966 The Tsimshian and their neighbors. In The Tsimshian Indians and their arts, edited by Viola E. Garfield and Paul S. Wingert. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
33. Gayton, A. H. 1948 Yokuts and Western mono ethnography, vol. 1. Tulare Lake, Southern Valley and Central Foothill Yokuts. Anthropological Records, vol. 10, no. 11. University of California Press, Berkeley.
34. Giddings, J. L. 1961 Kobuk River People. University of Alaska Studies of Northern Peoples, no. 1, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
35. Goddard, Pliny Earle 1903 Life and culture of the Hupa. In University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 1(1), pp. 3-88. University of California, Berkeley.
36. Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. 1964 The Calusa: A stratified non-agricultural society (with notes on sibling marriage). In Explorations in cultural anthropology. Essays in honor of George Peter Murdock, edited by Ward H. Goodenough. McGraw-Hill, New York.
37. Goldschmidt, Walter R., and Harold E. Driver. 1965 The Hupa White Deerskin dance. In University of California publications in American archaeology and ethnology, Vol. 35, 1934-1943, edited by A. L. Kroeber, R. H. Lowie, T. D. McCown, and R. L. Olson, pp. 103-131. Reprinted. Kraus Reprint Corporation, New York. Originally published 1945, University of California Press, Berkeley.
38. Goodale, Jane C. 1971 Tiwi wives. A study of the women of Melville Island, Northern Australia. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
39. 1982 Production and reproduction of key resources among the Tiwi of Northern Australia. In Resource managers: North American and Australian Hunter-gatherers, edited by Nancy M. Williams and Eugene S. Hunn. A.A.A.S. Selected Symposium, no. 67. Westview Press, Boulder.
40. Graburn, Nelson H. H., and B. Stephen Strong 1973 The Aleuts: Subarctic Islanders. In Circumpolar peoples: An anthropological perspective, edited by Edward Norbeck, pp. 126-136. Goodyear Regional Anthropology Series. Goodyear Publishing Co. Inc., California.
41. Grant, Campbell 1978 Eastern Coastal Chumash. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 509-519. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
42. Halpin, Marjorie M., and Margaret Seguin 1990 Tsimshian peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 267-284. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
43. Hart, C. W. M., and Arnold R. Pilling. 1979 The Tiwi of North Australia. Fieldwork edition. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Wayne State University.
44. Hart, C. W. M. 1955 Contrasts between prepubertal and postpubertal education. In Education and Anthropology, edited by George D. Spindler, pp. 127-145. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford.
45. Hayden, Brian 1995 Pathways to power. The emergence of cultural complexity. Archaeology. The science of once and future things. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York.
46. Holmberg, Henrich Johan 1985 Holmberg's ethnographic sketches, edited by Marvin W. Falk. Translated by Fritz Jaensch. Reprinted. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. Originally published 1885-1863, Alaska State Library, Juneau.
47. Howitt, A. W. 1904 The native tribes of South-East Australia. MacMillan & Co., Ltd., London.
48. Hrdlicka, Ales 1944 The anthropology of the Kodiak Islands. Wistar Institution of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia.
49. Hudson, Travis, and Ernest Underhay 1988 Crystals in the sky: An intellectual odyssey involving Chumash astronomy, cosmology and rock art. Ballena Press, California.
50. Hudson, Travis, and Thomas C. Blackburn 1986 Ceremonial paraphernalia, games and amusements. The material culture of the Chumash interaction sphere, Vol. IV. Ballena Press and Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, California.
51. Jochelson, Waldemar 1966 History, ethnology and anthropology of the Aleut. Anthropology Publications, Oosterhout. Originally published 1933, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC.
52. 1975 The Koryak. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 6, edited by Franz Boas. Reprinted. AMS Press Inc., New York. Originally published 1908, E. J. Brill, Ltd., Leiden.
53. Kan, Sergei 1989 Why the aristocrats were heavy or how ethnopsychology legitimized inequality among the Tlingit. Dialectical Anthropology, 14:81-94.
54. Keely, Larry 1988 Hunter-gatherer economic complexity and 'population pressure:' a cross cultural analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7:373-411.
55. King, Chester D. 1990 Evolution of Chumash Society. A comparative study of artifacts used for social system maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel region before AD 1804. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York/ London.
56. Krause, Aurel 1956 The Tlingit Indians. Results of a trip to the Northwest Coast of America and the Bering Straits. Translated by Erna Gunther. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Originally published 1885, Jena.
57. Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
58. Lantis, Margaret 1971 Alaskan Eskimo ceremonialism. Reprinted, University of Washington Press, Seattle. Originally published 1947, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
59. Leroi-Gourhan, Andre 1968 The evolution of Paleolithic art. Scientific American 218(2):58-70.
60. Lewis, Clifford M. 1978 The Calusa. In Tocachale. Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the historic period, edited by, Jerald Milanich and Samuel Proctor, pp. 19-49. University Presses of Florida, Gainsville.
61. Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1994 Rock art and ritual: South Africa and beyond. Complutum 5:277-289.
62. 1995 Seeing and construing: The making and 'meaning' of a South African rock art motif. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5(1):3-23.
63. In press The incorporation of natural features of rock surfaces into Southern African and West European Upper Paleolithic parietal art: A cross-cultural, cross-temporal study of religious belief. L'Anthropologie.
