Splendours and miseries of the science wars

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 219-235

  Jardine, Nick ^b   Frasca Spada, Marina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031160826     PISSN: 00393681     EISSN: 18792510     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-3681(97)00002-2     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. 1 P. R. Gross and N. Levitt, Higher Superstition. The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1994).
2. 2 J. Scott, 'Postmodern gravity deconstructed, slyly', New York Times, 18 May (1996), p. 22.
3. 3 For editors' accounts of the sequence of events see B. Robbins and A. Ross, 'Mystery Science Theater Forum', Lingua Franca, July-August (1996) (on the Internet: ); and A. Ross, Times Higher Education Supplement, 17-22 June (1996) ().
4. 3 For editors' accounts of the sequence of events see B. Robbins and A. Ross, 'Mystery Science Theater Forum', Lingua Franca, July-August (1996) (on the Internet: ); and A. Ross, Times Higher Education Supplement, 17-22 June (1996) ().
5. 4 Sokal, 'Transgressing the Boundaries', Social Text 14 (1996), 217-257, p. 222. Sokal's article is not included in the book version, Science Wars, ed. A. Ross (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
6. 4 Sokal, 'Transgressing the Boundaries', Social Text 14 (1996), 217-257, p. 222. Sokal's article is not included in the book version, Science Wars, ed. A. Ross (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
7. 5 Ibid., pp. 242-243.
8. 6 For Sokal's confession, planned to coincide with the publication of 'Transgressing the Boundaries', see 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies', Lingua Franca, May-June (1996), 262-264 (); for the editors' responses see S. Fish, 'Professor Sokal's Bad Joke', New York Times, 21 May (1996), p. A25; Robbins and Ross, 'Mystery Science Theater Forum'.
9. 6 For Sokal's confession, planned to coincide with the publication of 'Transgressing the Boundaries', see 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies', Lingua Franca, May-June (1996), 262-264 (); for the editors' responses see S. Fish, 'Professor Sokal's Bad Joke', New York Times, 21 May (1996), p. A25; Robbins and Ross, 'Mystery Science Theater Forum'.
10. 6 For Sokal's confession, planned to coincide with the publication of 'Transgressing the Boundaries', see 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies', Lingua Franca, May-June (1996), 262-264 (); for the editors' responses see S. Fish, 'Professor Sokal's Bad Joke', New York Times, 21 May (1996), p. A25; Robbins and Ross, 'Mystery Science Theater Forum'.
11. 7 This is not without precedent. William Whiston, natural philosopher and former Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, never conceded that Mary Toft's giving birth to 17 rabbits in 1726 had been a hoax. See Dennis Todd, Imagining Monsters: Miscreations of the Self in Eighteenth-Century England (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995).
12. 8 Sokal, reply to the editors of Social Text, Lingua Franca, July-August (1996) ().
13. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
14. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
15. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
16. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
17. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
18. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
19. 9 Periodical exchanges include: New York Times (18, 21, 23 May 1996); New York Review of Books (8 August and 3 October 1996); Times Literary Supplement (13, 20, 27 December 1996, 3, 10 January 1997); Le Monde (3, 20, December 1996, 3, 14, 18, 31 January, 11, 14 February 1997); Nature (30 January 1997). For a constantly updated list of publications and Internet sites see Jason Walsh, 'Sokal and Social Text', . On 2 March this site recorded 12,223 visitors since 4 June 1996 (it recorded 11,376 visitors on 13 February 1997, and 9886 visitors on 20 January 1997). An excellent forum is in the 'Books' section of Salon Table Talk, 'Alan Sokal's Hoax: Did Social Text deserve what it got?' (started on 12 August or 4 September 1996, it included 380 messages at 4 February 1997) ().
20. 10 E. O. Wilson as reported by A. Ross, 'Science Backlash on Technoskeptics: Culture Wars Spill Over', The Cultural Studies Times, (reprinted from The Nation, 2 October 1995); D. Edge, The Umpire Strikes Back', Internet EASST Website 16/2/97.
21. 10 E. O. Wilson as reported by A. Ross, 'Science Backlash on Technoskeptics: Culture Wars Spill Over', The Cultural Studies Times, (reprinted from The Nation, 2 October 1995); D. Edge, The Umpire Strikes Back', Internet EASST Website 16/2/97.
22. 11 Aisling Irwin, 'Sociology Row Erupts at BA', Times Higher Education Supplement, 16 September (1994), p. 44.
23. 12 B. Latour, 'Y-at-il une science après la guerre froide?', Le Monde, 17 January (1997).
24. 13 For charges of fraud against Sokal see S. Fish, 'Sokal's Bad Joke'; S. Fuller, letter to New York Times, 23 May (1996), p. A28. For indictment of the editors for carelessness see Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies'; 'Professor Sokal's Transgression', in Notes and Comments, The New Criterion, June (1996).
25. 13 For charges of fraud against Sokal see S. Fish, 'Sokal's Bad Joke'; S. Fuller, letter to New York Times, 23 May (1996), p. A28. For indictment of the editors for carelessness see Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies'; 'Professor Sokal's Transgression', in Notes and Comments, The New Criterion, June (1996).
26. 13 For charges of fraud against Sokal see S. Fish, 'Sokal's Bad Joke'; S. Fuller, letter to New York Times, 23 May (1996), p. A28. For indictment of the editors for carelessness see Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies'; 'Professor Sokal's Transgression', in Notes and Comments, The New Criterion, June (1996).
27. 13 For charges of fraud against Sokal see S. Fish, 'Sokal's Bad Joke'; S. Fuller, letter to New York Times, 23 May (1996), p. A28. For indictment of the editors for carelessness see Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies'; 'Professor Sokal's Transgression', in Notes and Comments, The New Criterion, June (1996).
28. 14 Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies', and 'Transgressing the Boundaries: An Afterword' ().
29. 15 Sokal, 'A Plea for Reason, Evidence and Logic', New Politics 6 (1997), 126-129, p. 126 (); Ross, 'Introduction', Social Text 47 (1996), 1-14, p. 12.
30. 15 Sokal, 'A Plea for Reason, Evidence and Logic', New Politics 6 (1997), 126-129, p. 126 (); Ross, 'Introduction', Social Text 47 (1996), 1-14, p. 12.
31. 16 For the editor's moderate pragmatism see N. Jardine, The Fortunes of Inquiry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1986), and The Scenes of Inquiry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1991); for the associate editor's moderate scepticism see M. Frasca-Spada, 'The Existence of External Objects in Hume's Treatise: Realism, Scepticism, and the Task of Philosophy', forthcoming in R. Popkin and J. van der Zande (eds), The Skeptical Tradition around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science and Society (Dordrecht: Kluwer).
32. 16 For the editor's moderate pragmatism see N. Jardine, The Fortunes of Inquiry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1986), and The Scenes of Inquiry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1991); for the associate editor's moderate scepticism see M. Frasca-Spada, 'The Existence of External Objects in Hume's Treatise: Realism, Scepticism, and the Task of Philosophy', forthcoming in R. Popkin and J. van der Zande (eds), The Skeptical Tradition around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science and Society (Dordrecht: Kluwer).
33. 16 For the editor's moderate pragmatism see N. Jardine, The Fortunes of Inquiry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1986), and The Scenes of Inquiry (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1991); for the associate editor's moderate scepticism see M. Frasca-Spada, 'The Existence of External Objects in Hume's Treatise: Realism, Scepticism, and the Task of Philosophy', forthcoming in R. Popkin and J. van der Zande (eds), The Skeptical Tradition around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science and Society (Dordrecht: Kluwer).
34. 17 As cited in Gross and Levitt, Higher Superstition, p. 139.