64. Lewis-Williams, J. D., and Thomas Dowson 1988 The signs of all times: Entoptic phenomena in Upper Paleolithic art. Current Anthropology 29:201-245.
65. Lourandos, H. 1980 Change or stability? Hydraulics, hunter-gatherers and population in temperate Australia. World Archaeology 11(3):245-264.
66. Lourandos, H. 1977 Aboriginal spatial organization and population: South western Victoria reconsidered. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 12(3):202-225.
67. Marquardt, William H. 1988 Politics and production among the Calusa of south Florida. In History, evolution and social change. Hunters and gatherers, Vol. 1, edited by Tim Ingold, David Riches and James Woodburn, pp. 161-188. Berg Publishers Ltd., Oxford.
68. Marshall, Alan G. 1991 Nez Perce subsistence. Paper presented at the Forty-forth Annual Northwest Anthropological Conference.
69. Munro, Neil G. 1963 Ainu creed and cult. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
70. Murdoch, John 1892 Ethnological results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1887-1888:19-441. J. W. Powell, Director. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
71. Nelson, Edward William 1899 The Eskimo about Behring Strait. Bureau of American Ethnology, Eighteenth Annual Report, 1896-97, pt. 1, pp. 19-518. Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, DC.
72. Oberg, Kalervo 1973 The social economy of the Tlingit Indians. Monograph 55, The American Ethnological Society. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
73. Ohnuki-Tierney, Ernikoz 1974 The Ainu of the Northwest Coast of Southern Sakhalin. In Case studies in anthropology, edited by George Spindler and Louise Spindler. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., New York.
74. Peng, Fred C. C., and Peter Geiser 1977 The Ainu: The past in the present. Bunka Hyoron Publishing Company, Hiroshima.
75. Pilling, Arnold R. 1978 Yurok. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 137-154. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
76. Rohner, Ronald P., and Evelyn C. Rohner 1970 The Kwakuitl Indians of British Columbia. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
77. Romanoff, Steven 1992 The cultural ecology of hunting and potlatches among the Lillooet Indians. In A complex culture of the British Columbia Plateau. Traditional Stl'atl'imx resource use, edited by Brian Hayden, pp. 470-505. UBC Press, Vancouver.
78. Sanger, David 1968 The Chase burial site, EeQw:1. Contributions to Anthropology 6: Archaeology and Physical Anthropology, pp. 86-185. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
79. Schalk, Randall F. 1981 Land use and organizational complexity among foragers of Northwest America. In Affluent foragers. Pacific coasts east and west, edited by Shuzo Koyama and David Hurst Thomas, pp. 53-75. Senri Ethnological Studies, No. 9. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka.
80. Schulting, Rick J. 1995 Unpublished master's thesis, University of Simon Fraser, Burnaby.
81. Shnirelman, Victor 1992 Complex hunter-gatherers: Exception or common phenomenon? Dialectical Anthropology 17:183-196.
82. Soffer, Olga 1989 Storage, sedentism and the Eurasian Paleolithic record. Antiquity 63:719-732.
83. Spencer, Baldwin 1966 Native tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia. Anthropological Publications, Oosterhout.
84. Spencer, Robert F. 1969 The North Alaskan Eskimo. A study in ecology and society. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 171. Reprinted. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington. Originally published 1959, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC.
85. Spier, Robert F. G. 1978 Hupa, Chilula, Whilkut. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 509-519. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
86. Swanton, J. R. 1975 Contributions to the ethnology of the Haida. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 5(1), edited by Franz Boas. Reprinted. A.M.S. Press, New York. Originally published 1905, E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden.
87. Teit, James 1975 The Lillooet Indians. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 2(5), edited by Franz Boas. Reprinted. A.M.S. Press, New York. Originally published 1906, E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden.
88. 1930 The Salishan tribes of the Western Plateaus. American Bureau of Ethnology Annual Report, 1927/1928, 45:295-396. New York.
89. 1906 The Lillooet Indians. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 2(5), edited by Franz Boas. E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden.
90. 1900 The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 2(1), edited by Franz Boas. s.n., New York.
91. Wallace, William J. 1978a Hupa, Chilula, Whilkut. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 164-179. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
92. 1978b Southern Valley Yokuts. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 449-461. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
93. Wason, Paul 1994 The archaeology of rank. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
94. Watanabe, Hitoshi 1983 Occupational differentiation and social stratification: The case of northern Pacific maritime food-gatherers. Cultural Anthropology 24(2):217-219.
95. Waterman, T. T., and A. L. Kroeber 1965 The Kepel fish dam. In University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 35, 1934-1943, edited by A. L. Kroeber, R. H. Lowie, T. D. McCown and R. L. Olson, pp. 49-80. Reprinted. Kraus Reprint Corporation, New York. Originally published 1945, University of California Press.
96. Werner, Dennis 1981 Are some people more equal than others? Status inequality among the Mekranotiic Indians of central Brazil. Journal of Anthropological Research 37(4):360-373.
97. White, Randall 1993 Technological and social dimensions of "Aurignacian-age" body ornaments across Europe. In Before Lascaux: The complex record of the early upper Paleolithic, edited by Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay, Randall White, pp. 277-299. CRC Press, FL.
98. Widmer, Randolf J. 1988 The evolution of the Calusa. A nonagricultural chiefdom on the southwest Florida coast. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
99. Winters, H. D. 1974 Introduction to the New Edition. In Indian Knoll, edited by W. S. Webb, pp. v-xxvii. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.