35. 18 Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies'.
36. 19 J. Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson, ed. G. Birkbeck Hill, rev. and enl. by L. F. Powell, 4 vols (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1934), Vol. 3, p. 167.
37. 20 D. Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, edit. with an intr. by N. Kemp Smith, 2nd edn, with supplement (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1947), Part 1, p. 132. Note that the 'Socrates of Edinburgh' has Cleanthes address his jest to Philo, his own sceptical persona.
38. 21 See, for example, D. V. O. Quine, 'On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World', Erkenntnis 9 (1975), 313-328, and W. Newton-Smith, The Underdetermination of Theory by Data', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 52 (1978), 71-91.
39. 21 See, for example, D. V. O. Quine, 'On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World', Erkenntnis 9 (1975), 313-328, and W. Newton-Smith, The Underdetermination of Theory by Data', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 52 (1978), 71-91.
40. 22 See, for example, L. Laudan, 'A Confutation of Convergent Realism', Philosophy of Science 48 (1991), 19-49.
41. 23 See B. C. van Fraassen, The Scientific Image (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1980), ch. 2; for a reply, P. Lipton, Inference to the Best Explanation (London: Routledge, 1991), ch. 9.
42. 23 See B. C. van Fraassen, The Scientific Image (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1980), ch. 2; for a reply, P. Lipton, Inference to the Best Explanation (London: Routledge, 1991), ch. 9.
43. 24 S. Weinberg, 'Sokal's Hoax', New York Review of Books 8 August (1996), 11-15, p. 14; Gross and Levitt, Higher Superstition, p. 139.
44. 24 S. Weinberg, 'Sokal's Hoax', New York Review of Books 8 August (1996), 11-15, p. 14; Gross and Levitt, Higher Superstition, p. 139.
45. 25 To mention but a few: B. van Fraassen, op. cit.; H. Putnam, Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); I. Hacking, Representing and Intervening (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
46. 25 To mention but a few: B. van Fraassen, op. cit.; H. Putnam, Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); I. Hacking, Representing and Intervening (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
47. 25 To mention but a few: B. van Fraassen, op. cit.; H. Putnam, Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); I. Hacking, Representing and Intervening (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
48. 26 'Sokal's Hoax', p. 14.
49. 27 On instrumentalism amongst scientists at the end of the 19th century see: M. R. Gardner, 'Realism and Instrumentalism in 19th-century Atomism', Philosophy of Science 46 (1979), 1-34; M. J. Nye, Molecular Reality (London: Macdonald and New York: Elsevier, 1972), ch. 1; J. Heilbron, 'Fin-de-siècle Physics', in C. G. Bernhard, E. Crawford and P. Sörbom (eds), Science, Technology and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel (Oxford: Published for the Nobel Foundation by Pergamon Press, 1982), pp. 51-73.
50. 27 On instrumentalism amongst scientists at the end of the 19th century see: M. R. Gardner, 'Realism and Instrumentalism in 19th-century Atomism', Philosophy of Science 46 (1979), 1-34; M. J. Nye, Molecular Reality (London: Macdonald and New York: Elsevier, 1972), ch. 1; J. Heilbron, 'Fin-de-siècle Physics', in C. G. Bernhard, E. Crawford and P. Sörbom (eds), Science, Technology and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel (Oxford: Published for the Nobel Foundation by Pergamon Press, 1982), pp. 51-73.
51. 27 On instrumentalism amongst scientists at the end of the 19th century see: M. R. Gardner, 'Realism and Instrumentalism in 19th-century Atomism', Philosophy of Science 46 (1979), 1-34; M. J. Nye, Molecular Reality (London: Macdonald and New York: Elsevier, 1972), ch. 1; J. Heilbron, 'Fin-de-siècle Physics', in C. G. Bernhard, E. Crawford and P. Sörbom (eds), Science, Technology and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel (Oxford: Published for the Nobel Foundation by Pergamon Press, 1982), pp. 51-73.
52. 28 S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 9. 250.
53. 29 'Sokal's Hoax', p. 14.
54. 30 Indeed, Harding's remarks should, we think, be taken in this way; for in her contribution to the Social Text 'Science Wars' issue she declares: 'Science studies does not claim that sciences are epistemologically relative to each and every culture's beliefs such that all are equally defensible as true. Rather, the point is that they are historically relative to different cultures' projects - to cultures' questions about the natural and social orders' ('Thinking Science, Thinking Society', Social Text 14 (1996), 15-26, p. 16).
55. 31 For example, in the history of natural history the shaping of agendas by imperial interests and activities is well substantiated: see, e.g., M. L. Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992); R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995); D. P. Miller (ed.), Visions of Empire. Voyages, Botany, and Representation of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary (eds), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) (articles by L. Koerner, M. Dettelbach, J. Browne, G. Beer and M. T. Bravo).
56. 31 For example, in the history of natural history the shaping of agendas by imperial interests and activities is well substantiated: see, e.g., M. L. Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992); R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995); D. P. Miller (ed.), Visions of Empire. Voyages, Botany, and Representation of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary (eds), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) (articles by L. Koerner, M. Dettelbach, J. Browne, G. Beer and M. T. Bravo).
57. 31 For example, in the history of natural history the shaping of agendas by imperial interests and activities is well substantiated: see, e.g., M. L. Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992); R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995); D. P. Miller (ed.), Visions of Empire. Voyages, Botany, and Representation of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary (eds), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) (articles by L. Koerner, M. Dettelbach, J. Browne, G. Beer and M. T. Bravo).
58. 31 For example, in the history of natural history the shaping of agendas by imperial interests and activities is well substantiated: see, e.g., M. L. Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992); R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995); D. P. Miller (ed.), Visions of Empire. Voyages, Botany, and Representation of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary (eds), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) (articles by L. Koerner, M. Dettelbach, J. Browne, G. Beer and M. T. Bravo).
59. 32 Science in Action, p. 258. This 'rule of method' is criticised by Sokal, 'Pourquoi j'ai écrit ma parodie', Le Monde, 31 January (1997); expanded version 'Les mystifications philosophiques du professeur Latour' ().
60. 32 Science in Action, p. 258. This 'rule of method' is criticised by Sokal, 'Pourquoi j'ai écrit ma parodie', Le Monde, 31 January (1997); expanded version 'Les mystifications philosophiques du professeur Latour' ().
61. 32 Science in Action, p. 258. This 'rule of method' is criticised by Sokal, 'Pourquoi j'ai écrit ma parodie', Le Monde, 31 January (1997); expanded version 'Les mystifications philosophiques du professeur Latour' ().
62. 33 See P. Lipton, 'The Epistemology of Testimony', essay review of C. A. J. Coady, Testimony: a Philosophical Study (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), and S. Shapin, The Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), forthcoming in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science.
63. 33 See P. Lipton, 'The Epistemology of Testimony', essay review of C. A. J. Coady, Testimony: a Philosophical Study (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), and S. Shapin, The Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), forthcoming in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science.
64. 34 However, there is something distinctly fishy about Stanley Fish's declaration that the story sociologists of science tell is 'full of honor for scientists' and that ' "socially constructed" is a compliment paid to a fact that has emerged... into a real and productive life'. Could this be a counter-spoof? For a hilarious travesty of Fish's response to the hoax see 'Fish at Lagado University' ().
65. 35 B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life. The Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979; 2nd edn, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
66. 36 H. Collins, Changing Order. Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice (London: Sage, 1985), chs 3-4.
67. 37 For attempts to counter the experimenter's regress see N. Jardine, The Scenes of Inquiry, ch. 9; A. Franklin, 'How to Avoid the Experimenter's Regress', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25 (1994), 463-491.
68. 37 For attempts to counter the experimenter's regress see N. Jardine, The Scenes of Inquiry, ch. 9; A. Franklin, 'How to Avoid the Experimenter's Regress', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25 (1994), 463-491.
69. 38 A. Ross, Introduction, Social Text 14 (1996), 1-14, p. 4.
70. 39 Higher Superstition, p. 24.
71. 40 On radical diversity within the sciences see, e.g., L. Laudan, Science and Hypothesis. Historical Essays on Scientific Methodology (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1981); I. Hacking, 'Language, Truth and Reason', in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds), Rationality and Relativism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982); Jardine, The Scenes of Inquiry, chs 5 and 8; P. Galison and D. J. Stump (eds), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996) (especially the articles by I. Hacking and A. I. Davidson).
72. 40 On radical diversity within the sciences see, e.g., L. Laudan, Science and Hypothesis. Historical Essays on Scientific Methodology (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1981); I. Hacking, 'Language, Truth and Reason', in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds), Rationality and Relativism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982); Jardine, The Scenes of Inquiry, chs 5 and 8; P. Galison and D. J. Stump (eds), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996) (especially the articles by I. Hacking and A. I. Davidson).
73. 40 On radical diversity within the sciences see, e.g., L. Laudan, Science and Hypothesis. Historical Essays on Scientific Methodology (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1981); I. Hacking, 'Language, Truth and Reason', in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds), Rationality and Relativism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982); Jardine, The Scenes of Inquiry, chs 5 and 8; P. Galison and D. J. Stump (eds), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996) (especially the articles by I. Hacking and A. I. Davidson).
74. 40 On radical diversity within the sciences see, e.g., L. Laudan, Science and Hypothesis. Historical Essays on Scientific Methodology (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1981); I. Hacking, 'Language, Truth and Reason', in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds), Rationality and Relativism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982); Jardine, The Scenes of Inquiry, chs 5 and 8; P. Galison and D. J. Stump (eds), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996) (especially the articles by I. Hacking and A. I. Davidson).
75. 41 On diversity of practices among followers of the Newtonian 'rules of philosophising', the Baconian method, and Popperian falsificationsm, respectively, see: T. M. Brown, 'From Mechanism to Vitalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain', Journal of the History of Biology 7 (1981), 389-407; R. Yeo, 'An Idol of the Marketplace: Baconianism in Nineteenth-Century Britain', History of Science 23 (1985), 251-298; M. Mulkay and N. Gilbert, 'Putting Philosophy to Work: Karl Popper's Influence on Scientific Practice', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 11 (1981), 389-407.
76. 41 On diversity of practices among followers of the Newtonian 'rules of philosophising', the Baconian method, and Popperian falsificationsm, respectively, see: T. M. Brown, 'From Mechanism to Vitalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain', Journal of the History of Biology 7 (1981), 389-407; R. Yeo, 'An Idol of the Marketplace: Baconianism in Nineteenth-Century Britain', History of Science 23 (1985), 251-298; M. Mulkay and N. Gilbert, 'Putting Philosophy to Work: Karl Popper's Influence on Scientific Practice', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 11 (1981), 389-407.
77. 41 On diversity of practices among followers of the Newtonian 'rules of philosophising', the Baconian method, and Popperian falsificationsm, respectively, see: T. M. Brown, 'From Mechanism to Vitalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain', Journal of the History of Biology 7 (1981), 389-407; R. Yeo, 'An Idol of the Marketplace: Baconianism in Nineteenth-Century Britain', History of Science 23 (1985), 251-298; M. Mulkay and N. Gilbert, 'Putting Philosophy to Work: Karl Popper's Influence on Scientific Practice', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 11 (1981), 389-407.
78. 42 Notable rationalist works include I. Lakatos, 'Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes', in Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 91-195, and L. Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977). Naturalist writings include A. Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), and P. Kitcher, The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
79. 42 Notable rationalist works include I. Lakatos, 'Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes', in Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 91-195, and L. Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977). Naturalist writings include A. Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), and P. Kitcher, The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
80. 42 Notable rationalist works include I. Lakatos, 'Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes', in Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 91-195, and L. Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977). Naturalist writings include A. Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), and P. Kitcher, The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
81. 42 Notable rationalist works include I. Lakatos, 'Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes', in Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 91-195, and L. Laudan, Progress and Its Problems (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977). Naturalist writings include A. Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), and P. Kitcher, The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
82. 43 Gross and Levitt, Higher Superstition, p. 106.
83. 44 M. Douglas, Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966).
84. 45 Weinberg, 'Sokal's Hoax', p. 15.
85. 46 On the problematic nature of the distinction between content and figurative or narrative expression, see, for example, G. Myers, Writing Biology (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); M. Landau, Narratives of Human Evolution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991).
86. 46 On the problematic nature of the distinction between content and figurative or narrative expression, see, for example, G. Myers, Writing Biology (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); M. Landau, Narratives of Human Evolution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991).
87. 47 Not all such extrapolations of chaos theory emanate from the 'Academic left': P. F. Drucker, The New Realities (Oxford: Heinemann, 1989), ch. 11, uses chaos-theoretic arguments in support of laissez-faire economic policies.
88. 48 The Biology and Gender Study Group, 'The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology', in N. Tuana (ed.), Feminism and Science (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp. 172-187 (reprinted from Hypatia 3 (1988)).
89. 49 On the inextricability of scientific from social activities see, for example, B. Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987).
90. 50 On the history of this ideal see R. N. Proctor, Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
91. 51 In R. K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 254-266.
92. 52 H. Mehrtens, 'Irresponsible Purity: the Political and Moral Structure of Mathematical Sciences in the NS State', in M. Renneberg and M. Walker (eds), Science, Technology and National Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 324-413.
93. 53 For British universities The BJHS Guide to History of Science Courses in Britain, no. 4 (1996), provides a comprehensive listing of courses in science studies. It seems that teaching in one or more of history, philosophy, and sociology of science is available to science students at approximately 40% of the universities. However, the uptake rarely exceeds 15% (the average at Cambridge over the past 10 years).
94. 54 COPUS is sponsored by the Royal Society, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Royal Institution. On the range of its activities see COPUS Looks Forward: the Next Five Years (London: COPUS, 1991). On U.S. promotion of public appreciation of science, especially by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Association of Science Writers, see B. V. Lewenstein, 'The Meaning of "Public Understanding of Science" in the United States after World War II', Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992), 41-61.
95. 54 COPUS is sponsored by the Royal Society, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Royal Institution. On the range of its activities see COPUS Looks Forward: the Next Five Years (London: COPUS, 1991). On U.S. promotion of public appreciation of science, especially by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Association of Science Writers, see B. V. Lewenstein, 'The Meaning of "Public Understanding of Science" in the United States after World War II', Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992), 41-61.
96. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
97. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
98. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
99. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
100. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
101. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
102. 55 See, for example, U. Felt and H. Novotny, 'Science Meets the Public', special issue of Public Understanding of Science 2(4), Oct. (1993); B. Lewenstein, 'Science and the Media', in S. Jasanoff et al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), pp. 343-360. On the sciences in the press see, for example, D. Nelkin, Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1987, rev. ed. 1995). On presentation of the sciences on screen see: R. Silverstone, Framing Science: the Making of a BBC Documentary (London: BFI Publishing, 1985); A. Martinet (ed.), Le Cinéma et la science (Paris: CNRS, 1994). On museum presentation of the sciences see, for example, J. Durant (ed.), Museums and the Public Understanding of Science (London: Science Museum, 1992); S. Pearce (ed.), Exploring Science in Museums (London: Athlone, 1996).
103. 56 Latour, 'Y-at-il une science après la guerre froide?'.
104. 57 Sokal, 'A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies'.